VOLUME I

Coastal and Marine Ecosystems
Ecological Issues
Ecosystem Management
Integrated Ecosystem Management and Conservation
Coastal and Marine Conservation
Biochemical Issues
Protected Areas
Historical and Archeological Issues
Tourism
Beach and Dune Management
Coastal Planning
National and Regional CZM Practices
Socio-Economical Aspects
Social Issues
Education
Legislation and Legal Issues
International Cooperation

VOLUME II
Deltas
Lagoons
Coastal Processes
Human Impact
Coastal Erosion and Control
Sediment Transport
Beaches
Sea Level Rise and Consequences

VOLUME III
EIA
Remote Sensing
Data Management and GIS
Water Quality Issues
Water Pollution
Polution Assesment
Coastal and Marine Pollution
Coastal Water Quality Management
Hydrodynamic Modeling
Transport Processes and Modeling
Physical Oceanography and Climatology
Coastal Engineering
Marinas, Harbours and Navigation
Wind Waves: Modeling and Climatology
Wind Waves

Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment, MEDCOAST 95, October 24-27, 1995; Taragona, Spain, E.Özhan (Editor)

J.A. Caminas¹, N. Cano¹, D. Cortes¹, V. Diaz del Rio², A. Garcia¹ and J.P. Rubin¹

¹ Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Centro Oceanografico de Malaga, Fuengirola, Spain
² Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Centro Oceanografico de Murcia, San Pedro del Pinatar, Spain

From October 1992, the Oceanographic Center of Malaga of the IEO began a monitoring project, Ecomalaga, which collects physical, chemical, biological and sedimentological data from the Alboran Sea shelf. The project is coordinated with similar ones that are underway in the Atlantic and Mediterranean Centers of the IEO. The ultimate objective is to study the long-term changes of the essential marine environmental parameters. A total of nine quarterly surveys from October of 1992 and December, 1994 have been carried out. The following information has been registered: situation, temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll "a", nitrates, nitrites, phosphates and silicates, as well as, zooplanktonic biomass, species composition and ichthyoplankton. Moreover, the granulometric composition and organic matter of sediments has also been input into the data base.

The data input is in a computerized data base named Ecomalaga Data Base. This interdisciplinary data base includes such research areas as: geology, physics, plankton and marine chemistry. It offers the users outputs in the form of synthetic records of each station sampled. The data base not only contains independent files for each research area, but allows for communication among these files, resulting in a synoptic data output. The data from the surveys are analyzed and indicate seasonal influences and a inshore-offshore gradient , as well as, the Atlantic influence on the stations located in the transect closest to the Gibraltar Strait.

Institute of the Biology, South Seas of the National Academy Science of Ukraine, Sevastopol, Ukraine

Relationship between diversity and the dynamics of structure of correlations and correlation systems of community prevailing and mass in coastal waters of the South Crimea was studied. In 1991-1992 the influence of species number on the dynamics of correlation between parameters of macroorganism population was studied. Only pair correlation coefficients from 0.4 to 1.0 between distribution density, biomass and size of organism were taken into account. Communities were ranged according to the estimates of temperature, collector exposuretime, depth, length of organism, biomass and distribution density. In total, 15 variants were examined. For each it was determined the change of a share of realized correlations in a number of possible correlations, a share of positive and negative correlations in a number of the realized correlations with increase of the species number. In each case the correlation systems were ranged according to their complexity: simple were "Chain", complex-"Net". With the increase of species number from 2 to 8 proportion of positive correlations also increased for 23% on the average in all variants of the community. Almost in all cases a share of negative correlations decreased for 24% on the average. The species number increase results in a reduced share of the realized correlations for 15% on the average. The increase in species diversity promotes increase of the share of the complex "Net"- type correlation systems for 35% on the average and decrease in simple "Chain"- type systems for 35% on the average. Thus, species diversity optimizes the correlation relations in communities and gives rise to the hierarchy between the parameters of populations.

Significance Of Parasites And Endocommensals In Biodiversity Of Marine Coastal Ecosystems

Beginning to work out of this problem we have perfectly imagined that biodiversity is very interesting not only itself. It is very interesting as natural phenomenon influencing on activity of ecosystem and as a consequence of ecosystem function simultaneously. There are some standpoints on problem of complication of different systems including biological ones. One of them is: the complication of biosystem increases of its stability. The opposite opinion is: the complication of system decreases of its stability. Sharing the first point of view we would like to pay attention to contribution of endosymbionts (parasitic and endocommensal organisms) as more strictly interacting with their hosts on organism level in biodiversity and stabilization of marine coastal ecosystems.

Unfortunately not all hydrobiologists and ecologists regard the endosymbionts as natural component of ecosystems. Parasites and endocommensals are ignored in the common data of species structure of biocenosises and communities. As rule, they are expelled from calculation of energetic balance ecosystem. Although the founders of ecological parasitology V.A.Dogel (1962) and V.N.Beklemishev (1956) consider the parasites as normal members of biocenoses many scientists continue to consider them as "undesirable element". Developing of V.A.Dogel's and V.N.Beklemishev's ideas, we want to mean a problem of not only significance of endosymbionts in biodiversity of marine ecosystems but their necessity for normal development and activity of ones.

In first part of our paper we have tried to indicate a place and role of endosymbionts in activity of marine community at whole. Then we will indicate a significance of these organisms in biodiversity of coastal ecosystems using the results of our investigations.

Biology of the South Seas of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Sevastopol, Ukraine

The diversity of the meroplankton is one of the most important index of the condition of the Black Sea ecosystem. The taxonomic composition and phenology of the pelagic larvae of the benthic invertebrates of the South and East coastal waters have been studied. About 700 zooplankton samples obtained have been treated. The meroplankton of the South Crimea, adjacent the experimental mussel farming, has been studied for the first time. The list of the neretic meroplancton of the South Crimea consist of 51 species of the classes Polychaeta, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, orders Decapoda and Cirripedia. The catalogue of meroplankton of the East Crimea, adjacent Karadag Reservation, is replendished with 13 species.

1 Department of Biogeography, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
² Moscow Zoological Park, Bolshaja Gruzinskaja, Moscow, Russia

Nature of Abrau peninsula is very rich. Zonal forest cover is presented there by two main associations: Pistaceo-Juniperus and Carpino-Quercus forests. The relict ecosystems of dry subtropics of the Caucasus Black Sea coast include a great number of relict and endemic species of invertebrate and vertebrate animals. A lot of them are included into the Red Data Books of the USSR, Russia and Krasnodar skij kraj were found during our researches at Abrau peninsula. Anthropogenous transformation of ecosystems at the last years has the negative influence on the nature of the peninsula: reduction of the forests, net of the roads and high quantity of hotel houses together with the growing of abundance of transportation facilities and human population. All this causes violation of the natural demographic structure of the populations of the most part of endemic and relict animals.

Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Science, Camburnu, Trabzon, Turkey

Some population parameters of the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L., 1758) from the Eastern Black Sea cost were estimated during the fishing season from November 1993 to March 1994. The abundance by age groups was found to be 66 % of age 1+, 17 % of age 0+, 14 % of age 2+ and 3 % of age 3+ age. Mean total length and body weight were calculated as 10.43 cm and 6.77 g, respectively. Sex ratio was 60 % female and 40 % male. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were calculated as L ¥ = 15.82 cm, W¥ =23,07 g, k=0,34 year-1 and to=-2.144 year. Parameters of exponential length-weight relationship were derived as a=0,0051, b=3,048. The mean annual growth rates in length and weight were 16 % and 61 %. Catch data of the last fishing season showed that annual survival rate, instantaneous total mortality rate and natural mortality rate were realized as S=0.2, Z=1.61, M=0.53, respectively. All the parameters found in this study were compared with the results of previous studies.

Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sevastopol, Ukraine

The state of summer zooplankton have been observed in 6 regions having various degree of pollution with domestic sewage. Abundance of the main zooplankton groups had a tendency to decrease for three years (1988-90). Ecological mortality of both constantly and periodically living in the plankton species has been considerably increased. Oithona nana species (earlier being mass) disappeared in 1990. Hydrochemical indices of the most polluted regions were some times higher than the same of the relatively clear waters. Mortality was the largest in these regions, almost 100% of dead adult individuals of Acartia clausi were found having a broken chitin integument on their back. All these facts are the evidence of the critical situation in the coastal planktonic communities in the studied regions and urgently require regular ecological monitoring and improvement of purification for domestic sewage thrown out into the Black Sea.

Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Science, Camburnu, Trabzon, Turkey

Anadara cornea (Reeve, 1844) is a new species from bivalvia for the Black Sea. It is going to be more abundant year by year. Population structure, some morphological characteristics, relations between some parameters and its distribution in the Eastern Black Sea were determined. Mean shell length, width and thickness of the specimens were calculated as 36.62, 46.98 and 33.44 mm, respectively, while mean weight was 37.43 g. Growth was found better in Giresun than those in Trabzon and Rize. Mean condition index ranged between 3.23 % and 4.32 % and meat yield varied between the ranges 17.15- 18.35 percent. The average density of A.cornea for the entire research area was estimated to be 0.022 ind. m-2 or 0.82 g.m-2 . The most abundant region was Trabzon followed by Rize and Giresun. The shell length, width and thickness of the specimen from Giresun were found to be bigger than those of Trabzon and Rize.

¹ Departamento de Ingenieria Hidraulica y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
² Instituto de Bachillerato Quart de Poblet, Senda Senent S/N, Quart de Poblet, Valencia, Spain

During 1994 summer, a survey was conducted along Valencia Gulf coasts to determine the extension and abundance of Sabellaria alveolate reefs. A comparison of actual results with those obtained by the authors from previous surveys shows a reduction in the number of localities in which reefs were present, at least one time since 1989. Of a total of 23 stations, actually only persists in 13. Among these, in three of them, they show no changes; other four show evident regression signals and only three exhibit a considerable enlargement. Among destruction causes observed, the most frequent is sand level rise as a consequence of man-made actuations such as seawalls and sportive harbors construction, and beach nourishment projects. Al- though reef destruction may be also due to natural causes as river floods or natural sand accumulation, in these cases, recovery after perturbation events have been re-corded in many occasions between 1989 and 1994.

1 The Southern Branch of the P.P. Shirskov Oceanology Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gelendzhik-7, Russia
² The Kuban River Mouth Research Station, 60, Roza Liuxemburg Str., Temryuk, Russia
³ Ecological Department of the Krasnodar Region Administration, Krasnaya Str., Russia

The Kerck Strait connects the Sea of Azov with the Black Sea. Water exchange between these two seas takes place in it. Azov Sea water is more fresh and more contaminated with pollutants than that of the Black Sea. Since there is a considerable surplus of fresh water (about 19 cubic kilometers a year), a general stream in the strait is directed from the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea. Pollutants are transported with the water. The Sea of Azov has a substantial mechanic potential of self-purification. In this paper, peculiarities of the pollutant transport through the Kerch Strait are described and very approximate assess of oil-product and heavy metal amount washed out of the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea is made.

An investigation of the unicellular alga, Rhinomonas reticulata var. reticulata for feeding the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in a marine hatchery

Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics, Foundation for International Studies, University of Malta, Valletta, Malta

Feeding trials were conducted in order to observe the effect of Rhinomonas reticulata var. reticulata, Novarino 1991, fed solely or in combination with baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the population development of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Mueller under laboratory conditions; control diets of Nannochloropsis oculata (Droop) Hibberd and N. oculata and yeast were used. Growth rates and fecundity parameters were studied for fifteen days. Rotifers fed on R. reticulata, alone or with yeast gave good performances with the most promising results in all the parameters studied. Growth rates were not significantly different for the diets tested but the highest rotifer densities were attained by the population fed exclusively R. reticulata (>800 ind/ml). The interaction between the diet given and the age of the culture was found to affect population fecundity in a significant way.

Mortality of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica due to oversedimentation was experimentally evaluated by field manipulations of sediment level. Increased sediment levels over the plant shoots and rhizomes induced significant shoot mortality, even at moderate burial levels (ca. 5 cm). When sediment was added to reach levels 15 cm higher than the original ones, a 100% mortality after 200-300 days was observed. The response of the plant seemed to be species-specific, and thus can be used as a tool to predict mortality if sedimentary conditions are modified, e.g. after activities of beach nourishment.

Cukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Adana, Turkey

This research project was financed by The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK) and numbered as TBAG-1164 by the Basic Sciences Research Group (Uzun et all., 1995). The research method is based on classifying and mapping the biotopes in coastal side of Cukurova Delta bordered by Berdan River and Davudi Mountains located in the west of Yumurtalik Lagoon. Within the study such parameters as geology, soil groups, inclination, exposition and altitude was determined and the surveys were done on the vegetations in experimental transects which had been chosen in the research area. At the end of above mentioned process, the natural biotop types such as, coastal sand dunes, salt marshes, river beds, coastal woods, lakes and lagoons and main cultural biotopes have been determined in the area by interpretation of Landsat -TM images and aerial photographs.

