Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment, MEDCOAST 93, November 2-5, 1993; Antalya, Turkey, E.Özhan (Editor)
VOLUME 1
. K e y n o t e S e s s i o n .
From the Action Plan to the
Mediterranean Agenda 21
A. Vallega
International Center for Coastal and Ocean Policy Studies (ICCOPS), Via dell'Acciaio, 139-16152 Genoa, Italy
Abstract
The paper deals with the change in coastal area management in the
Mediterranean due to the transition from the Mediterranean Action Plan to the Agenda 21
for the Mediterranean. Changes in both the objectives and content of states' co-operation
and their implications for coastal management are considered. This sequence of subjects is
discussed. 1. The objectives of the Mediterranean Action Plan: the objectives of the
Barcelona convention and related protocols as a historical leading political framework;
the role of the Mediterranean Action Plan to implement economic co-operation flanking the
protection of the environment. 2. The sustainable development-inspired approach: the
concept of coastal sustainable development as derived from Agenda 21, Chapter 17; the
subsequent objectives facing the goals of the Mediterranean Action Plan. 3. The evolution
of the Mediterranean political framework: the evolution of UNEP role; the possible
co-operation between CEE and UNEP; the need to optimize the co-operation between states
and local decision makers. 4. The crucial issues for coastal area management consistent
with Agenda 21: the new role of national jurisdictional frameworks; the holistic view of
uses; the management of the ecosystem as a whole; the introduction of equity as the
ethical goal; possible decision making systems; the prospect of managing Marine Catchment
Basins. 5. A tentative agenda of tasks: a coastal sustainable-development oriented data
bank; a handbook for the Mediterranean sustainable coastal management.
Sustainable development, integrated coastal management and tourism: Challenges to Mediterranean countries
B. Cicin-Sain
University of Delaware, Newark, Del. 19716 U.S.A.
Abstract
The historic Earth Summit, the United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, presented the world community
of nations with a central challenge: to achieve sustainable development through integrated
management of natural resources and of human activities. Addressing the challenge in the
context of coastal and ocean areas is especially important as coastal zones around the
world become the object of increased population concentration and are subject to multiple
pressures for various types of economic development. An important part of the challenge
will be finding ways to harmonize the activities of specific sectors, such as coastal and
marine tourism, into a system of integrated coastal management. As nations begin to
address these challenges, however, much initial work will first need to be done to define
and operationalize key concepts such as sustainable development, integrated coastal
management, and tourism in the context of sustainable development. The purpose of this
paper is to provide an overall contextual discussion of these concepts. The paper is
divided into five parts: Part 1 reviews the major recommendations contained in Chapter 17
of Agenda 21 (the action plan emanating from the Earth Summit) on the management of oceans
and coasts; Part 2 reviews the concept of "sustainable development"; Part 3
discusses, in general terms, the meaning of "integrated management"; Part 4
addresses specifically the meaning of "integrated coastal management", and Part
5 reviews various perspectives on marine and coastal tourism and poses some difficult
challenges that will need to be addressed to bring marine and coastal tourism within the
ambit of integrated coastal management.
Lessons learned from the experiencewith policy decisions and supportingtools in coastal water management
R. Klomp
Delft Hydraulics, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands
Abstract
Within the frame of policy decisions and supporting tools in coastal water management
the experience with the North Sea can be of interest to many other regional
seas.Management of this coastal sea has changed drastically during the last 25 years.
Starting from management triggered by ship accidents and fisheries problems North Sea
management has become an example of integrated coastal resources policies in which the
natural, socio-economical and institutional subsystems play a dominant role. A policy
towards sustainable development of the North Sea in which quality levels are being related
to different vital functions of the North Sea ecosystem and adjacent water and land
systems is becoming increasingly important. Modern methodologies and technologies are
stimulating and facilitating such an integrated approach to coastal resources, policy
development and management. A computerized decision support system for analysis of the
management of the North Sea (DMMS) has been developed and applied to support policy
makers. This system can be easily transferred to other regional seas for which important
management decisions have been taken in the near future.
. P r o t e c t e d A r e a s .
Conservation issues in Northern Cyprus
J. Warner
Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Cyprus
Abstract
The relatively slow rate of coastal development in North Cyprus since 1974
has given the Turkish Cypriot authorities the opportunity to take conservation issues into
account when planning strategies for economic growth. Initiatives from residents, both
expatriates and Turkish Cypriots, have helped to increase environmental awareness and the
importance of biodiversity and the protection of habitats. However, the decision to
increase tourist capacity has the potential to cause considerable damage to the delicate
eco-systems of the north coast. This paper documents the threats to the environment, and
the role of both Government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO's) in responding to
them. It examines the current state of environmental protection in North Cyprus, with
particular reference to the seashore. It further examines the progress that has been made,
and suggests how future economic development should proceed in order to conserve what
remains. Specifically, the proposal to establish a National Park with Marine Conservation
Area in the Karpass peninsula; the work of the Turkish Cypriot Ministry of the
Environment; and the achievements of the NGO's are critically assessed.
A plea for marine parks
S.A. Tont and A.C. Yalçiner
Middle East Technical University, Ankara,
Turkey
Abstract
Sections of the Mediterranean coast-of Turkey combine natural beauty,
remnants of several ancient civilizations and, although comparatively low in biomass, a
marine life of rich diversity. Considering that only one of these factors has been
sufficient enough for the establishment of a national park in countries such as USA, a
similar undertaking in which all these factors can be utilized cannot be overemphasized.
In this paper we propose the establishment of such parks and a scientific monitoring
programme which, besides its intrinsic scientific value, will also aid us in preserving
these regions for the use and benefit of future generations. Because of its great
complexity and often unpredictable variability the structure and maintenance of ecosystems
are little understood. National park where anthropomorphic factors are either eliminated
or carefully monitored can provide us with a unique opportunity for understanding and
evaluating some of the very basic natural processes controlling an ecosystem.
The creation of Utrish reserve atAbrau Peninsula as the method toprotect the nature of the northwestern caucuses of the Black Sea Coast
O.A. Leontyeva and S.L. Pereshkolnik
Dept. Biogeography, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
Abstract
The investigation of relict ecosystems of dry sub-tropics of Caucuses Black Sea coast
began in 1980 at Abrau peninsula. Zonal forest cover is presented there by two main
associations: Pistaceo -Juniperus and Carpino-Quer- cus forests. Flora and fauna of Abrau
peninsula is very rich. There are a lot of endemic and relict species. Ancient villages
and barial places are situated there. Anthropogenous transformation of ecosystems at the
last 20 years has the negative influence on the nature of the peninsula: reduction of the
forests, net of the roads and high quantity of hotel houses together with the growing of
abundance of transportation facilities and human population. In order to protect the
nature of xerophytic forests and other coastal and marine ecosystems the plan of Utrish
reserve (183 thousand hectars) was worked out.
Salt tolerance of coastal and lacustrine varieties of Lathyrus maritimus with evolutionary implications
L.R. Little and M.A. Maun
University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
Abstract
The Great Lakes basin of North America represents a large body of
freshwater with its drainage system connected to the North Atlantic. The most obvious
environmental trait differing between the lacustrine and coastal marine ecosystems is the
salt concentration of the contiguous bodies of water. Along the Atlantic coast, organisms
are exposed to high amounts of windborne salt spray. In contrast, plants in the lacustrine
environment along the Great Lakes o not receive any salt spray. On the marine coast, small
droplets of seawater are ejected into the air by the bursting of bubbles on the ocean
surface. These droplets are concentrated by evaporation, transported inland by wind and
deposited on coastal vegetation and the soil substrate. Thus, salt spray is an important
additional selective force in coastal environments as compared to the lacustrine
shorelines of the Great Lakes. In spite of the significant differences between the two
ecosystems, they share many of the same plant species. 0ne of these species is Lathers
maritimus which is an endemic of the Great Lakes and has established here during the
post-pleistocene glacial retreat about, l3,000 years ago, when Atlantic Coast shoreline
extended inland into the St. Lawrence- Ottawa valleys. In eastern North America it has two
forms, variety glaber and var. pellilus. The former is found mainly on the Great Lakes
shorelines while the latter is abundant along the Atlantic Coast. Since both varieties
presumably have a common ancestor, and var. glaber has been separated from its coastal
counterpart for at least 13,000 years, it may have lost some of its ability to withstand
salt spray. In this study, we are testing the hypothesis that the two varieties have
evolutionarily diverged from each other in their resistance to salt, owing to the lack of
salt stress along the lacustrine shorelines. We conducted greenhouse experiments to
compare the effects of salt spray and salt substrate concentrations on germination,
growth, photosynthetic rate and biomass of the two varieties of L. maritimus. Results
showed that the germinablity of seeds of both varieties decreased as the concentration of
salt solution increased. However, the percent germination of seeds of the coastal variety
was higher than the lacustrine variety. Generally, in the salt spray and substrate
inundation experiments, the greater the salt concentration, the greater was the damage to
both varieties. After 11 weeks of exposure, there was a significant difference between the
two varieties in the amount of damage to the whole plant. However, salt stress alone was
not entirely responsible for the divergence of the species into two varieties. Other
environmental factors also have a strong influence.
The Mediterranean seagrass Posidoniaoceanica and Cymodocea nodosa: A comparative overview
L. Mazzella, M.8. Scipione, M.C. Gambi, M.C. Buia, M. Lorenti, V. Zupo and G. Cancemi
Laboratorio di Ecologia del Benthos, Napoli, Italy
Abstract
The biological features, the structural attributes of the meadows and the
structure and function of the associated algal and animal communities of the Mediterranean
seagrasses Posidonia oceanica (L.)Delile and Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria)Aschers. are
compared. The two phanerogames have different growth and reproductive modes, and different
patterns and rates of leaf production, which result in different dynamics of the meadows
with faster turnover in Cymodocea. Also algal epiphytes and vagile fauna seem to be
strongly influenced by the structural parameters of the meadows and by the plants'
seasonal patterns. The trophic organization of the fauna in the two systems is similar,
however the different temporal evolution of the two plants consequently brings to exert a
crucial role as primary producers and habitats for a diversified fauna in different
environments of the coastal benthos of the Mediterranean Sea.
Posidonia oceanica reimplantationtechnology of the marine gardeners is now operational on a large scale
H. Augier, C. Eugene, J.M. Harmand-Desforges and A. Sougy
Laboratoire de Biologie Marine Fondamentale et Appliquée,(CERlMER), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France.Europosidonia et Marine Vegetation Group of Eurocoast, B.P. 574,83411 Hyeres, France
Abstract
Posidonia oceanica meadows form the most representative community of the
Mediterranean shores. However Posidonia oceanica are fragile and in a bad way because of
pollution and other nuisances. In several areas, Posidonia meadows have been replaced with
vast deserts of dead "matters" or sand and muddy. We owe to COOPER, now dead,
the idea of using derelicts of Posidonia to regenerate the eadows in the areas where the
aggressive factors were eliminated. For that purpose he perfected a kind of concrete frame
called "constrain " which offers optimal conditions for these cuttings to take
root. So a study of scientific evaluation of Cooper's method has been undertaken in an
experimental field about 10.000 m2 in the bay of Cannes. The
"constraints" were implanted over a period of 1O years, which gives particularly
favorable conditions to study their development. The works consisted in quantifying the
vitality and the capacity of development of these cuttings with the help of classical
tests such as the number of foliar bundles by surface unit, the biomass, the productivity,
the number of running rhizomes, the surface of conquered ground. The results prove the
effectiveness of the method which is now operational on a large scale. We can now foresee
and hope for a reconquest of the ruined bottoms, provided of course we first remove the
causes of the disappearance of the natural meadows of Posidonia oceanica.
Pleasure harbours are responsible for the metallic contamination of Posidonia oceanica meadows
H. Augier, J.M. Harmand-Desforges and G. Ramonda
Laboratoire de Biologie Marine
Fondamentale et Appliquée,CERIMER), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France.