. I n t e g r a t e d E c o s y s t e m M a n a g e m e n t a n d
C o n s e r v a t i o n .

Nature conservation and integrated coastal zone management in Europe: present and future

1 Department of Physical Geography and Soil Science, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Prinsengracht, Amsterdam, Netherlands
² Centre of Environmental Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands

Present and future of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) in Europe is discussed with an emphasis on nature conservation. The position of nature conservation in physical planning and in legislation is discussed within the historical perspective of the Netherlands. With regard to the present position of nature conservation in planning and legislation, differences in Europe between the northwest, the south and the east are discussed. The roles of various organizations (such as NGO's, GO's, Universities and the European Union) in ICZM is briefly mentioned. The paper advocates a strong position for nature conservation in integrated coastal zone management if to be developed on a sustainable basis.

The characterization, protection and improvement of aquatic environments is nowadays an important engineering task due to the increased scarcity of natural resources, on which societies depend. We are dealing with competing demands and conflicting uses in highly sensitive areas where complex inter-actions of physical, chemical and biological processes take place. The traditional approach, that has been practiced in most cases, has an interventionist nature and is based on rigid solutions that cannot be adapted and reversed in an economical manner. At the other extreme, as a reaction to the negative impacts and non-negligible environmental degradation arising from many past interventions, we find a preservationist approach, which instead neglects the potential and capacity of nature for regeneration and for the provision of services of local, regional, and global importance.

It is clear that none of these approaches will be able to provide adequate solutions for a rational use of environmental resources, both regarding the present economic and social concerns and needs, and with respect to principles of redistribution and inter-generational fairness. A management approach is therefore required within which integrated solutions can evolve and adapt along with the social and environmental developments, in a continuous and iterative way, with due regard to considerations of risk and uncertainty, to the assimilative capacity of the environ- ment, to endogenous and trans-boundary interactions, and not least to evaluations based on sound cost-efficiency analysis.

This constitutes the background for a recent EIA study carried out for the Obidos Lagoon, situated in the west coast of Portugal. The EIA showed that the water quality and eutrophication problems of the lagoon can not be based uniquely on an intervention at the inlet, which in turn would impose impacts on the adjacent littoral barrier and require a large maintenance dredging that may not be eco- nomically feasible. Given the environmental sensitivity of the lagoon system and the complexity of the problems involved, a management and action programme has been proposed, in order to provide an effective and integrated approach to the rehabilitation of the Obidos Lagoon and its water basin.

Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Novaya Basmannaya, Moscow, Russia

Coastal management and coastal protection would be successful if they are based on an understanding of the natural laws and processes of coastal landscapes or geosystems. One of the most important characteristics of geosystems is their stability: ability to resist to external influences or period of return to initial state of geosystems after influence. Critical parameters and ways to quantitative assessment of geosystems stability are discussed. Coastal management and coastal protection would be successful if they are based on an understanding of the natural laws and processes of coastal landscapes. This is the reason for a comprehensive study of the processes of formation of coastal geosystems, their structure, dynamics and function. The landscape is a natural system of homogenous genesis, with close vertical links between its components and with lateral links between different geosystems which are included in the landscape as elementary natural-territorial complexes. Each elementary geosystem has the same type of geological basis, ground water, soil, vegetation and micro climate. The interaction between these components is stronger than the horizontal processes in the geosystem. Based on their hypsometric level, surface morphology and redistribution of substance between elementary geosystems they are divided by B.B. Polynov (1952) into autonomous ones (located on watersheds with deep ground water where the substance comes through the atmosphere), superaqueous ones (above water, with shallow ground water and accumulation of matter from autonomous geosystems) and subaqueous ones (under water, with income of substance as sediment carried by water flow). The landscape usually is subjected to several transitional flows such as rivers, aeolian transport of sediments, migration flows of animals and transit of air masses that play a specific role in the formation and functioning of the landscape. Thus, fresh river flow brings into the sea biogenic elements feeding plankton, and sediments supplying long shore drift and consequently beaches and other coastal features. But river flow also brings many pollutants into coastal waters. Aeolian transport of sediments is of great importance, because it moves sand from the land into the sea and along the shore line, participating in the building of the beaches. For example, in South Africa headland-bypass dune fields, as defined by Tinley (Dunes'94, 1994), were observed in the form of transgressive corridors of transverse dunes which crossed low-relief headlands, transporting sand from an upwind sandy beach into the downwind bay. Over the past 50 years most of these active dunes have been stabilized without due cognizance of the role that the dunes play in the coastal sediment transport system, resulting in beach erosion in downtransport areas ( McLachlan et al., in press).

Strategies for the conservation of the coastal and shallow water ecosystems of the Maltese Islands

1 Environmental Management Unit, Planning Authority, Floriana, Malta
² Department of Biology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta

The Maltese Islands, located in the Sicilian Channel, are among the smallest islands in the Mediterranean and the Republic of Malta is one of the smallest states of Europe. They have one of the highest population densities in the world and the local population is further inflated by the over 1,000,000 tourist arrivals each year. Although small in size, the Maltese Islands exhibit an interesting and diverse array of coastal habitats, some of which possess unique species or features. In general, the Maltese coastal ecosystems can be divided into littoral and adlittoral. The former are similar to those in other Mediterranean regions except for some variants. Adlittoral ecosystems include some of the rarest habitats in the Maltese Islands, for example: sand dunes, coastal wetlands and saline marshlands.

The coastline of the Maltese Islands is 190 km long, of which 144 km are inaccessible due to a variety of factors, both natural and anthropogenic. The remaining stretches of accessible coastline therefore come under intense pressure from development, especially from the tourist industry, which plays a vital role in the economy of the islands. Hence, any claims for the conservation of coastal habitats must compete with these economic considerations, especially since the price of land is comparatively low and there exist no disincentives such as environmental taxes.

Planning in the Maltese Islands was virtually inexistent between independence in 1964 and the late 1980s. The production of the Malta Structure Plan (1991), a twenty-year plan concerned with the future of Malta's natural and man-made environment, and the setting up of a local Planning Authority, started to rectify this situation.

The paper outlines past efforts by the government and by non-governmental organizations aimed at the protection of coastal habitats in the Maltese Islands. It also reviews existing legislation and policies concerned with the conservation of natural ecosystems and discusses their effectiveness and the way they are implemented.

The problems encountered in protecting a coastal habitat, formulating and implementing a management plan are illustrated by means of a case study: that of the sandy bay and dunes at Ramla, Gozo.

Ecology and conservation status of Juniperus Phoenicia ssp. Turbinata woodlands in the Huelva dune systems (SW Spain)

M.R. Garcia Mora, J.B. Gallego Fernandez, Y. Hernandez Gallego, J.C. Munoz Reinoso and D. Reyes Diaz

A study of juniper woodlands conservation status at the coast of Huelva (SW Spain) was undertaken. Juniper woodlands represent the original coastal ecosystem of the area. Nowadays, due to human influence, Juniperus phoenicia ssp turbinata only occupy negligible areas.

Our aim was to relate juniper communities to human disturbance. Sample sites were selected according to different protection measures and use. At each location the structure and floristic composition were examined together with information about community diversity, persistence of populations, pressure of use and management strategies. A perturbation index was developed in order to relate juniper woodland status to disturbance regime.

Some differences were detected in juniper population status as well as in shrub and sand macrolichen communities in relation to differences in human pressure and protective measures.

In this work the natural rock arches located along the Orosei gulf(eastern Sardinia, Italy) have been studied by means of a systematic inventory and specific investigations recorded on survey cards, with relative geomorphological maps. The features of theses natural arches (rock type, geological-structural conditions, erosional or concretion forms etc.) have thus been defined. Based on the date collected, each form has been classified according to its formation process, scientific interest and surrounding landscape. It has emerged that the rock arches in this area can for the most part be attributed to karstic morphogenetic processes, influenced to a greater or lesser extent by weathering and, subordinately, by littoral processes. The structural arrangement of the Mesozoic carbonate massif of the Orosei Gulf has also played a significant part in the evolution of these arches. The results are summed up in a map, which shows the areal distribution of the single forms, the degree of scientific or naturalistic interest, and suggestions for the conservation and fruition of the sites in a proper regional planning context, also through the organizations of the nature trails.

1 Hacettepe University, Environmental Research and Application Center, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
² Cukurova Univ., Centre for Environmental Research, Balcali, Adana, Turkey 3 Turkish Atomic Energy Agency, Saray, Ankara, Turkey

In this study the metal contamination of green, brown and red algae samples collected from Mersin and Ulucinar coasts of Mediterranean Sea were studied. The tested algae were : Green - Enteromorpha linza, Enteromorpha intestinalis; Brown - Cystoseira sp. Sargassum vulgare, Padina pavonia, Hypnea sp.; Red - Jania rubens. The analyzed metals were : Ag, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn. The comparison among the algae showed the highest contamination of Ag, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn in brown algae, whilst Hg, Ni in red algae. The comparison of the Aegean, Black Sea and Mediterranean algae revealed that the metal content of algae, excluding Cr, was lower in the Mediterranean Sea algae. In addition, the results were compared with the other data of the world seas.

There is a conception of the using hydrobionts and their metabolites in pest control. It's built on the base of analysis of the unfavorable situation existing in the Black sea coastal zone and author's own investigations. The present suggestions consist of a number of links. First of all, it's development and intensification of research of biologically active metabolites of hydrobionts, specifically microalgae, seaweeds, invertebrates, etc. The available facts prove the existence of microalgae, which can be producents of compounds, oppressing the vital functions of herbivorous insects - Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea), gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and ring silkmoth (Malacosoma neustria). The action of algae can inhibit nutrition, metamorphosis, fat synthesis, growth and reproduction of insects. There are some morphological changes in the larvae, pupae and imago. As a result there is a growth of insects mortality and reduction of their injury. The next step of investigations will be technical elaboration of biological means and preparates, creation of their manufacture and subsequent introduction and application in the integrated systems of plant protection and pest control. This way is more preferable in comparison with the traditional remedies of the pest control, because it's very difficult for pest organisms to be resistant to the non-typical substances. Besides, it will be more economical and profitable. There are vast horizons in the Black Sea coastal region and in the adjoining area for the utilization of their resources of microalgea and the application of this production in the intensive agriculture. The integrated investigations in the field of the utilization of marine inhabitants for the pest control will be mark the beginning of a new system of a plant protection.

Plankton Department, Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Crimea, Ukraine

The impact of urban sewage upon diatom algae has been studied for three years (February 1987-March 1990) at a testing area on the Black Sea shelf adjoining the western coast of the Crimea. Samples have been taken monthly from sea surface above the sewage discharge outlet, in waters polluted with sewage effluent and in unpolluted sea area regarded as a check (control site).

Diatoms totalled 60 species. 34-40 species have been recorded annually that averaged 42-43 % of the total number of phytoplankton species. Diatoms common to the northern shelf of the Black Sea prevailed, half of them were all - the year-round species. Only four mass species have been found any time of a year, the large-celled Rhizosolenia calcar avis Schultze and Cerataulina bergonii Perag. and the small-celled chain-like Sceletonema costatum (Grev.) Cl. and Pseudonitzschia delicatissima Cl. These diatoms induced phytoplankton blooms along the testing area at different seasons.

Absolute values of the numbers and biomass varying, the share contributed by diatoms into the total numbers of phytoplankton averaged 38-44 % and into the total biomass 43-56 %. The abundance of diatoms in general and of the mass species in particular varied depending on season and the extend of pollution.

Department of Physical Geography and Landscapes, Geography Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

Geochemical studies were made to estimate the modern ecological state of the unique submediterranean landscapes of the Black Sea north-eastern coast of Russia. A group of simple and bioindicators. Different parts of typical trees and bushes (leafs, rind, brunches, fruits), lichens, grass were chosen as bioindicators. It is ascertained that the composition of vegetation and soils depends on various natural and anthropogenic factors: the character of migration of elements, soil features, philogenetic and ontogenetic biochemical specialization of plants, the exposition of the slopes, the type of anthropogenic impact. The urban and industry areas are characterized by the formation of anomalies in soils and vegetation. The concentration of Pb and Cd increases along the motorways and parking areas, Cu - in the soils of vineyards. The trend of Cu high concentration retains in ecosystems of former vineyards during some decades.