Laboratoire Departemental D'hygiene
Alimentaire et D'epidémiologieVétérinaire, 13006 Marseille, France
Abstract
The seashore of Carry-le-Rouet (Bouches-du-Rhĺne, Mediterranean Sea, France), at a
relative distance from industrial and urban wastes, was taken as a reference area to study
the effect of a pleasure boat harbor on metallic contamination (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) of the
Posidonia oceanica meadow. The use of factorial analysis of multiple correspondences shows
that it is more often the juvenile leaves and meristems that concentrate the analyzed
metals than adult and intermediate leaves (except zinc), and that the variation in
metallic concentration according to the age of the leaves is more important than that of
the depth of the collecting areas. The rates of cadmium, lead, and nickel are relatively
low in the Posidonia oceanica. For these three metals, there don't appear to be any
significant differences in the metallic contamination of the collecting areas according to
the distance of the harbor. However, the copper and zinc concentrations in all the samples
are high and there exists a particularly substantial decreasing gradient of the rates of
the two metals as the distance from he harbor increases. This pollution is directly
connected with the electrolysation of the zinc sacrificial anode used to protect the
metallic parts of the yachts. The high copper and zinc rates in the Posidonia oceanica of
the bay of Carry-le-Rouet are probably the factor of the withering of the foliar bundles
which has been noticed by skin divers. These result show how urgent it is to find
alternative solutions regarding the use of zinc anodes and anti-fouling paints including
toxic elements.
. P h y s i c a l F e a t u r e s .
Spatial and temporal variability of a water mass formed by tidal mixing in the Strait of Messina
G.C. Cristofalo and D. Taliana
Universita "La Sapienza", Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy
Abstract
The Strait of Messina (connecting the Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas), is an area of
formation of a typical water deriving from strong tidal mixing between Intermediate Ionian
water and Surface Tyrrhenian after of Atlantic origin. Such a water, whose temperature and
salinity values vary with the seasons, has been observed to flow alongshore southward with
a progressive thinning of the water type layer. The estimated winter transport is 30% the
spring-autumn value. It is of interests that this flow, interacting with coastal currents
flowing from the Strait of Sicily, gives origin to nice cold filaments observable in
thermal satellite images. Our observations of one of these events are a nice introduction
to this novel effect.
A synthesis of the researches about the Pleistocene-Holocene evolution of the NW coastal zone of Portugal
H.M. Granja and G. Soares de Carvalho
Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugul
Abstract
The need is pointed out to consider the Holocene evolution of the coastal zone in
relation to the management improvement; the knowledge about he evolution can allow a
stability forecasting to prevent short term risks. The issues can be synthesized as
follows: - The present morphology and the Pleistocene and Holocene evolution; the
degradation of the coastal forms such as the retreat. of the beaches and of sea cliffs,
the silting of estuaries and lagoons, the destruction by beach users; - Sea level changes
during the Holocene are established by the interpretation of the stratigraphic sequences
of silty and sandy units; the interpretation of the sedimentary structures, among other
methodologies used, led to the establishment of a sequence with a succession of lagoonal
episodes, intertidal and beach episodes, and dune events, associated sometimes with
paleosoils (podzols);from 30 000 yr. BP till the post-XV century (Little Ice Age)
(radiocarbon datings); - The importance of neotectonics is pointed out in relation to sea
level changes; the actuation of neotectonics can be responsible for the increasing retreat
of the coastline, at least since the end of the last century; this retreat is, at present,
very strong in many coastal segments (especially by storms and at he downdril' side of
groins and revelments).
. D u n e a n d B e a c h M a n a g e m e n t .
Management of Mediterranean coastal dunes
F. Van Der Meulen and A.H.P.M. Salman
European Union for Coastal Conservation (EUCC), P.O.Box 11059, Leiden, The Netherlands University of Amsterdam, F.G.B.L., Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Abstract
This paper gives some theoretical concepts of dune management as well as
practical examples of how actual measures should be carried out. Dune management is
defined as all measures aimed at the preservation and restoration of the natural values of
a coastal sand dune area. It is essential that beach and foreshore are seen as parts of a
whole dune system. Management must take into account all processes within this system. It
should aim at nature conservation and wise use of coastal resources and all forms of land
use should be ecologically sustainable. Dune management should work as much as possible
with the natural processes and not against them. Four types of Mediterranean dune systems
(incl. Portugal and SW-Spain) are distinguished by the authors: mainland dunes, lagoon-bay
barrier dunes, delta dunes and remnant dunes. Like in most parts of the world,
Mediterranean dunes fulfill several functions at the same time. The following functions
will be dealt with: nature management, coastal defense and erosion, dune stabilization and
afforestation, agriculture, tourism and urbanization, recreation, golf, information and
education. The concepts of management which are considered include: sustainable use, large
and coherent units, compensation, management planning, environmental impact assessment and
function analysis. Dune stabilisation is not always considered necessary. In case of
stabilisation by planting only indigenous species should be used, preferably pioneers and
not trees. Planting of exotic species should be avoided.
An approach to coastal dune management; The North and West Coastline of France
A.T. Williams1, P. Davies2, J.Cl. Bodéré3 and R. Curr4
1Environmenlal Research Unit,
Universily of Glamorgan, Wales; U.K.
2Bath College of Higher
Education, U.K
3Universite de Bretagne
Occidental, France
4Bath College of Higher
Educulion, U.K
Abstract
A scientific approach to dune management is needed. Using a checklist this
study aimed to establish on a semi-quantitative basis an objective assessment of concepts
such as dune vulnerability and protection. A study of 20 dune systems along the French
coastline provided an opportunity to examine the extent to which this approach could be
applied. Sub-sections covering site and dune morphology, beach condition, dune surface
characteristics, and pressure of use were all assessed to give an overall percentage
vulnerability index. Recent protection measures were also scored as percentages and
comparisons made between the above factors. With respect to site and dune morphology,
assessment in~i ated a range from 78% to Le Devin (Noirmoutier) to 37% at Pointe D'Ar ay
(Vendée), and this proved to be the least discriminating category, possibly due to the
basic physical similarities of the selected sites. Beach condition values ranged from 81 k
at Port Bara (Quiberon) to 6% at La Fosse (Noirmoutier). This high level of variation was
in part a result of major differences in sediment supply. Similarly, dune surface
characteristics of the seaward edge ranged from indices as high as 85% at La Plage des
Demoiselles (Vendée) between Les Becs and les Marines to 6% at La Fosse; pressure of use
values ranged from 77% at La Plage des Demoiselles to 8% at La Plage de St. Nicolas near
the Pointe de Graves (Gironde). Both categories were judged to portray significant
differences in dune vulnerability. The above vulnerability indices should be reflected in
management strategies employing a variety of appropriate protection measures. Protection
indices ranged from an impressive score of 95% at Grand Crohot (Landes) to 14% at lle des
Hebihens (Cotes d'Armor). However, scores have to be interpreted carefully since a low
protection index does not necessarily indicate an inappropriate management strategy. The
overall vulnerability index (VI) could be out of phase with the Protection Measures (PM) -
described as Out of Management Equilibrium (Positive or Negative), or in phase described
as dune systems In Management Equilibrium. The checklist approach will improve the levels
of objectivity in analyzing coastal dune vulnerability and protection measures. It should
be integrated into current coastal dune management methodologies and philosophies.
Coastal dune management of Seyhan delta
T. Uslu and Y. Bal
Tirebolu Sokak 22/10, 06550 Ankara,
Turkey
Harita Genel Komutanligi Dikimevi, Ankara,
Turkey
Abstract
According to the air photographs taken in 1947 and 1992, it was understood
that the length of the coastal dunes of Seyhan delta has been declined from 62.625 m to
61.990 m. The widest belt of coastal dunes moved backward from 6.950 m to 4.530 m. The
area of the coastal dunes have been decreased from 17.976 ha to 9.697 ha. During this 45
years period, 4.510,7 ha of dunes (25,1% of coastal dunes) have been converted into
fields. gardens and greenhouses. 3.687 ha of dunes (20,5 % of coastal dunes) have been
afforested. 6.3 ha of dunes (0.03 % of coastal dunes) have been used for roads. 0,9 ha of
dunes (0,005 % of coastal dunes) have been established as a residential area as well as
many buildings have been put up. Within the years 1947 and 1956, 19.8 ha new coastal dune
area has appeared through accumulation of alluvial. But within the years 1956 and 1992
93,8 ha coastal dune area has been lost through coastal erosion. Tuz lake has been
diminished 101 ha and Akyatan lake has been grown 2.1 3,2 ha in Seyhan delta. We found 162
plant species (more or less 25 % of Turkish coastal dune flora) and 14 plant associations.
Cresso ereticae-Hordeetum marinae ass. Is endemic (which is present only in coastal dunes
of Seyhan delta in the world) for these dunes. Five of plant associations are endemic for
coastal dunes of East Mediterranean of Turkey. Besides the importance of the flora and
vegetation, coastal dunes of Seyhan delta is one of the main major nesting beaches of
marine turtles in Turkey, is also on the way of migrating birds. Moreover there are
halophytic areas and wetlands in this area. Consequently, protection is very important in
management of the coastal dunes of Seyhan delta. Key Words: Turkey, Adana, Seyhan delta,
coastal dune (management, flora and vegetation) changes of the coastal line
A psychological approach to attitudes and perceptions of beach users: Implications for coastal zone management
A.T. Williams, W. Gardner, T.C. Jones, I . Morgan and E.Özhan
University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, U.K Civil Engineering Department, METU, Ankara, Turkey.
Abstract
An assessment of how personality and socio-demographic factors influenced the opinions
and perceptions of a wide range of aspects of the beach environment by beach users at four
'honeypot' sites was carried out at the Glamorgan Heritage Coast (GHC). A model of the
relationship between beach user parameters and beach selection was developed and an
examination was made of how this could be incorporated into current management practices.
Qualitative interviews were conducted with beach users and on the basis of these a
questionnaire was designed. Two hundred beach users completed this questionnaire, together
with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the Speilberger State-Trait Anxiety
Inventory. Seven parameters (gender, extroversion, anxiety/neuroticism, planned length of
stay, distance traveled, socio-economic status and age), were analyzed with respect to the
perception of beach aesthetics and facilities. A model incorporating personality and
socio-demographic factors influencing beach perception and selection was tested.
Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) showed that four variables influenced the choice of
beach. These were anxiety/neuroticism, gender, socio-economic status and planned length of
stay. This innovative study carried out in the UK, has implications for European
(including Mediterranean) coastal zone management (CZM). Little work worldwide has been
done on these aspects of coastal planning and the above findings represent an innovative
approach to CZM.
Sustainable tourism
B. Holdsworth
Lankforst 30.19. 6538 Je Nijmegen, Netherlands
Abstract
Tourism pollutes. Tourism has an environmental impact as great as modern
industrial and agricultural undertakings. Tourism is also an important economic
stabilizer. A strategy for sustainable tourism requires a new democratic language of
architecture, of education an a new understanding between national and local government.
It means an interaction of many skills with an appreciation of community health and well
being. An action plan for sustainable tourism is presented.
Education and public involvement in sustainable tourism in islands
W.L. Filho
University of Bradford, Bradford, U.K
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that tourism is the world's largest industry, bringing
significant economic benefits to island nations such as those in the Caribbean, Pacific
and the Mediterranean. However, the impact of tourism in the environment is a matter of
increasing concern in islands, where it is thought that a spread in environmental
degradation is posing a continuous threat to their ecological stability. This paper
presents an environmental education plan aimed at catalyzing public support to the goal of
sustainable tourism and, as a consequence, to the conservation of the environment. Its
ultimate aim is to show how environmental education strategies may help to integrate
tourism growth with a framework of environmental conservation initiatives. Due to the
relevance of environmental education in the promotion of the sound use of environmental
resources, it describes a set of awareness-raising instruments aimed at informing the
general public and different sectors of the tourism industry regarding the relationship
"environment and tourism".
. C o n s e r v a t i o n a n d P r e s e r v a t i o n .
Ancient Mediterranean harbours: A heritage to preserve
L. Franco and G. Verdesi
Politecnico di Milano, Department of Hydraulic, Milano, Italy Via Poggio Moiano 34 b, 00199 Roma, Italy
Abstract
Management and protection in coastal areas is mostly addressed to the
natural environment, but very rarely to cultural and technical resources. This paper
represents plea for driving more attention to some valuable historical features still
existing abandoned along the Mediterranean coasts. Many remains of harbor structures with
an age of 2000 years or more are laying partly submerged without any sign of an
archaeological site and no protection from the attack of the sea and of the coastal users.
A condensed overview is given of the evolution of ancient harbor engineering, particularly
related to the Roman age, describing the most interesting technical aspects, which are
derived from the literature and from noticeable remains revealed by the recent development
of underwater archaeology and remote sensing technology. A bilateral cooperation between
coastal engineers and archaeologists is needed, as for necessary preliminary surveys
before the execution of new coastal works and for the interpretation, defense and
valorization of discovered maritime remains. Brief indications on the techniques for the
conservation and restoration of old submarine structures are reported, despite the lack of
specific experience. Recommendations for the musealization of major ancient port sites,
with a proposal for the creation of "coastal submarine-archaeological parks",
are finally given.
Transforming the Mediterranean BluePlan into a system dynamics model
Ö. Esmer
Middle East Technical University, City & Regional Planning Dept., 06531 Ankara, Turkey
Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the report "Futures for The
Mediterranean Basin: The Blue Plan" edited by M. Grenon and M. Batisse (1989),
published as an outcome of the joint effort of the Mediterranean coastal countries,
initiated in 1977 as a component of the Mediterranean Action Plan. Paper first gives a
brief summary of the Blue Plan (BP). The second part deals with methodological aspects and
raises nine discussion topics. Since the terms "interactions" or
"feedback’s" have been treated in a traditional way, it is suggested that the
concept of "mutual causation" must be adopted. Discussion-10 in the final
Part-III introduces the paradigm of "System Dynamics" as a method suitable to
deal with the complex systems. Paper concludes that a "Mediterranean Dynamics' model
should be developed for better policy decisions.
Ancient harbors in Anatolia
Z. Kurtulus and Y. Arisoy
The General Directorate of Railways, Ports and Airports Const., Izmir. Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Engineering, Bornova 35100, Izmir.
Abstract
Anatolia Peninsula is situated as a bridge connecting Europe and Asia.
Many people and civilizations had preferred this region because of its significant
geographic location, climate, water and soil resources. Several outstanding cities have
been founded especially in Ionian and Roman periods, and left remarkable remains. These
cities with many exceptional harbors are very interesting with respect to archaeology ,
tourism and also history of coastal engineering. The authors have recently carried out a
study covering the antique harbors in Anatolia. This paper presents and explains some
features of the most interesting ancient harbors with respect to their reconstruction’s.
Conservation and management of molluscan fishery resources with special reference to gastropods of Gulf of Mannar, Southeast Coast of India
J.K.E. Patterson and K.Ayyakkannu
Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India
Abstract
The molluscs have fascinated man since the dawn of civilization, and have become part
of his life in multifarious ways as food, trade goods, money, medicine, ornaments, and as
objects of art, design and scientific investigation. The edible oysters, clams, scallop
and mussels have been a major source of food. Along the Gulf of Mannar, coast line of
southeast coast of India, molluscan shellfish are valuable fisheries used as food, source
of lime, decorations and industrial purposes. Due to the recent increase in demand and
fame, of the gastropod meat and their products, the effort of fishing on the natural
population needs a closer scrutiny, since the known beds which are in easy access are
being rapidly exploited. The gastropods particularly Chicoreus ramosus are nowadays
becoming very economically important species for their beautiful shells, delicious meat
and valuable operculum. At landing site, one single shell of C. ramosus costs about USD
1.3, one kilogram of meat costs about USD 1.2 and one kilogram of operculum costs about
USD 60.
. C o a s t a l P o l i c y a n d L a w .
Mediterranean lands; A basic overview
J.A. Schembri
Mediterranean Inst., University of Malta, Msida, Malta
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to quantify the importance of the Mediterranean coastal length
to the Mediterranean coastal length to the Mediterranean lands through a number of tables
made up of basic selected variables.
Coastal and marine
environmental policy: The Adriatic Basin
A. Marson
DAEST-IUAV, S. Croce 1957, I-30135 Venezia, Italy
Abstract
The Adriatic Basin is one of the most critical areas in the Mediterranean
Sea. Both its ecological equilibrium and its coast are under pressure. Tackling the
problem not only means a confrontation with scientific uncertainties about the capacity of
the natural system, but also with different institutional, economic and cultural
capabilities of the various nations involved. A number of studies have been carried out
over recent years, and today we have attained a reasonable level of knowledge about what
should and what should not be done for a better environment. The implementation deficit in
translating this knowledge into practical action is nevertheless still quite considerable.
The aim of this paper is to outline the state of the art regarding both knowledge and
action, focusing on what should be done to overcome the present unsatisfactory situation.
Turkish legislation pertinent to coastal zone management
Erdal Özhan, Atila Uras and Engin Aktas
Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Abstract
In this paper, institutions, rules and regulations which have been
established by the relevant Turkish laws for addressing various coastal and sea issues,
are discussed. Wherever appropriate, differencies and shortcomings are briefly pointed
out.
A perspective on the relationship between the local and the national levels of government in coastal zone management
R.W.Knecht
Center for the Study of Marine Policy, University of Delaware, U.S.A.
Abstract
Coastal zones are among the world’S most valuable geographies. These places, where land and water meet, are of immense economic value as sites for ports and harbors and other water dependent commerce and industry. They are places where most people want to recreate and vacation and represent some of the most biologically productive areas on earth. Yet, until relatively recently, in many countries little focused attention was directed to the planning and management of these regions. During the latter half of the 1980’s and accelerating in the early 1990’s, however, an increasing number of nations-developing and developed-are instituting programs to improve the management of their coastal areas and resources found in them (Sorensen, 1993). Recently, the June 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiro, recommended that nations adopt coastal managemnt programs that “are integrated in content and precautionary and anticipatory in ambit.” (Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1993). Thus, at present a significant number of coastal nations are in the process of designing coastal management programs for the coastal zones uder their jurisdiction. Many issues have to be faced in the design of such programs if they are to be effective. Decisions have to be made regarding such key aspects as:
On of the issues of most critical imprtance to the long-term success of coastal management program is the last item in the list above-the relative roles of several levels of government. Indeed one of the motivations for a CZM program (as in the case of the United States) is the lack of coordination (or even cooperation in some cases) between the coastal decision-making of the local government and that of the central government. Hence, one of the major challenges in the design of the institutional aspects of CZM programs involve the respective roles of the central (national) government vs. that of the local government. This paper provides a perspetive on the roles of two levels of government in coastal zone management-the provincial/local level and th national/central governmental leve. Except inthose relativelt rare cases where no provincial or local government exists, these two levels of government are always present. Some nations, for exampla USA, Canada and Australia have a three level system which involves a reltively strong state or provincial level between the nationa government and the various local governments. For simplicity, however, the paper will be cast in terms of a two-level system of government although much of what is said will apply as well in three-tiered systems. The objective of the paper is to examine the interests and likely motivations of the two levels of government and to suggest ways of increaing understanding and cooperation between them, th goal being the development of an effectiv working partnership in the conduct of a coastal zone management prograö. The paper is divided into the following sections:
. L a g o o n s, E s t u a r i e s a n d L a k e s .
The management of two English estuaries
C. Paterson
Posford Duvivier Environment, Peterborough, PE3 8DW, England
Abstract
Estuaries provide an important natural resource both in terms of their
nature conservation value and also their landscape and heritage value. These natural areas
may be threatened by coastal development such as ports and harbors; tourism and
recreation; coastal protection; fisheries; shipping and navigation; and pollution. Whereas
human use of estuaries is vital, the importance of management to prevent environmental
degradation and indeed to actively improve the environment cannot be understated. The
organizations which currently have management responsibilities in estuaries. are often
diverse and numerous. For instance in Britain there can be many planning authorities, and
several harbor authorities. It is therefore important that a management structure for the
estuary is identified. Such a structure can be a statutory body or a formalisation and
development of the roles of the existing agencies which already have management
responsibilities. In the United Kingdom in recent years there has been a move towards more
effective, positive management of our coastal resource. The Government is completing a
review of coastal responsibilities and management. Estuary management plans are being
prepared and promoted all over the country. This paper discusses two case studies for
estuaries in the south west of England which were carried out by Posford Duvivier
Environment. The first study was for the Tamar Estuary on the Devon-Cornwall border.
Although the Queen's Harbour Master currently manages this estuary, he intends to
relinquih all duties not relating to MOD interests. The second study was on the Exe
Estuary, in Devon, where the existing limited management is inappropriate and out of date.
In both studies recommendations were made for a management structure, with legal and
financial provisions. For the Exe Estuary, however, a management plan was also prepared.
The management systems were designed to control any activities on the estuary, both
landward and seaward of the low water mark, which may damage the natural environment or
conflict with other interest in the area. The method of identifying suitable management
structures as well as the criteria used to determine their suitability is discussed. The
paper concludes with the lessons learned from these case studies. The importance of
involving all the estuary users, both statutory and voluntary, and identifying their
requirements in the process of identifying, an optimal management system is highlighted.
Finally, the importance of producing a management plan to guide the organizations involved
in managing the estuary will be discussed. It is revealed that many of the lessons learned
have applications, not only in the Mediterranean but also universally.
Lagoon management problems: A case study
M.S. Kapdasli
Technical University of Istanbul, 80626, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
Abstract
A case study has been carried out in order to investigate the lagoon
management problems. It has been obtained that complex lagoon natural balance has been
easily destroyed by uncontrolled usage of lagoon and its environment. Specifically a
continuous interaction between sea and lagoon has to be provided and lagoon and fresh
water sources such as river has to be conserved against the urbanization. It has also been
seen that a wide separate education program conducted by lagoon management organization is
necessary in order to make people reacts before the lagoon completely polluted.
On the biology and management of a wetland, Lake Beysehir
M. Kence
Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06531, Turkey
Abstract
The Lake Beysehir is the Turkey's largest freshwater lake
with a good quality of water, drinkable only after chlorination. It is fed by various
streams as well as by underground springs. There is some water loss through holes in the
lake to the Manavgat basinin Mediterranean. Lake Beycehir, like all wetlands in general,
is an- ecosystem which plays a very important role in maintaining the ecological balance,
contributing to the water regime of the area and in preserving biological diversity. This
ecosystem provides habitat for a rich vegetation which include endemic species and
fauna including 35-40 species of birds and 9 fish species. According to an international
criteria the lake is classified as a class A wetland. Due to the extensive water usage for
irrigation purposes it is reported that the water 1cvel dropped approximately 270 cm and
the shoreline withdrawn about l00-120 m in 1990, and this resulted in occurrence of muddy
region. In KOP irrigation project lake Beysehir stands as the
major water resource. According to this project the amount of water that will be taken out
of the lake will b~ increased to 600x10 m yearly from 300x l0 m that has been taken up for
many years. When-that takes place it is estimated that the depth of the lake will
decreased by 3.5 m, the area of the lake will be reduced by 1/3, and the water will b~
withdrawn 6-10 km in. This will further destroy the vegetation on the shoreline .
Vegetation around the wetlands improve the shoreline stabilization by reducing the effects
of forces that can create erosion. Conservation of the natural water storing capacity of
wetlands closely related to the conservation of the wildlife in an area. In an unit area,
there is an orderly relation between the size of the area and the number of species.