Coastal study, recovery and management at the Ses Negres Integral Marine Reserve

¹ Centre of Studies of the Sea - CEM, Girona, Spain
² Department of Research and Education of the CEM, Girona, Spain
³ Department of Research and Computers of the CEM, Girona, Spain
⁴ Graphics and Meteorology, CEM, Girona, Spain

The Ses Negres Integral Marine Reserve is an unprecedented endeavor in Spain from the private initiative (NEREO - N.G.O.) in management and conservation of coastal marine species and ecosystems, in an area of the Mediterranean strongly degraded by human activity. Its main objective is to apply a management plan to the coast of Ses Negres for a period of ten years, in an attempt to palliate, reduce or eliminate, wherever possible, damage to the environment caused by human activity. The rhythm and degree of environmental recovery in the area will also be studied. Conservation of these habitats will be made compatible with balanced, stabilized use of the area. This document tries to give a global view of the structure of the Ses Negres project: origin, objectives, functioning and activities derived from the main project.

¹ Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Department, Coastal and Harbor Engineering Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
² Development Bank of Turkey, Directorate of Tourism Incentives for Resource Usage, Kizilay, Ankara, Turkey

Natural beauty, remnants of several ancient civilizations and a marine life of rich diversity are the characteristics of Turkish coasts. Each of these factors has been sufficient enough for the establishment of marine conservation areas and parks. Parallel to this discussion many activities (except scientific activities) have been prohibited for conservation of the cultural values in many coastal areas. On the other hand 12 Specially Protected Areas (SPAs) have been declared in Turkey. 9 of them have coastal components. The total area covered by these 9 SPAs is now larger than the total area covered by all the similar areas in the Mediterranean coasts. In Turkey these areas are managed by considering protection dominantly. Some other special areas (i.e. marine parks) along the Turkish coasts should be declared and managed by balancing protection (ecological benefits) and use (economical benefits). In this paper the marine protected areas (MPAs) with special attention to the Mediterranean basin is discussed, the conservation areas (National Parks, Nature Parks, Nature Conservation Areas, Specially Protected Areas) in Turkey are presented. The developments for establishing marine parks along Turkish coasts are discussed together with the suggestions on the priorities.

Use of protected areas for medicinal plant resource study: Karadag reservation as an example

¹ Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
² All-Russian Scientific Institute of Medicinal Plants, Moscow, Russia

It is convenient to explore the bioecological properties of medicinal plants under reservational conditions. The Karadag reservation can serve as a base for stationary resource study of the South-Eastern Crimea medicinal plants. The reservation flora is rich in medicinal species, but only few of them could be of potentially producers' value. Rosa canina L.S.l. is the most wide-spread medicinal plant in the reservation and adjacent regions. Discussed here are the ecological peculiarities of Rosa canina L.S.l., quantity and productivity of dog-thorn in the associations of its phytocenocomplex, age structure and morphometric features of cenopopulations, vitality, age dynamics of production and diseases. The obtained data could be extrapolated on the adjacent areas.

Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas, Cedex-Moptma, Calle Antonio Lopez, Madrid, Spain

The paper briefly describes the wealth of knowledge concerning maritime engineering achieved by the Roman curatores (engineers) up to the period of the Early Empire. This knowledge was obtained because they knew how to bring together all the technologies of previous civilizations. The study contemplates only three aspects of their knowledge and maritime techniques which are not usually studied: the foundation of breakwaters, topography and cartography and marine climate. The sources employed are: literary, archaeological and other complementary works.

. T o u r i s m .

The Economic and Environmental Impacts of Tourism on the Maltese Islands

1 Lino Briguglio Ph.D (Exeter) Islands and Small States Institute Foundation for International Studies Malta Tel. 0356 248218 Fax. 0356 230551
² Marie Briguglio M.Sc. (Lond) Environmental Management Unit Planning Directorate, Planning Authority Malta Tel. 0356 240976 Fax. 0356 224846

In many small islands, expenditure by tourists generates considerable income and employment throughout the economy. At the same time, however, tourism tends to have undesirable side-effects on the natural environment and on the cultures of the host countries, since tourist activity relies to a very large extent on environmental and cultural services. The debate as to whether or not tourist related activity is beneficial or detrimental to the host country is often discussed within the context of "sustainability" where the emphasis is on carrying capacity, long run viability (Butler 1993) and the general avoidance of "soiling one's own nest". In this paper, the impact of tourism on the Maltese islands will be discussed with regard to these concepts. It will be shown that, like many other small island developing states (SIDS), Malta depends heavily on tourism and therefore the economic and environmental impacts of tourism activity are relatively high. It will be argued that the objective of sustainable tourism is therefore not very easy to attain, and it often involves walking on a very tight rope. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2, which follows this introduction, assesses the economic impact of tourism on the Maltese economy while section 3 deals with environmental impact of tourism on the same islands. Section 4 discusses the issue of sustainable tourism and proposes some pre-emptive and corrective measures for its promotion in the Maltese Islands. Section 5 concludes the paper.

Environmental awareness and tourism in the Caparica Coast and Setubal Peninsul, Portugal

Portugal is a country with a population of around 10 million and can be regarded as one of Europe's poorest nations. Similarly to other Mediterranean countries, tourism is an economic activity of prime relevance to Portugal and a vital aspect of its economy. The relevance of tourism is particularly conspicuous in Caparica Coast and Setubal Peninsul, an area located approximately 30 km south of Lisbon, the country's capital. With a 40 km long coastline which extends itself from the City of Trafaira to Setubal, the area of Setubal Peninsul is visited by hundreds of thousand of Portuguese and foreign tourists. This paper presents the experience gathered through a survey on the levels of awareness regarding the environmental impact of tourism seen in the areas of Caparica Coast and Setubal Peninsul in Portugal. The study involved a sample of schoolchildren from local schools. It identified the fact that there are significant problems in the ways children perceive the local environment, and that the degree of awareness and perception about some of the environmental problems caused by tourism is sometimes relatively low. Recommendations on how to address the problems identified in the study, including information materials prepared with a view to addressing the information needs identified in the survey, are presented.

This article is about the general definition of nature tourism, the benefits and costs it brings with itself, marketing of nature tourism, guidelines for integrating nature tourism properly. After the basic principles about nature tourism, the article goes on about the alternative tourism types used in Turkey and the special project studies related to nature tourism which are promoted in Turkey.

The effects of tourism on coastal settlements in Turkey from the view point of life quality

Gazi University, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Department of City and Regional Planning, Ankara, Turkey

Tourism activities in Turkey are being focused in the coastal regions in general quite as it is the case for the other Mediterranean countries. The regional and local effects of tourism on the coastal regions of the country is a topic being discussed in several platforms in detail and these effects take place in a wide spectrum. Out of these, urban environment shall be the subject of this paper and shall be discussed with its quality of life dimension. In this context, in the paper, the Mediterranean and South Aegean coastal settlements of Turkey are sampled and suggestions are made in line with the interaction between tourism and urban life quality.