Therefore reduction in the size of the lake will cause decrease in the number of species
of organisms. On the other hand the destruction of reed beds and the other vegetation
along the shores and the islands wi1l result in the loss of bird and fish populations.
Because these regions provide nesting and breeding ground for waterfowl as well as fish.
Another effect of the reduction of the lake may be the increased salinity and pollution as
the water volume decreases and the agricultural activities increase. The sustainable
utilization of the wetland requires the development of strategies to conserve and manage.
Venice Lagoon eutrophication modeling
H. Bach, O.K. Jensen and I . Warren
Banish Hydraulic Institute, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark
Abstract
The lagoon of Venice has especially since the 1970 suffered from severe
eutrophication. The land surrounding the lagoon has hosted intensive urban and industrial
development. This has lead to pollution of the lagoon, not only with domestic and
industrial waste water, but also with nutrients washed out from agricultural activities in
the catchment. The consequence was algae blooms, anoxic conditions, kill of marine life
and production of offensive odours during decomposition. Bed vegetation was killed and
because of that the shallow tidal flats of the Venice lagoon are exposed to heavy erosion,
up to 60 cm over a 20 year long period. Environmental authorities responsible for Venice
lagoon are now faced with the problem of cleaning up the lagoon by reducing the pollution
inputs and/or increasing the flushing of the lagoon. The proper management of the lagoon
would require an economically and environmental optimal combination of these actions. An
essential tool for the study and optimization process, is a eutrophication model, which
will be described in the paper. The eutrophication model focuses on a description of the
phytoplankton, macroalgae (e.g. Ulvae) and rooted macrophytes (e.g. eelgrass). The growth
of these species is related mainly to the availability of nutrients, to light and to water
temperature. To include all these factors, the model has 16 state variables, of which ll
constitute the pelagic system and 5 the benthic vegetation. The application of the model
to Venice lagoon will be presented, including the sensitivity of the ecosystem to physical
construction schemes for restoration of the lagoon.
Control of macroalgae blooms in theLagoon of Venice
E. Runca, A. Bernstein, L. Postma and G. Di Silvio
Technital S.P.A., Via Cattaneo 20, 37121
Verona, Italy
Consorzio Venezia Nova, San Marco 2803,
30124 Venezia, Italy
Delft Hydraulics, Rotterdamseweg 185, Delft,
The Netherlands
University of Padova, Via Loredan 20, 35131
Padova, Italy
Abstract
The present work is part of the program financed by the Italian Government
to save Venice and its lagoon. The aim of the program is the identification, design and
construction of the interventions needed both to protect the territory from flooding
events and to improve the quality of the ecosystem. This paper reports on the progress of
the work concerning the second point. Extensive blooms of macroalgae of the type Ulva
rigida leading to anoxia in large parts of the Venice lagoon are rapidly reducing the
quality of the ecosystem and affecting its use as a natural resource for fishing,
acquiculture and recreation. The uncontrolled eutrophication of the lagoon is caused
mainly by the presence of high loads of nutrients and the particular morphological
hydrodynamic setting of the lagoon. Overlaying techniques using GIS capabilities have been
adopted to assess the relative importance of the physical and chemical factors for each
par of the lagoon and the most vulnerable areas have been identified. To formalize the
cause-effect chains in the Venice lagoon an ecological model set up based on a fine-grid
hydrodynamic flow field. The ecological model focused on the life cycle of the macroalgae.
It includes the processes of overwintering, growth and decomposition as well as the
horizontal transport due to wind and the circulation induced by the tide. Combined use of
the GIS and the model has allowed the definition of the most promising strategies based on
the present understanding of the functioning of the ecosystem.
The substitution of oil traffic in the Venice Lagoon: A case study of oil spill damages prevention policy
F. Bandarin
University Institute of architecture of Venice, Venezia, Italy
Abstract
The Venice lagoon, one of the largest and more valuable lagoon environments of the
Mediterranean sea, is the site of a large industrial and petrochemical harbor complex. The
major environmental restoration projects launched in the 1980's to ensure the preservation
of Venice and its lagoon have already defined a set of measures to limit the impacts of
the industrial uses. Amongst them, a project aimed at reducing the risks related to oil
spills has been recently completed. The project defines he technical and economic
conditions necessary to gradually transfer the oil traffic; to other harbors, and provides
the preliminary design for the construction of an alternative oil supply system to the
industrial area.
. C o a s t a l Z o n e M a n a g e m e n t .
Coastal area management in the Mediterranean: A reference framework
A. Vallega
International Centre for Coastal and Ocean Policy Studies (ICCOPS), Via dell' Acciaio, 139-16152 Genoa, Italy
Abstract
The paper provides a general framework of both the features of the
ecosystem and the natural resource use which have recently developed in the Mediterranean
basin and takes into account their relevance to integrated coastal area management. In its
final part it deals with some crucial issues of coastal management which are expected to
be concerned with sustainable development-inspired programs. This sequence of subjects is
discussed. 1. the physical framework, considered through (i) the climate change and
subsequent sea-level rise; (ii) the erosion cycle; (iii) catastrophism; 2. the legal
framework, referring to the consequences arising from the claim of national jurisdictional
zones; 3. the coastal use framework, on which the complexity of management depends; 4.
coastal area management patterns characteristic of the Mediterranean and, on this basis,
the zoning of the Mediterranean according to its management features.
Integrated coastal zone management in the Mediterranean Action Plan of UNEP
L. Jeftic
Co-ordinating Unit for the Mediterranean
Action Plan, United Nations Environment Programme, Athens; Greece.
Abstract
Coastal Areas Management Programme (CAMP) of the Mediterranean Action Plan
(MAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was initiated in 1989 in order to
implement in selected locations the concept of integrated management of coastal zones
(IMCZ). Currently eleven CAMP projects are in different stages of implementation. The main
objectives of CAMPs are to introduce or develop the process of integrated planning and
management of Mediterranean coastal zones, and to contribute to a sustainable development
and environmental protection.
Coastal management initiatives in Bulgaria
J.H. Archer
University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02108, U.S .
Abstract
The Government of Bulgaria, with support from the World Bank, has
undertaken to establish the first national coastal management program in the Black Sea
region. This effort may be seen as a corollary to the actions being taken at the
international level by the Black Sea nations to institute a Black Sea action plan under
the pending Black Sea Convention in order to protect, restore, and manage the resources
and territory of the Black Sea and its coastal area. Bulgaria has had to devise an interim
coastal management program, based upon existing legal authority, to provide for the
management of its coastal area during the critical period before the adoption of a new
coastal legislation. Based upon this authority, Bulgaria has established an
intergovernmental program, to be largely administered in its Black Sea Region, to provide
substantial guidance and services to coastal municipalities, which are seen as the key to
successful coastal management in Bulgaria. To promote the participation of local
governments, nongovernmental organizations, and citizens in the implementation of the
coastal program, Bulgaria has created an "Auxiliary Commission" with membership
from these bodies and groups to advise the coastal managers on policy and operational
matters.
A systems view of integrated coastal management
J. Van Der Weide and W.M.K. Tilmans
Delft Hydraulics, 8300 AD Emmeloord, The Netherlands
Abstract
Natural hazards and human activities in the coastal zone are threatening
the integrity of the coastal resource system, Conflicts of interest between short term
economic benefits and long term ecological assets should be identified and solved by means
of a balanced CZM approach. Systems analysis, supported by mathematical modeling tools are
the appropriate instruments to assist the coastal zone manager. The paper presents a
general system description of the coastal zone, and focuses on the modeling of the natural
subsystem components of this system as a first step towards a model for Integrated Coastal
Management (ICM).
Learning to manage coastal ecosystems, the nature of the challenge
S. Olsen
Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, U.S.A.
Abstract
The management of the world's coastlines is becoming an increasingly
important topic. The number of national programs is growing steadily, projects are
proliferating, funding agencies are considering how much to invest and where, and
conferences like this one are becoming more frequent. My own view is that coastal
management, or integrated coastal management, is an expression of an emerging new
profession and a new discipline devoted to the management of ecosystems. By ecosystems I
mean the living systems in which human societies are viewed as one component of the whole.
A view of human society as somehow above or apart from an external "environment"
lies, I believe, at the heart of many of our current problems. We as u thinking species
are becoming increasingly aware hat we are changing not only local ecosystems but the
planetary ecosystems itself and that much of this change, at its various scales, is making
planet earth less suitable, less friendly, to our species. Indeed, coming to terms with
the global change now already underway is perhaps the great challenge of the next century.
We are faced with making major modifications to human values and human behavior if we are
to define a new symbiosis with the rest of creation. Thus in my view, the management of
coastal ecosystems is only one aspect – but a very important one – of a much larger
endeavor.
The global dispersion of coastal zone management efforts
J. Sorensen
University of Massachusetts, Boston MA. 02125, U.S .
Abstract
Over the last two decades there has been a global proliferation of
interest in the integrated management of coastal zones. The interest and the practice have
moved out from the developed to the developing nations. In all regions of the world, there
are nations and semi-sovereign states which have initiated a program or are currently
assessing the feasibility of program initiation. At the present time approximately 143
integrated coastal zone management efforts have been initiated by approximately 58
sovereign or semi-sovereign states. With the exception of Africa there is a relatively
even distribution of these efforts around the world. For a number of reasons in the last
ten years the greatest growth has been among developing nations. The ever growing number
of programs is making communication and information exchange increasingly difficult. Last
year there was at least one attempt to reverse this trend. A roster was prepared by
listing all known integrated coastal zone management efforts. At the present time a survey
is being conducted to improve the information content of the roster. The old and new
information will be used to prepare an interactive data base.
Integrated coastal and water resource management and development
M.A. Al-Hammad
Arab Urban Development Institute, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
As a result of urbanization, expansion of tourism, transport and services, and increase
in population, many environmental problems have surfaced in the Mediterranean Coastal
region. Countries in the Mediterranean region have an essential role to play in
environmental management and management of natural resources. The growth of industrial and
demographic pressures in the region has set in motion a process of urbanization which has
disturbed the environment. There is a great need for understanding ecological values and
the potential damage from coastal development. Problems facing the environment as a result
of economic development and tourism are of serious concern to the regions bordering the
Mediterranean. There is a great need to foster awareness of the natural heritage of the
Mediterranean coastline and maintain a balance between economic development priorities and
an environmental policy concerning the Mediterranean Coast.
. E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t A s s e s s m e n t .
Environmental impact assesment for coastal tourism projects in North-East China
Y. Xie
University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, England
Abstract
China has the world's largest population. This puts a strong pressure on
its scarce resources. The country is facing some serious environmental problems, which are
happening parallel to its attempts to promote its economic development. The need for
proper consideration of environmental issues, parallel to economic development, is equally
obvious in the field of tourism. This paper is devoted to the analysis of the
environmental impacts of tourism projects and describes the environmental impact
assessment programme being undertaken in North-East China. Particular attention will be
paid to: (1) The environmental impacts of some coastal tourism projects in the north-east
part of China; (2) The essence of the Environmental Impact Assessment Programme (EIAP);
(3) The need for conservation of the environment: a major way to reach the goal of
sustainable tourism; (4) Some suggestions on improvement of EIAP for tourism development
and some considerations with regard to how China, as a developing country, can draw
lessons from experiences of developed countries, especially Mediterranean nations.
Environmental impact assessment of dredging operations for the development of Izmir Harbor
O. Uslu and A. Akyarli
Dokuz Eylül University, 35260 Konak, Izmir,
Turkey
Abstract
Izmir harbour is settled at the innermost part of the Izmir Bay. This
location has been ideal both as a nodal point of different transportation modes and
sheltering advantage for the ships since ancient times. On the other hand, inner parts of
the Izmir bay has been filled and shoaled with the sediments transported by the rivers
throughout geological periods. The gate of 1zmir harbour is the Yenikale passage. The berm
generated by the material originating from old Gediz delta to the north of this passage
restricts the entrance of ships which have a draft of more than 13 m to berth the quays in
the Izmir harbour. Whereas the water depths in the inner bay are generally appropriate for
navigation, there are shoalings around Alsancak and at the maneuvering zones within the
inner bay. In order to be able to utilize the capacity of Izmir harbour sufficiently, a
secured channel and maneuvering area is needed for 13 m drafted ships to approach the
quays and to maneuver in the harbour. Such a channel must have minimum depth of -13.5 m
and a width of 250 m. According to preliminary evaluations, a total of some 6.2 million m3
material have to be dredged and moved for the channel (Akyarlý
and Karahan, 1989). In the context of two consecutive environmental impact
assessment (ELA) studies, conducted in 1990 and 1992, the influences of domestic and
industrial pollution created by city of Izmir and its vicinity, which keeps the bay under
pollution stress continuously and the temporary influences due to the planned dredging
operations along the approach channel and disposal of the dredged meterial have been
evaluated. In this paper a brief summary of these investigations will be given. EIA is
just recently introduced in Turkey as a new approach in environmental management. The
methodologies developed in varioys fields of oceanography, environmental science,
information technology, systems analysis, mathematical modelling and remote sensing have
to be employed in EIA studies to attain a powerful integrated approach to cope with the
complex problems at the coastal zone.
Environmental impact assessment of coastal works in Cyprus
A.D. Toumazis
Dion Toumazis & Associates; 4 Romanos Street, Nicosiu, Cyprus
Abstract
Coastal works have the characteristic that they are built with the aim of altering the
existing environment such as reducing the wave action in certain areas. This impact on the
environment is in some cases associated with erosion in adjacent beaches or reduced water
quality in the protected basins. Other significant environmental effects may not be
identified in the design stage. A most useful tool in assessing the impact of proposed
works is the review of the effects of previous projects. This paper discusses three such
cases in Cyprus and highlights additional environmental effects that should be taken into
consideration in future works.
. C o a s t a l I s s u e s, T u r k e y .
The role of environmental educationin public involvement - Experiences from coastal areas in Turkey
E. Av_car and F. Demirayak
DHKD, P.O.Box 18 Bebek, 8081O Istanbul, TURKEY
Abstract
Public involvement is the key ingredient in the success of any effort to
introduce nature conservation and sustainable living practices. Recent experience with
many areas of conservation status, such as SPA's, have all pointed out this fact: unless
people living in the related area are incorporated into the development of conservation
management schemes from the very initial stages of planning onwards, sustainable
development measures stand no chance of long-term success. Appreciating his fact, Coastal
Management Section in DHKD has coupled its efforts in coastal conservation with an
education and awareness project to be launched as of July, 1993. The project aims at two
branches of operation: helping at schools for a harmonious relation of students with the
surrounding ecosystem, and reaching adults for discussing alternative ways of economic
activity. In both, CMS adopts a long-term policy of communicating to people the variety of
life around them. Similarly, the emphasis is on ecologically sound alternatives, rather
than on conservation measures and limitations. This paper focuses on the methods employed
in the project, deriving from the history of nature conservation in Turkey, with numerous
examples to imposed regulations not adopted by local public versus several successful
cases initiated by local campaigns.
Coastal landfills in urban areas: The case of Istanbul
P. Korça and Ö. Güngör
Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
Abstract
The coastal area is a valuable natural resource of vital and enduring
interest to all living species as well as to all people. However, its overuse has caused
rapid transformation of the natural coastal environment. The process of transformation of
the coastal area has been particularly evident in the urbanized areas. Many city
governments that have been faced with the urban renewal problems in over used coastal
zones, have tried to solve the problem by creating new areas by the means of coastal
landfill. The aims of this paper are to determine the effect of coastal landfill in terms
of coastal morphology and ecological balance, and discuss the importance of functional
integration of those areas within the existing city structure. These issues are addressed
through investigations made in Istanbul, where landfills have been intensively applied
since 1984. The findings of the investigations made have revealed that area's created by
landfill have provided recreational opportunities for public. On
the other hand, the practice has shown that landfill developments have caused damage to
the natural and cultural assets as well as land use conflicts. Main reasons for the
problems related to the coastal landfills are the absence of coordination between the
large number of planning and implementation bodies, and the lack of regulations and
control related to the issues of preservation of the natural and cultural assets of the
coastal environment.
Use of geographic information
systemsin CZM: An application to Izmir Bay
A. Akyarli and D. Öner
Dokuz Eylül University, 35260 Konak, Izmir, Turkey
Abstract
Since the Institute of Marine Science and Technology (IMST) has an
extensive data base of Izmir Bay as a consequence of long term monitoring program’s and
height level scientific interest of its members, authors decided to form a Geographical
Information System (GIS) to provide a receptable for scattered data from various sources
such as data acquisition cruises, numerical modeling, remote sensing, etc. In this paper,
the use of GLS in Coastal Zone Management (CZM) will be introduced through a case study
explaining the main aspects pertinent u develop a GIS for Izmir Bay which is also an
interesting example of inadequate management efforts.
VOLUME 2
. W a t e r P o l l u t i o n .
Boston Harbor management: Lessons learned
R. Delaney and J. Meyers
Urban Harbors Institute, Univ. of Massachusetts, Boston, USANatural Resource Management Consultant, Cambridge, USA
Abstract
Alarming reports of massive pollution, highly publicized 1egal challenges
and even Presidential political campaign accusations, all helped earn Boston Harbor a
world wide reputation during the l980's as one of the most polluted harbors in the United
States. While the complexity of siting, design and construction of the $5 billion worth of
secondary sewerage treatment facilities initially dominated the response to this
situation, the scientific, political and institutional context for the overall restoration
and use of Boston Harbor is equally instructive. This paper will examine selected elements
of the overall strategy for pollution abatement focusing on factors which have especially
influenced or controlled the goals setting process and characteristics of the resulting
management structure. It will identify current motivating issues that are expected to be
significant and which could possibly alter the abatement process as it is implemented
during the l990's. The paper will provide a brief overview of other competing uses in the
harbor in order to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the institutional
arrangements that have evolved to manage this complex set of land-use, access, aesthetic
and economic issues. Lastly, it will suggest a few of the more instructive outcomes that
may be relevant to comparable urban harbor situations along the Mediterranean Sea.
Water related pollution control in Port of Kaohsiung
S.D. Kuo
Kuohsiung Harbor Bureau, Kuohsiung, Taiwan, RO.C.
Abstract
Pollution is always a counterpart of industrial development. It's true for
all countries in the world. In Taiwan, the Port of Kaohsiung got no pollution before 1958
due to undevelopment. Then, through more than 30-year successive development. It gained in
high economic achievement returning a harbor pollution. So serious it was that no DO
existed in water to survive the aquatic life. To avoid further worsening, a lot of
measures including the setup of the 1st-stage Kaohsiung Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant
to cut and treat the city's sewage, and some other effective measures were taken in 1979
and completed in 1987 with a cost around US$1.5 billion. This has made a radical change to
the harbor water quality. Following that, subsequent measures are still going on to come
to the overall final satisfactory result.
A critical evaluation of waste water treatment and disposal schemes in Turkish coastal municipalities
O. Uslu
Dokuz Eylül University, 35260 Konak, Izmir, Turkey
Abstract
In the last decades effects of antropogenic waste water loads have brought
about serious changes in the coastal marine environments adjacent to large urban
settlements in Turkey. To alleviate his deterioration, various waste water treatment and
disposal schemes have been developed. Due to the shortage of investment capital however,
these actions have continuously been postponed. In the meantime paradigms governing the
philosophy of design have undergone significant changes due to factors such s increasing
cognizance of the specific environmental situation, escalating environmental stresses,
changing political priorities and economic boundary conditions together with redefinition
of expectations for beneficial uses. Parallel to this are development new techniques in
the fields of oceanography, environmental science, information technology, systems
analysis, mathematical modeling and remote sensing have matured and could be unified to
attain a powerful integrated approach to cope with the complex problems at the coastal
zone. Although these developments are relatively well- known at least in some circles of
the scientific community, politicians, decision makers and financing agencies are fairly
unaware of the changes. In this paper a critical reevaluation of the waste water treatment
and disposal schemes for metropolitan municipalities of Istanbul and Izmir will be made to
demonstrate the effects of above mentioned considerations, The expected benefit is to urge
the decision makers to rethink the present concepts of waste water management. The delays
in the realization of the waste water schemes may than transformed into benefits which
will be attained by the implementation of appropriate plans of action.
Mechanisms governing the phytoplankton growth in coastal environments
A. Pala and O. Uslu
Dokuz Eylül University, 35100 Bornova,
Izmir, Turkey
Abstract
The effects of anthropogenic nutrient inputs on the kinetics of
phytoplankton growth (primary production) in coastal sea have been studied. The rate of
growth, specific growth rate and doubling times have been determined and related to
environmental parameters such as radiation intensity and water temperature together with
concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. Effects of various nitrogen compounds (NO3-,
NO2-, NH4+) have been studied in detail. The
study was conducted both in outdoor and in controlled laboratory conditions. The results of these basic investigations have been used to predict
the future effects of increasing pollution in the Bay of Ýzmir, which is one of the most
polluted coastal environments in Turkey and which has been neglected for decades. The
predictive tools developed in this study have also been used in the prediction of
the effects of waste water treatment and disposal schemes planned for the city.
Pollutant transport in the Black Sea coastal zone
N.V. Yesin, A.V. Komarov and L.A Karnaukhova
P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology
Southern Branch, Gelendzhik,
Krasnodar Region, 353470 Russia
The Ecological Commillee of the Krasnodur
Soviet of Deputies 35,
Krusnuyu str., Krasnodar, 350000 Russia
Abstract
Data about ecological situation in the Russian coastal zone of the Black
Sea and Sea of Azov are given in this paper. It is shown that concentration of pollutants
depends on water circulation and intensity of pollutant sources. Influence of vortexes in
the shelf zone upon the pollutant drift out of coastal zone. Recommendations on the length
of outlet pipe of purification system are given.
Oil products, heavy metals and radionuclides in the recent bottom sediments of the Marmara Sea shallow water area
K. Shimkus, B. Öztürk and N.V. Yesin
P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Southern Branch, Russia
Abstract
During the 17 cruise of the R/V "Rift" 22 samples of bottom
sediments were collected. Grain size, chemical and mineralogical analyses were made. A
content of heavy metals, cesium 137 and oil products content was determined. Terrigenous
mud’s with small carbonate matter quantities were widespread in the most part of shallow
water area at the depths within 30-100 m. They are characteristic of noticeable variations
in contents of CaC03 Corg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cd. Besides the contents of Zn, Ni ,
Hg vary within significant ranges. In some places mud’s are enriched with these
elements. Their positive anomalies are partially connected with technogenous
contamination. Cesium-137 content values vary within the range 0.13-1.67 Bg/g (0.72 in the
average). It is less than this in the Black Sea by more than an order of magnitude. The
main part of oil products consists by bituminous matter which concentration values vary w
thin the range 0.01-0.15 g/Kg (0.032 in the average). A contamination of the Marmara Sea
deposits by oil products is lesser by some orders of magnitude than that in the Black Sea.
Color analysis and geographical information system as a tool for monitoring water quality in Izmir Bay
F. Küçüksezgin
Dokuz Eylül University, Inst. of Marine Sciences and Tech., Izmir.
Abstract
Landsat thematic mapper data was used for investigating the sources and
spatial distribution of pollution in Izmir Bay by means of chromatically analysis for
interpretation of the water color. Ground data (Dissolved Oxygen, Temperature, Salinity,
Turbidity, Suspended Material, Total Inorganic Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus) were
measured during a twelve month period for twenty six stations in the Bay. The use of
geographical information system (GIS) techniques as a tool for monitoring water quality
was carried out in the bay.