Beach user opinions and beach ratings: A pilot study on the Turkish Aegean Coast

R. Morgan¹, B. Bursalioglu², L. Hapoglu-Balas², T.C. Jones¹, E. Ozhan² and A.T. Williams¹

¹ Centre for Environmental Science and Technology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Mid Glamorgan, Wales, UK.
² Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.

At 5 Turkish beaches, socio-demographic parameters, preferences and priorities of 245 beach users were obtained and analyzed. Using a checklist weighted according to stated preferences and priorities of beach users, 45 separate beach aspects were scored at the 5 important tourist beaches of Marmaris Municipality Beach, Dalyan, Fethiye-Calis, Fethiye-Oludeniz, Fethiye-Belcegiz. Percentage rating scores were calculated which ranged from 87% (Fethiye-Oludeniz) to 69% (Marmaris Municipality Beach). Female beach users (n = 130) placed higher priorities on good weather, bathing water temperature and a clean beach environment (p = 0.037) than males (n = 125). A close association was observed between priorities for water clarity, absence of litter, sewage debris, oil and water pollution, and beach safety (p = 0.011). Those preferring to visit larger resorts placed higher priority on provision of seating, lifeguards and refreshment facilities (p = 0.005). Those preferring less commercialized beaches were more concerned about the proximity of industry, commerce and road traffic detracting from their enjoyment of the beach environment. This innovative Beach Quality Rating Scale is the first rating system capable of taking into account and correctly weighing all aspects of beaches which are of importance to beach users in a particular region/country. The Scale described, enables beach users and coastal managers to rate beaches objectively and has implications for Mediterranean tourism and Coastal Zone Management in general.

1 Av. Portal de L'Angel, 08002 Barcelona. Spain.
2 Museu de Gava.Placa Dolors, Gava, Spain.

The construction of coastal walkways in recreational areas can be a way to protect dune ecosystems mainly by reducing extensive trampling. Landscape architecture must deal with the abiotic and biotic processes of the dune system; so a multidisciplinary approach is needed. The Gava coastal walkway has been projected to achieve these goals.

Planning for the future of the national coast: the Albanian coastal area management project

1 Dobbin Milus International, Vienna, Virginia, USA
2 Priority Actions Programme, Kraj sv. Ivana 11, Split, Croatia

The paper gives an overview of the Coastal Zone Management Action Plan for the North and South Coastal Regions of Albania, which was prepared with the support of the World Bank through EU and METAP. Plan was prepared in two phases. The first phase consisted of a comprehensive survey and analysis of both regions, including the activities towards the achievement of the sustainable development in the Albania's coastal zone. In the second phase, priority coastal investment projects have been developed in greater detail providing the potential investors with the solid platform for their interventions. The plan has proven to be a very good example of the integrated approach to the coastal zone management, which could be implemented in other parts of the Mediterranean as well as in other regions of the world.

Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Izmir, Turkey

Tourism is by far the most intense user of coastal land and many of the negative environmental effects of the coastal resorts are created by this activity. In order to bring such effects under control and to maintain a rational use of the littoral there must be serious efforts in physical planning and its implementation. This, in turn , requires an imaginative approach in institutional organization. Above all, what is required is a nation wide sincere belief in planning itself.

Coast renaturalization at West Periphery Of Naples: Morphologic features and landscape design

Dr. Geol. Carlo Donadio ¹ and Dr. Arch. Renata Valente²

1 Geomare Sud - Inst. of Marine Geology,CNR & Earth Science Dept., 1st University of Naples 'Federico II', ITALY
2 Faculty of Architecture, Polytechnic of Milan & 1st University of Naples 'Federico II', ITALY

The study is concentrated on a limited area with complex geological features, where there has been an industrial zone until five years ago; examining samples, historical data and previous researches it has been possible to understand how different environments (beach, dune, marsh) have succeeded in the place. The coast has evoluted quite rapidly, both for natural and anthropogenic changes - man has acted strongly in last two centuries - and still now it is possible to distinguish littoral sectors, with different features. The study of evolution trends and vocations for the area has been leaded to foresee a leisure artificial environment, referring to a wider exam of coastlines typologies and relationships. Reflections on description, analysis and design of the coast are above proposed, against addings and too careless removings in the future coastal zone planning of Coroglio-Bagnoli: a little of refurbishment and reusing, a lot of renaturalization are advised to preserve the signs of the history of a place.

Coastal development in Chilean Mediterranean climate, difficulties in territory use

Institute of Geography, Pontifical Catholic of Chile University, Santiago, Chile

The social and economic development in the Chilean coastal areas, characterized by temperate climate of Mediterranean type, it has been seen limited by several difficulties in use of the territory. A meaningful aspect in land use are five developments periods. The knowledge and analysis of each stage permits to identify advantages and disadvantages in the resources use that offers the nature and in the spatial organization assigned by the inhabitants of area. To beginnings of the century, development of the area finds explanation in the agricultural and cattle raising activities. The spatial organization was explained by the road network and the port facilities of San Antonio. The city-port was the point to reap wheat and dries meat for exports toward Peru and Ecuador, including also regions of Chilean Northern part. In the second decade of the century, attending coal needs of Santiago industries, national government impelled port facilities construction and the installation of a railway to join San Antonio and state capital. Such project was completed in the third decade of the century. The railway opened the are to tourism development in summer period. Were organized resorts near railway stations, such those of Llolleo, San Antonio and Cartagena. This meant to open this activities a coastal strip fifty kilometers length. In the decade of '60s and '70s years, the permanent population impelled development of road network connected to national and regional systems. The permanent inhabitants thought in attracting more and more tourists during summer season. The provincial roads network was connected to Santiago-Valparaiso Highway from Algarrobo. During '80s years the provincial roads network was opened toward the Souhteast and the South. Now the port of San Antonio offered its facilities to fruit export from Southern O'Higgins and Maule regions. The purpose of the contribution is to identify activities and resources in the area without breaking the balance among the several factors that explain economic prosperity in the previous years. The sustainable development is the matter that delineates the facilities and infrastructures qualification for a floating population of 1,5 million peoples during summer period, in front of a permanent population of 115,000 inhabitants in 1995.