Solid pollution in the Channel of Sicily
L. Cannizzaro - G. B. Giusto – P. Rizzo – D. Levi
Istituto di Tecnologia della Pesca e del Pescato Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Luigi Vaccara, 61 91026 Mazara del Vallo – ITALY Tel. 0039/923/948966 Fax 0039/923/906634
Abstract
Material of anthropic origin found during sixteen trawl surveys carried
out in the Italian waters of the Sicilian Channel was classified and catalogued according
to its source. Distribution maps were drawn up for the various groupings of solid
pollutants.
. W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t a n d S e a O u t f a l l s .
Waste management approach in Izmir Bay
Z. Kisoglu, Ü. Yetis and T. Balkas
Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Abstract
Izmir Bay and its environs has experienced, and continues to experience,
intensive development pressure from a variety of activities: agricu1ture, industry, urban
deve1opment. Associated with this pressure is rapid popu1ation growth and a requirement
for adequate infrastructure for wastewater collection, treatment and disposal. The
pollution load of the Bay has increased significantly; however, as a resu1t of both
development pressure and rapid population growth; starting in the 1960s the Bay entered a
period of rapid pollution and today it is one of the most notable pollution areas in
Turkey. Such a rap d growth in a11 aspects of the city brings together the environmental
prob1ems, not only for the sea but also for the soi1, water sources and for the citizens
of the region. A thorough management plan for the area must be developed and under the
light of this plan policies and strategies must be determined.
Turkish Marine studies for new sea outfalls-recommended procedures
J.S. Galloway
Wallace Evans Limited, Tremains House, Mid Glamorgan, U.K
Abstract
Two examples involving the utilization of hydrodynamic and dispersion
modeling tools are discussed with reference to their role in coastal and estuarine
pollution methodologies and solutions. The studies conceentrate on two quite different
domestic waste water effluent discharges to the marine environment. One discharge
illustrates approaches and problems associated with a long-sea outfall (3.7 km) to a
partially stratified, low energy 'coastal' environment, and an identified bathing use. The
scheme had a preferred engineering option assumed a priori. A multi-use 'estuarine'
improvement scheme for a Strait considers the complexity inherent in identifying a
preferred disposal strategy for a scheme, with no preferred engineering option and complex
water movement. Model selection criteria are highlighted, and a variety of modeling
approaches are discussed together with a brief assessment of the benefits accrued from the
use of the models, both in terms of environment protection, capital expenditure and
performance improvement implications. The importance of the role of
interaction of models, strategy and field measurement programs is also stressed in an
overall view of recommended procedures for marine environmental impact assessments for new
outfall.
Sea outfall of Anamur
I. Güler
Yüksel Proje International Co. Inc., Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey
Abstract
This paper summaries the studies carried out about wave forces on
submarine pipelines and type of pipe material selection. Anamur is located at the
Mediterranean Sea coast of Turkey. As a result of dilution calculations, most suitable
pipe length was found 1000 m. that satisfied coliform standard (103 MPN/100 ml)
at 200 meters from the shoreline. Suitable of discharge of pipe route is determined
considering wave forces on submarine pipeline. After identifying the forces on pipeline,
advantages and disadvantages of pipe material will be discussed. Precautions for damage of
submarine pipeline are again studied regarding the reasons of damage of sea outfall around
Turkey coast. A series of precautions are recommended for Anamur sea outfall.
. P o l l u t i o n a n d D e g r a d a t i o n C a s e S t u d i e s .
About ecological degradation of a closed bay
N.V. Yesin and R.D. Kos'yan
P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Southern Brunch, Russia
Abstract
The data of complex study of the ecological situation in Gelendzhik bay
carried out during last five years are given in this paper t is noted that an ecological
disaster has happened in some of its areas. An irreversible process of the bay silting and
of hydrogen sulfide generation on its bottom is observed here. A project of the bay rescue
is suggested.
Coastal pollution and the industrial and urban development in Algeria
A. Abdelbaki and K. Tounsi
Laboratoire D'etudes Maritimes, Alger, Algeria
Abstract
This paper describes the structural and environmental aspects of
industrial And urban development in the Algerian coastal regions through cases studies. It
details the processes by which the industrial and urban development took place and the
damage to the coastal environment.
Evaluation of coastal problems at Alexandria, Egypt
O.E. Frihy1, M. El Raey2 and K.M. Dewidar3
1Coastal Research Institute,
15 El Pharaana St., Alexandria, Egypt
2Institute of Graduate Studies
and Research, Alexandria, Egypt
3Coastal Research Institute, 15
El Pharaana St., Alexandria, Egypt
Abstract
Alexandria is the second largest city in Egypt containing more than one
third of the national industries and considered as the principal seaside summer resort on
the Mediterranean. The coastal zone is presently experiencing two main problems resulting
from natural and human activities: beach erosion and pollution. Most of the Alexandria
coasts are rocky and have very little or no beach. Significant erosion occurs along most
of Alexandria beaches as a result of sediment starvation, coastal processes and sea level
rise. One of the most serious threats to the coastal zone comes from inland. As a result
of increasing population and industrial development, untreated industrial waste, domestic
sewage, shipping industry and agricultural runoff are being released to the coast.
Recommendations for environmental recovery and restoration are proposed for preservation
of Alexandria resort beaches and harbours in order to facilitate development of
environmental and touristic activities.
The challenges to overcome the problems of NW coastal zone of Portugal
I . Veloso-Gomes
Faculdade Engenharia Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas; 4099,Porto Codex, Portugal
Abstract
The main objectives to be achieved by the Regional Plan of Territorial Management
(Plano Regional de Ordenamento do Territorial - P.R.O.T) of the portuguese Center Littoral
are pointed out. This paper describes some aspects directly related with a more delimited
area of dynamic interface between land and sea, the "Center Region Coastal
Zone", but on a territorial view of P.RO.T. littoral objectives. The antropogenic
impacts on that coastal zone have become severe along the past few decades and both
spatial and time scales of such impacts tend to increase. There is a generalized erosion
situation on the "shoreline" and the causes of the present situation have been
identified as a response to several forcing factors. The urban expansion has induced
environmental problems that must be controlled in order to avoid the global degradation of
the functions and values. As a coastal zone management plan must consider the potential
conflicting uses and interests of several nature, typical of an heterogeneous, opened,
dynamic and strongly polarizing system some elucidative examples are illustrated. A
simulation of alternative scenarios of urban expansion near the shoreline with different
technical, economical, social and political implications is presented The option for one
of the urban expansion scenarios must be assumed with all the implications and
responsibility. The local urban plans will consider the specific situations.
Management of oil pollution in coastaland offshore waters
A.J. Kuck
Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany
Abstract
Handling of large oil spills in coastal and offshore waters requires the
application of appropriate technical measures for control and cleaning operations.
Mechanical measures preferably, applied at the origin of the spill have proved best for
this purpose. In order to protect sensitive shore . regions from contamination sometimes
chemical dispersants can support these efforts. The selection of appropriate measures
depends on a detailed knowledge of the actual situation and the possibility for reliable
forecast of the spill development. All activities to control an oil spill should be
coordinated by, a central authority which has full access to all important information and
can directly employ the available man-power and technical resources. Regional co-operation
in coastal areas is indispensable to cope with the increased danger of oil spill
contamination.
The effect of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination on properties of marine sediments
A. Tuncan and M. Tuncan
Anadolu University, Bademlik, Eskisehir, Turkey
Abstract
The effects of crude oil on physico-chemical and microstructure of
laboratory prepared marine clay sediments were investigated. Crude oil appeared to
influence the development of clay microstructure and physico-chemical properties of
sedimented marine clay. Experiments were conducted on artificially prepared marine
sediments to investigate this phenomenon. A mixture of illite, Ca-montmorillonite,
kaolinite and chlorite minerals constituted the laboratory prepared marine clay, The
measured physico-chemical properties are specific surface area and cation exchange
capacity. Certain mechanisms and correlation’s between the physico- chemical properties
and the percentage of crude oil were established. These correlation’s were confirmed
with the observed microstructure and fabric features of the crude oil contaminated marine
clay specimens.
Concerning problematic of tanker ships: A proposal for solution
J.E. Lopez, E.E. Lopez and A.T. Cortes
University of Cantabria, Escuela Superior Marina Civil, Santander, Spain.
Abstract
The main objectives of this paper are to improve safety, to prevent human injury or
loss of life in oil tanker ships, and in general to avoid damage to the environment, and
to property. Maritime safety is a very important issue for the whole world and
international regulations, through the IMO, are of primer concern. The accidents with
tanker ships with the loss of lives and property and damage to the environment rightly
created great public concern. Public authorities are responsible for making sure that
their citizens can travel safety on ships. Seafarers have the right to safe and decent
working conditions on board, saving our seas and environment from the aggressions of
thousands of tones of crude oil spilt in the sea.
. S e d i m e n t T r a n s p o r t a n d S h o r e l i n e .
About prognosis of longshore sediment transport
R.D. Kos’yan
P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Southern Branch, Gelendzhik, Russia
Abstract
The problem of coast protection and engineering activity in the coastal
zone must be based on the knowledge about modern alongshore sediment transport and on the
ability to reconstruct and prognosticate the formation of underwater relief of a coastal
slope and a shore line. A new approach to the problem of a probable calculation of the
alongshore discharge of suspended sediments is proposed. It is based on new physically
well-grounded models of elementary lithe- and hydrodynamic processes in the coastal zone.
These models are united in to a single calculation scheme. Described scheme was
successfully tested on the extent part of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. The calculation
results gave good similarity with the test data.
Long term evolution of coastal morphology and its effects on the coastal environment
M. Capobianco1, H.J. De Vriend2, R.J. Nicholls3 and M.J.F. Stive4
1Tecnomare S.P ., R&D
Environment, San Marco 3584, Venezia, Italy
2University of Twente, 7500 AE
Enschede, The Netherlands
3University of Maryland, College
Park Maryland 20742, U.S.
4Universitat Politecnica de
Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
Abstract
Long-term prediction of sediment transport and of morphological behavior
in the coastal zone, in response to human interference or to change in environmental
conditions (collectively global change) is an increasingly important issue in coastal zone
management, especially in relation to the needs for environmentally compatible
development. Having in mind those aspects of the response of the coastal system related to
long term dynamics of coastal morphology, the paper briefly describes possible approaches
to environmental modeling and to the modeling of coasts in a typical context of poor
experimental information and process knowledge. We expect these approaches to be of help
in the impact and vulnerability assessment required for coastal zone management. Reference
will mainly be made to long term modeling activities currently performed in the context of
the MAST (Marine Science and Technology Program) morphodynamic project on coastal
morphology and to possible approaches to "qualitative" modeling which may be
used to define tendencies of evolution. It is argued that adopting an appropriate
conceptual framework, particularly a top-down approach, which formalize knowledge and
experience and then integrate data and available models, significant progress in long-term
modeling can be made.
Recent changes along Malta’s harbors
M.Borg and J.A.Schembri
Mediterranean Inst., University of Malta, Msida, Malta
Abstract
The Maltese Islands’ coastal perimeter of 180 km. is long in
proportion to their 316 km2 area. The littoral indentation of the largest
island of the archipelago, Malta, provides it with three main harbors. The fast pace of
development over the last few decades has transformed the coastal area of all three.
Wave induced pore water pressure in a rubble-mound sea-wall
M. Favaretti and P. Ruol
University of Padova, Via Ognissanti 39, 35129 Padova, Italy
Abstract
This paper deals with the results obtained through an experimental prototype study
aiming to evaluate the behavior of a particular sea-wall under wave attack and to
determine the pressure field inside the core of the structure itself. For this study some
sections of the "Murazzi" sea-wall, in the extreme south of the Venetian Lagoon
shore-line have been instrumented. The data obtained through the gauges have been analyzed
and the interaction between incident waves and structure, evaluated during a big storm, is
reported. A finite element model was then applied to the described structure in order to
estimate the wave induced pore pressure inside the core of the rubble mound sea-wall.