Integrated coastal resources analysis, planning and management in South-East Sardinia

1 Town Planning, Dipartimento Ingegneria del Territorio, Universita di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
2 Environmental Geology, Dipartimento Scienze della Terra, Cagliari, Italy

The results are presented of a study conducted in the territory of an administrative unit representative of coastal environments in SE Sardinia and the Mediterranean in general. Pressures induced by human activities over the past few decades have in many cases led to consistent consumption of resources and have produced major environmental impacts. The purpose of the study was to perform an integrated analysis both of the environmental elements and resources as a whole, and of their state of conservation and evolutionary trends. This is in fact a necessary basis for environmental planning as a process leading to rational resources management, with the aim of using their potential to the best advantage while making provision for the conservation of the natural environment and cultural heritage. The analysis was based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) of the area concerned coordinated with a GIS at the regional level. Input consisted of data relating to inventories and basic thematic output constructed through the definition of landscape units. These units are defined as portions of space characterized by a type of array and repetitive combination of elements of the environment and correlated physical, biological and anthropical factors, which make the landscape an indissoluble whole evolving as a unit as the effect of natural processes or those induced by human activities. From the taxonomic viewpoint, land units and geotopes or biogeotopes have also been defined as elements or lower rank making up the landscape units.

The coastal zone of Egypt is now under forceful stress. These persuasions are mostly due to the expansions of coastal activities during the last few years. CZM aims to solve present and future problems in coastal zone by finding a sustainable balance between economic welfare and environmental well-being. This paper aims to review the present status of coastal usages and the problems as well as to find the solutions and suggestions for the current and future problems in Egypt. The total coastline of Egypt is about 3700 km. Coastal areas display wide variations in the coastal related activities (e.g. agricultural, Land reclamation, Industry, Fishing, Communications and harbours, tourist activities, secondary housing, Oil and Gas exploration). Some activities are more developed in some areas than the others (e.g. tourist activities in the Red Sea; Oil and Gas in the gulf of Suez; Industry at Alexandria; Fishing in coastal lagoons;). Accordingly a CZM program should be developed for each province. Rapid urbanization of the coast; pollution, hazard to underwater life; loss of wet land; overfishing and coastal erosion are among the most serious problems affecting the coastal developments in the Egyptian realm. Different projects had been developed in order to obtain the best purpose for each local. The new environmental Law (number 4/1994) had been established in order to overcome the conflicting and lack of laws before.

Some aspects of coastal zone management in Bulgaria during the transition period 1985- 1995

This paper is focused on the aspects of coastal zone management in Bulgaria during the period 1985-1995 including: - Conservation of the biological diversity - Role of the wetlands as biodiversity incubators - Management of the protected areas - Development of tourism - Alternatives of the ecotourism - Cultural and historical heritage - NGO's participation in coastal zone management.

For each of the aspects mentioned above some details are given regarding:
- Existing problems , conclusions and comparison between the following three periods : to 1989, 1989-1991 and 1991-1995 and - Recommendations for future development and mechanisms to apply solutions with respect to the existing technical and economic potential.

Nicos G. Iacovou (1), Xenia I. Loizidou (2), Cornelis H. Hulsbergen (3) and Frank M.J. Hoozemans

1 Executive Engineer I, Head of Coastal Unit, Public Works Department, Ministry of Communications and Works, Nicosia, Cyprus
2 Coastal Engineer, Coastal Unit, Public Works Department, Cyprus
3 Project Managers Coastal Zone Management Group, delft hydraulics, PO Box 152, 8300 AD Emmeloord, The Netherlands

The coastal zone is an area of vital economic importance for Cyprus. It covers only 13% of the island's area but it is the base of 90% of the tourist industry, which is the main economic activity of Cyprus. Nowadays, the coastlines of Cyprus are under increasing pressure of economic development, partly tourism development. Erosion of the coastline due to natural and man- made causes, and shortage of fine sandy beaches, have led to the construction of many (sometimes illegally implemented) structures such as groynes and breakwaters. There is a growing concern about the long term effects of these developments on the environment of the coastal zone.

Therefore, under the medspa program of the eu, the Government of Cyprus (Ministry of Communications and Works, Public Works Department) and delft hydraulics have jointly started a project "Coastal Zone Management for Cyprus" in 1992. The project has a duration of 30 months and is expected to finish by December 1995.

This paper discusses the set-up of the Project, its main objectives and its targets, and its significance for Cyprus. The experience of the first two years of the Project is also discussed, together with the prospective for the implementation of the coastal policy guidelines which were formulated.

National Coasts and Estuaries Advisory Group, High Newton, Newton, Swansea, W. Glamorgan, U.K.

Two important UK initiatives concerning Coastal Zone Management include the Directory of Coastal Planning and Management Initiatives in England (NCEAG, 1994) and the best Practice Guide for the preparation of Coastal Zone Management Plans commissioned by the Department of the Environmental (DoE, 1995). This paper describes both initiatives and outlines some provisional principles for the practice of CZM, and considers their relevance to the Mediterranean. Finally reference is made to a proposal for a European demonstration project promoted by Esturiales.

A sample of approach to ICZM in the Spanish coast: 3 km. of coastal restoration in Cambrils (Tarragona)

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) may be understood as a comprehensive approach to the many actions addressed to a right management of the coastal area, whichever extend has the meaning of last concept. This paper aims to show a sample of an engineering action developed taking into account the principles of ICZM, although only a few aspects concerning to the whole concept were actually tackled. Brief descriptions of key concepts involved in the paper, such as coastal management and integration in coastal management, as far as necessary to frame their meaning in this paper, are firstly described. Physical and social conditions in this specific case constitute previous knowledge to figure out the environment where the described actions take place. Once previous situation is learned, the paper discusses why and how were implemented the engineering actions, and until what extend they are meaningful with respect to the desired integration in the coastal activity.

The attraction to the Mediterranean coastal zone has always been particularly important for the urban population as well as for the development of tourism and industrial activities. Urbanization on the coastal zone is likely to increase dramatically in the coming future; in particular in the southern part where the most part of the population growth will be concentrated. This paper is dealing with various initiatives calling for the development of coordinates strategies in view of allocating resources for sustainable conservation of the Mediterranean coastal zone. The question is one of integrated management of that zone which Rio Conference calls for and advises states to implement as quickly as possible. Experiences in course around the Mediterranean and few methodological aspects for the achievement of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Programme.