Numerical results and in-situ measurements have been compared in order to calibrate the
model, estimating the proper values of the geotechnical parameters to be assumed for a
correct schematization of the investigated structure. In particular the effect of
parameters, such as the volumetric water content, the pore-water storage capacity and the
permeability on the non confined seepage flow were taken into account in the model
applications.
Modeling beach management schemes
N.P. Bunn, K.A. Powell and A.H. Brampton
Coastal Group, HR Wallingford Ltd., Wallingford, U.K
Abstract
The coastline is subject to numerous competing interests including the
requirement for flood protection, recreation and amenity uses together with environmental
pressures. Coastal managers must balance these sometimes conflicting concerns to arrive at
a solution acceptable to all interested parties. There has been increasing recognition of
the benefits of basing coastal defenses around beaches, which also provide many amenity,
aesthetic and environmental benefits. Beach management and replenishment schemes must be
actively designed and, being part of a dynamic environment, the future response must be
modeled as a necessary step in the design optimization process. This paper sets out the
design philosophy developed for beach replenishment schemes in the UK and examines its
adoption in other study areas including the Mediterranean.
Beach erosion at San Vito Lo Capo, Sicily, Italy
H. Hanson
University of Lund, Box l18, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
Abstract
Coincident with a gradual extension of harbor breakwaters at San Vito lo
Capo, Sicily, Italy, consistent erosion along the east portion of the beach has been
observed over the last decades. With a relatively substantial tourist industry, the
eroding beaches have become a major concern for the town of San Vito lo Capo. As a result,
numerical model analysis was performed in order to quantify the different processes
involved. Based on the analysis it was found that the extension of the harbour is largely
responsible for the erosion taking place along the San Vito Lo Capo beach. A removal of a
previous harbour extension would, for the major portion of the beach, result in an
accretion. A total removal of the harbour would, however, only marginally improve the
conditions, compared to the alternative of only removing the extension.
Coast evolution under global sea level rise
N.V. Yesin, S.B. Kuklev and M.T. Savin
P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Southern Branch, Gelendzhik, Russia
Abstract
During the latest years scientific interest to the processes of the World
ocean coast transformation under greenhouse-induced global sea level rise has increased.
The most important aspect such investigations is the working out of coast evolution
prognosis methods and the ways of coast protection from wave erosion. Two groups of models
elaborated by the authors which describe the coast retreat under the wave influence when
the basin level changes are given in this paper. The results o calculation of different
sections of the Back sea coast retreat under different rate of its level rise are given
here. A calculation has been done too which shows the changes of coast retreat rate when
every year ripraps of gravel and sand to the coastal zone are being made and thus
artificial beaches are created.
Coastal works improvement by movable bed models
S. Corsini and F. Guiducci
Estramed S.P.A., Via Campobello N.6, 00040 Pomezia (Roma), Italy
ABSTRACT
This paper proposes the methodology approach to three different cases of
application of physical models to protected nourishment or harbour enlargement projects in
different regions of Italy. The first example concerns a nourishment project protected by
a submerged barrier along the coast at North of the river Tevere. At Civitanova Marche
(Adriatic Sea), the effect of the enlargement of the existing port and the main breakwater
extension on the stability of the access channel and the adjacent coastline has been
studied by a large 3D movable bed physical model. 3D and 2D movable bed physical models
with sand were used to improve the design of a nourishment work protected by a submerged
barrier along the coastline of Pozzallo (Sicily); the variations of the coastline were
determined by changes in onshore wave climate due to the construction not very far of a
big industrial port. Results of the studies are described and indications on applicability
of physical models to different coastal morphology problems are given.
Field experience of protected beach nourishment in Italy
G. Liberatore1, M. Gaggio2, M. Preti3
1University of Padova, Via
Ognissanti 39, 35129 Padova, Italy
2Regione Veneto, Genio Civile,
S.Marco 548 30100 Venezia, Italy
3Idroser, Via N. Sauro 22, 40121
Bologna, Italy
Abstract
Some examples of submerged barriers built to protect artificial beach
fills in two Italian regions (Veneto and Emilia-Romagna) are reported in this paper,
Sand-filled envelopes were used for these barriers: Longard tubes in the case of the
Veneto and small sand filled bags of 1-2 m3 in Emilia-Romagna. The performance
of the structures is evaluated on the basis of surveys carried out before and after
completion of work. The stability of the protection structures and their capacity to
protect fill material are considered in particular.
The Paola-S.Lucido protected stratified nourishment
S. Corsini1, F. Guiducci2, F. Lo Presti and M. Scalzo3
1ESVR4MED S.P . – Via
Campobello M6, 00040 Pomeziu (Roma) Italy
2Fenovie Dello Stato S.P .,
Calabria, Italy
3Raggruppamento D'imprese
Diamante-Paola, Catania, Italy
Abstract
Protective works were provided to protect the railway line slope between
the towns of Paola and S. Lucido (Tyrrhenian coast of Calabria, Italy) eliminating the
erosion problems and re-creating an enjoyable beach. A protected nourishment 6 Km long was
realized with a cell typology consistent of "T" shaped groins and stratified
nourishment. The works, started in 1987, are nearly completed and only minor interventions
at the south edge are running. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional physical models with
movable bed, were carried out at ESTRAMED S.p.A. laboratories to verify and to improve the
intervention. Particularly a two-dimensional model, reproducing the two different
materials used for the stratified nourishment, was carried out with distorted scale 1:40 -
1:86 using monogranular sands with D50 = 0.135 mm and D50 = 2.3 mm
and many solutions at different depths were tested. The encouraging results obtained with
the realization of the protected stratified nourishment, deeply tested on physical models,
suggest a wider use of this methodology that can solve erosion problems assuring both the
protection of the standing behind structures and the enjoyability of the emerged beach.
Test of Bruun Model based on cross-shore variations in sediment texture of the nearshore zone off the Nile Delta coast, Egypt
M.F.Lofty and O.E.Frihy
Coastal Research Institute, Alexandria,
Egypt
Abstract
The Nile Delta coastal zone exhibits a low-lying backshore which lies between+3 and
–1m. from the mean sea level and is therefore vulnerable to a small rise in sea level.
The three main Nile Delta promontories are the most exposed parts against direct wave
attack in conjunction with the summer and autumn high tides. The cross-shore patterns of
erosion and accretion versus texture of bottom sediment across a beach profiles have been
studied for testing the Bruun model. This model assumes that the grain sizes must be
uniform across the zones of beach profile erosion versus deposition. Results reveal that
nearshore is composed of a wide varieties of sand sizes, with sand becoming usually finer
in the offshore direction. The eroded sand on the upper beach face is coarser and better
sorted (average, MZ=2.63 f and s
1=0.62 f ) than the accreted shallow offshore ones
(average, MZ=3.1 f and s1=0.79
f ). Bruun model ignores the cross-shore sediment transport
processes due to the hydrodynamic sorting that takes place across a beach profiles.
. C o a s t a l P r o t e c t i o n .
Shore protection: Algerian Coast case
M.H. Boudouma and E.H. Tabet-Aoul
Luboratoire D'etudes Maritimes 30, Rue Asselah Hocine - Alger
Abstract
The Algerian coastal zone, as the major part of the Mediterranean coast,
accommodates an important part of the population. More than 50 lives less than 50 km from
the coast. A particular attention is given to the coastal zone in Algeria for a few years.
The present paper deals with the central and eastern region. A brief geomorphologic
description as well as a summary of hydrographic data is given. In the same way some
relevant works are described. We try in the conclusion to give the relevant requirements
for the shore protection future and the planned study programme for the next few years
i." also presented.
Coastal defense and restoration of the environment in the littorals of the Venice Lagoon
P. Silva1, F. Galante2, A.Nilo3 and K. Powell3
1Coastal Department, Technital
S.P ., 37121, Verona, Italy
2University La Sapienza of Rome,
Faculty of Engineering, Rome, Italy
3HR Wallingford Ltd.,
Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA, U.K.
Abstract
A vast beach nourishment, programme, including the supply of over 6
million cubic meters of sand dredged at sea, the construction of groynes and submerged
barriers and the reconstruction of natural dunes, has started in 1993 along the littorals
separating the Venice lagoon from the Adriatic sea. The paper describes the works
foreseen, with particular attention to the sophisticated model complex set up to study and
optimize the structures and to the studies developed to investigate the offshore sand
quarries. The entire littoral protection works will be completed in 1997 and will
constitute a significant pillar of the mammoth project in progress to rehabilitate one of
the most important lagoon ecosystems of the world.
Coastal protection responses to sealevel rise and to changing socialneeds- Case study Ley Bay, SouthernNorth Sea, Germany
H. KUNZ
Coastal Research Station, 26548 Norderney, Germany
Abstract
The coast of the Southern North Sea has been shaped by holocene sea level
rise in coincidence with storm surges. The mainland of the German part consists of low
lying marsh and peat-areas; several bays have been cut into the mainland. Afterwards
silting-up took place as a natural process, supported by human land reclamation means.
Parts of the bays were repeatedly poldered and additionally protected by embankments. This
has been based on management decisions which met primary and economical demands (social
needs) of the respective time period. One example is the Ley Bay in the Frisian Wadden
Sea, which still can be addressed as a tidal basin, which is partly in an almost natural
stage. With respect to the traditionally developed objectives of the coastal community,
the enclosure of this remnant bay was considered as an ultimate solution. But growing
public interest in nature preservation and visions of environmental protection enforced a
compromise deriving from an altered socio-economic approach. Hence a technical solution
has been achieved, which is based on and will be accompanied by extensive investigations
in order to check its feasibility and to prove its sustainability. There is a growing
evidence that increasing concentrations of "greenhouse gases" may cause climate
changes. Although we can't detect by analysis of long term tide gauge-data for the
Southern North Sea any changes that significantly relate to these anthropogenic
influences, we have to face an accelerated rise of mean sea level, larger tidal rangos,
higher and more frequent storm surges as a realistic expectation. The morphological
reaction of the Wadden Sea area on those changes will be of crucial importance, concerning
the aspects of coastal protection as well as those with respect to nature conservation and
additionally the whole variety of further needs stated by individuals or by society. The
changes of physical surroundings associated with altered social conditions will widen the
needs for balanced social factors, such as financial means, technology, objectives and
management. As a response, the recent strategy of coastal protection in Germany will be
further developed towards even more integrated concepts. To come to sustainable solutions,
knowledge needs to be increased concerning politica1 decisions, social needs, ecological
and abiotic processes.
Azov-Black Sea coast protection from abrasion
V.M. Peshkov
Scientific Industrial Association for Coast Protection "Krusnodarberegozaschilu".G8, Krasnaya Str., Krasnodar, Russia
Abstract
In this paper the results of investigations of artificial beach creation on the Black
Sea Caucasian coast and in the East Sea of Azov (l982-1993) are described. During
mentioned period more than 10 million cubic meters of sand-gravel material have been
poured there. A total length of restored and new built beaches is about 50 km. The main
regularities of riprap material transformation into gravel beaches under wave action,
peculiarities of granulometric differentiation of sediment with different settling
velocity, relations between the profile of coastline and sediment granularity in the surf
zone, mechanism of sediment exchange between beach and submerged slope have been
determined. The main technological methods of coast protection by gravel beach have been
elaborated.
Implications of relative sea-level rise on the development of the lower Nile Delta, Egypt
C.H. Hulsbergen1, G. Baarse2, A.A. Khafagy3 and l . Misdorp4
1DELFT Hydraulics, P.O. Box
152, 8300 AD Emmeloord, The Netherlands
2Resource Analysis, Zuiderstraat
11O, 26ll SJ DELFT, The Netherlands
3Coustal Research Institute, 15,
El-Pharaana Str., Alexandria, Egypt
4Ministry of Transport, TidaI
Waters Division, The Netherlands
Abstract
The lower Nile is quickly developing as a focus point of concern, due to
he fact that Egyptian economic developments are strongly moving towards this low lying
coastal area, whereas at the same time coastal erosion, subsidence and accelerating sea
level rise form an increasing threat for the safety of this land. This paper describes a
newly developed quantitative methodology to assess the impact of accelerating sea level
rise on the lower Nile delta. Following a systems analysis approach, a coherent set of
three models was developed which cover a total shoreline length of 1260 km and a wetland
area of l800 km2 including Lake Manzala. The models are: ClSCA (Coastal
Infrastructure, Safety and Cost Assessment) ; WSBM (Water and Salt Balance Model); LlFE
(Lakes: Impacts on Fisheries and Ecology). A first round of illustrative quantitative
analysis was conducted, applying different sea level rise scenarios, leading to
conclusions with expect to land loss, costs of coastal protection measures, impacts on
drainage water salinity, increased pumping costs, effects on the performance of large
infrastructure plans such as fresh water reservoirs and the El Salam Canal, and
implications for fisheries and bird habitat in the coastal lagoons. Recommendations
include the incorporation of the methodology in Egyptian research, planing and management
practice, as a concrete tool to integrate the existing knowledge which is present but
scattered over various departments and institutions.
Impacts of sea-level rise on the EbroDelta: An approach
A. Sanchez-Arcilla1, J.A.JiméNEZ1, M.J.F. Stive1, C.Ibanez2,N.Prat2 and J.W. Day Jr3
1Universitat Politecnica de
Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
2Universitat de Barcelona, 08028,
Barcelona, Spain
3Louisiunu State University,
Louisiana, USA
Abstract
Global climatic change is taking place and it will likely affect
Mediterranean deltas and other low-lying coastal regions in terms of sea level rise,
salinity increase and changes in temperature and weather patterns. This will have serious
implications because these deltas are very valuable in terms of natural resources and
related economic activities. This study focuses on one of the northwestern Mediterranean
deltas, namely that of the Ebro. There is an enormous lack of information about and
understanding of the integral functioning of this type of systems. The objective of our
ongoing study is to determine the vulnerability and response of the deltaic system to
climate change, such that informed decision making can be made. In order to do this it is
proposed to make combined use of existing and new field measurements (accretion,
sedimentation, soil formation, coastal fringe response) and an integrated
(physical/ecological) conceptual model of deltaic behavior. Using these tools, organized
in relation to the interaction with socio-ecconomic components, a number of intervention
scenarios, aiming to cope with the effects of climate change will be examined. 1t is
expected that these results will provide valuable information for integrated,
comprehensive approaches to determine whether management plans are sustainable.
Effect of weather system on theregime of sea level variations along the Suez Canal
S.H. Sharaf El-din, F.M. Eid and K.A. Alam El-din
Oceanography Department, Alexandria University, Alexandra, Egypt
Abstract
On the basis of the daily end monthly mean data. the effect of both atmospheric
pressure and wind on the fluctuations of sea level at the two ends of the Suez Canal (Port
Said and Port Tawfik) is well studied during two years 1984 and 1985. The atmospheric
pressure is one of main parameters affecting sea level variations at Port Said. At Port
Tawfik the observe, variations in mean sea level are not a consequence of atmospheric
pressure changes. The winds are significant factor affecting sea level at both Port Said
and Port Rawfik. The increase in sea level is mainly caused by the northerly and westerly
winds at. Port Said and by westerly ones at Port Tawfik. The decrease in sea level is
caused by the southerly and easterly winds at. Port Said and by northerly ones at Port
Tawfik.
Modeling of sea currents in the Gulf of Eilat (Aqaba) by 2-D and 3-D models
M. Sladkevich and H. Rubin
Coastal and Marine Engineering Research Institute, Department of Civil Engineering, Haifa 32000, Israel
Abstract
The gulf of Eilat represents a unique ecological system subject to an
increasing interruption due to a gradual development and urbanization of the region. The
present study concerns the development of an effective computational means enabling The
prediction of sea currents in that region. Such a means is needed for the evaluation of
effects stemming from farther development of the coastal zone of the gulf of Eilat. In the
framework of the present study two dimensional (2-D) and three dimensional (3- D) finite
difference modeling procedures have been developed for the calculation and prediction of
the sea currents typical to Eilat region.
The mutuality of current and pollutionin Yin-Yang Bay (Taiwan)
J.T. Juang1 and D.H. Tseug2
1Instilute of Harbor &
Marine Technology, Taiwan 4350E, R.O.C.
2Graduate Institute of
Environmental Engineering National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan 32054, R.O.C.
Abstract
On this studying the effect of the acid mine drainage discharged into the
bay, mixed with the sea water, produced the yellow pollutants and changed its pollution
area by current was to be researched. After the analysis of the sea water quality, it
found that the yellow pollutants were composed of the colloidal particles of iron oxide
and iron hydroxide. Also, due to the neutralized reaction was occurred, the pH value of
the acid mine drainage was raised too. As to the numerical simulation of the change of the
yellow dispersion shape, the finite element method was applied. In numerical simulation,
it found that the eddy viscosity E=20 m2 /sec can obtain the more accurate
results of computation. Besides, due to the weakness of the cur- rent velocity inside the
bay and the circulation occur periodically, most of the pollutants can not be carried off
the bay area.
Numerical modeling of estuarine fine sediment dispersion in the coastal zone
M. Veuturi1, L. Iovenitti1 and M. Preti2
1Snamprogetti Offshore Division, P.O. Box 97, 61032 Fano, Italy 2ldroser, Via N. Sauro 22, 40121 Bologna, Italy
Abstract
Sandy beaches represent the major tourist attraction for the Mediterranean coastal
areas. The multiple aspects of beach preservation continue to receive large research
efforts also because of their considerable economic value. This paper presents a study to
understand the accumulation of fine sediments of river origin in beach areas adjacent to
estuaries and in the presence of coastal defense works such as barriers. The mechanism of
river fine sediment release to the marine system and the successive dispersion and
deposition in the coastal zone is investigated with a modeling technique which combines a
simple analytical model of estuarine dynamics with numerical quasi-tridimensional coupled
models for the hydrodynamic and dispersive processes. A shallow water application to study
the siltation of a sandy beach along the north-western Adriatic coast is presented. The
model has satisfactorily reproduced the observed deposition patterns in the region
landward of the defense barriers. The application has pointed out that deposition of fine
sediments occurs during periods of low wave and current intensity, essentially associated
to tidal flows. During storms the mud layer is resuspended and distributed over larger
areas.
Engineering applications of thesimplified third generation wind wave model (METUS3)
Erdal Özhan and Saleh Abdalla
Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
Abstract
This paper gives a brief description of the simplified third generation
wind wave model, METUS3. The model incorporates all third generation model properties.
METUS3 is characterized by its simplified and efficient representation of wave propagation
which makes it preferable over the other third generation models for engineering
applications. The model is applicable to water bodies of unlimited water depths or of
constant finite water depths without any adjustment. The significance of METUS3 in
engineering applications over the traditional wave prediction methods and n models is
demonstrated for the case of the Sea of Marmara. The model, in its present version,
assumes constant wind properties along characteristics covering the fetch area. This may
be a limitation for extremely nonhomogeneous wind fields over very large water bodies.
The Italian directional wave Measurement network: New insights at the climates off the Mediterranean coasts
L. Franco and R. Archetti
Department of Hydraulics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
Abstract
The paper describes some interesting results obtained from the analysis of
accurate directional wave data recorded for four years at eight deepwater coastal stations
spread over different basins of the central Mediterranean Sea. The stations belong to an
automatic interconnected National Network, with real-time teletransmission of data and
satellite control of buoys position, thus allowing a highly reliable management. The data
analysis include statistics of main wave parameters and characteristics of directional
spectra of extreme sea states, which are very useful for design of maritime structures.
The seasonal and annual variability of the wave climates is also analyzed for its
implications in the study of beach evolution and management.
Wave group analyses based on phase properties
Z. Cherneva and A. Velcheva
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Varna, Bulgaria
Abstract
A new method for determination of wave group length by investigation of envelope and phase is presented. The conditional probability density functions W [A|q ], W[q |A] and the most probable amplitude Am at fixed q is obtained. It is shown experimentally that the phase of wind waves consists of constant slope sections either positive or negative alternating with each other. The wave group length is defined as a time interval between two successful changes of q sign. A new definition is compared with other definitions of wave group.
Wave climatology of the Turkish coast: NATO TU-WAVES Project
Erdal Özhan and Saleh Abdalla
Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
Abstract
A major project for understanding the wave climate affecting the Turkish coastline is
about to start. This project, which is partly financed by the NATO SfS Program, is called
the NATO TU-WAVES Project. The project is expected to commence by the beginning of 1993
and will last for four years. Obtaining detailed knowledge on and establishing a reliable
data bank of wind waves affecting the Turkish coast, verifying and implementing an
advanced (third generation) wave model for the Turkish seas, and constructing a wave atlas
for the Turkish coast to provide statistical information on sea state parameters are the
main objectives of this project. The NATO TU-WAVES Project will be executed by four
collaborating Turkish organizations. An international dimension has been added to the NATO
TU-WAVES Project by including the whole Black Sea basin in its scope. This dimension will
be executed in collaboration with four institutes from four Black Sea riparian countries
(Bulgaria, Rumania, Russia and Ukraine).
The determination of river-sea interaction with the help of satellite images
S. Kapdasli and D. Maktav
Technical University of Istanbul, 80626 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
Abstract
The application of satellite remote sensing methods to river-sea
interaction and its impact on coastal zone is described. A pilot area was selected at the
coasts of Dalaman at Mugla in Turkey and the wave climate, stream water plumes of the
Dalaman River in the sea water near the Coast, and wetlands behind the beach were
investigated using multi temporal Landsat Thematic Mapper data.
Remote sensing of coastal interactions in the Mediterranean region
V. Barale and S. Folving
Joint Research Center, Commission of the European Communities; Italy
Abstract
The coastal regions of he Mediterranean are the site of countless economic
and recreational activities, but are threatened by dramatic dangers of misuse and
pollution. Adequate tools are needed to study the environmental pressure imposed on these
regions by the conflicting needs of protecting their ecological balance and exploiting
their natural resources. Coastal ecosystems are very sensitive to the environmental impact
of land use in watersheds, along the coast and further inland, of fluvial discharges, and
of marine processes. Weathering, erosion, or waste disposal on land, as well as other
activities at sea, such as shipping, dumping or oil extraction, are but a few of the
factors which would require that the coastal areas be suitably monitored. Modern
techniques of environmental assessment call for the use of integrated observation systems.
The collection of data with traditional coastal installations remains an important
component of such research. However, the large space scales and short time scales of many
near-coastal and/or marine processes require the use of (orbital) remote sensors. In
particular, optical sensors, operating in the visible/infrared special region, have shown
their usefulness for providing novel information on physical, geo-chemical and biological
processes of the coastal area. Optical remote sensing of the coastal zone finds
applications in studies of land use, surface cover, hydrology and coastal ecology at
large; of water quality and sediment transport, coastal runoff and circulation, or
dynamically processes (looking, e.g., at the evolution of pigment and/or temperature
patterns, and their distribution as related to plankton dynamics, currents or river
plumes); as well as in those of energy transfer, carbon cycling and climatology in
general. Selected applications of optical observation techniques in the Mediterranean
region, conducted in the framework of international demonstration programs (i.e. the Ocean
Color European Archive Network, OCEAN Project), provide examples of the remote sensing
potential in the field of integrated coastal/marine environmental management.
The monitoring of coastal zones by remote sensing technology
D. Maktav and S. Kapdasli
Istanbul Technical University, 80626, Istanbul, Turkey
Abstract
Digital image processing methods have been applied for monitoring the coastal zones by remote sensing technology with multitemporal Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper data. These data were colllected on 1984, 1988 and 1991. These research demonstrated the potential role of classical methods and remote sensing methods in investigation of coast line development, bathymetry, sediment properties and transport.