Institut Agronomique et Veterinaire Hassan II, Department of Pharmacie Toxicologie, Rabat, Morocco

The geographical situation of Morocco provides the country with a large coastal zone (3500 km) on both the Atlantic and Mediterranean sides. This coastal zone is the most valuable economic and environmental assets of the country. The major economic growth centers in the country are located in these area which is putting a lot of pressure on the coastal environment. In recent years the liberalization of the economy and the adoption of Market-oriented economic program has led to an increase in industrial and agricultural production without putting the protection of the environment as a component of development in these programs. This increase in the production has been associated with an increase in the use of various toxic chemicals that found their way to the coastal waters resulting in deleterious effects to living resources, human activities and hazards to human health.

This paper will describes the major coastal uses in Morocco and will put emphasis on some important issues interfering with an integrated coastal zone management.

The small islands of the Mediterranean: development issues and environmental management

Dipartimento di Analisi Economica e Sociale del Territorio Istituto Universitario di Architettura di Venezia, Venezia, Italy

For centuries islands were the outposts of Mediterranean civilization. They not only played a vital role in developing the original cultures, but were also the indispensable footholds for subsequent great empires which for millennia came and went on the shores of the internal sea. The islands' central political and economic position lasted until the late 19th century, when changes in production modes, markets and, above all, means of transport irreversibly altered their role within the economic and cultural system of the Mediterranean region. Although stripped of their economic and political importance, the islands have remained in the collective imagination of Mediterranean people as mythical sites because of their history and beauty. These are the unique and invaluable elements underlying the recent tourist development of the islands, mainly, though not wholly, promoted by the tourist industry. Today the islands are almost synonymous with tourism - with all the attendant beneficial and harmful consequences. These consequences will be even more deeply felt as European and international tourism's demand for leisure and environmental quality continues to grow. The complex nature of the history, the cultural diversity and the varied environment of the Mediterranean islands means that any general accounts are fraught with difficulties and prone to vagueness. Nonetheless, this paper sets out to reconstruct some of the common features in ancient and recent events in the hope that they may prove useful in identifying current trends in the transformations shaping the future of the region.

Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics, Foundation for International Studies, University of Malta, Valletta, Malta

Islands represent systems typified by isolation, fragility and an open economy. Their sensitive coastal zones, rich in their isolation, are increasingly threatened by aspects of mass tourism and pollution; the latter could either be the unavoidable cross boundary types of pollutants and global impacts of climate change or otherwise self imposed by the islanders themselves in a bid to further develop their economy. The often weak economic and technological state of most small islands and often poor local understanding of the intricate mechanisms at play in the coastal zone, prevents them from applying known integrated coastal zone management practices, thus highlighting the need for a concerted action by regional and international fora to approach this question.

The Application of Economic Instruments in Coastal Zone Management in Turkey

In Turkey, the economic instruments are widely applied, in order to protect, rehabilitate and develop the environment within the frame of environmental management. This paper deals with the economic instruments which are specifically used in the coastal zone management by taking the Environmental Law, the Coastal Law and their related Regulations in to consideration.

Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Science, Trabzon, Turkey

This paper deals with techno-economic evaluation of Turkish purse-seine vessels operated in the Black Sea in anchovy fishing. A computer simulation model has been developed to study the behaviour of this particular vessels under various designs and operational conditions. The data used in this study have been obtained from oral interviews with the local fishermen, local shipyards where vessels under investigation are built, official statistics and the author's observations in fishing operations. The SLAM II computer program has been used to run the model. To perform the economical evaluation a 'sensitivity analysis' has been carried out, using the 'internal rate of return' as a measure of merit.

Territorial diagnosis and proposals for coastal planning and management: the role of participation as a new trend for sustainable development

CEM, Departament de Geografia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

The object of this communication is to present an on-going experience of collaboration amongst the local administration, the inhabitants, the local associations and the university. This experience is meant to promote a collective debate about which environmental, economic and social factors may favor the transition to more sustainable forms of development. Its aims consist of tackling the local environmental problems and rationalizing the uses of the territory, making concrete methodological proposals for highly vulnerable open coastal areas, taking into account the ecological, cultural and social values. This project is being held in the coastal area of Catalonia, between the municipalities of Cubelles and Sitges (Marina of Aiguadolc) and in the low basin of the Foix river. Every step of the project involves the participation of the interested actors, and the role of local administration is especially relevant. On-going contacts and exchanges are necessary to make this participation work.

Population, basic resources in the development of the coastal areas: province of San Antonio, Chile
M. Gangas-Geisse and H. Santis-Arenas

Institute of Geography, Pontificial Catholic of Chile University, Casilla, Santiago, Chile

Is estimated that the population of the province of San Antonio, V Region of Valparaiso, it is the basic resource to support its economic, social and cultural development. This involves to know certain fundamental aspects, such as, its demographic characteristics, its socioeconomic characteristics and its standard of life. Such variable are represented and analyzed quantitative and cartographic way.

Integrated coastal zone management: Phare and Tacis Black Sea regional training programme

Posford Duvivier Environment, Rightwell House, Bretton, Peterborough, England

The European Union's Phare and Tacis Programmes have initiated a training programme in five of the Black Sea countries. Participants from Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine are receiving training in integrated coastal zone management, environmental impact assessment and environmental audit. Throughout the training programme the trainers and facilitators are helping participants develop an understanding of ICZM as a process. Coastal management tools such as conflict resolution, policy making, etc. will be highlighted. The role of individual scientific parameters and the need for and means of, their integration within the terms of sustainable resource use is also being identified and developed in a suitable manner for each country and the region as a whole.

Along side the training programme, a public awareness activity is being undertaken in each of the countries.

This paper identifies the key lessons learned from the capacity building and development of ICZM suitable for the Black Sea countries in the contest of economic change. As the author of this paper is the ICZM and Public Awareness specialist on the Tacis/Phare funded project, the paper pays particular attention to these aspects as well as the general design and management of the project. The paper concentrates less on the specifics of the EIA and environmental audit component of the training. Existing and developing situations will be contrasted and compared and evolving approaches towards ICZM in the Black Sea region will be discussed.

MEDCOAST Institute: Med-Campus Certificate Program on coastal zone management in the Mediterranean / Black Sea - Two years experience

Medcoast Permanent Secretariat, Middle East Technical University, 06531, Ankara Turkey

MEDCOAST Institute, which offers a condensed dynamic training program on the theme of "Coastal Zone Management in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea", has been organized by MEDCOAST Network twice at international level (in 1994 and 1995) by utilizing generous financial support provided through the Med-Campus program of the EC. The Institute which provides "hand-on" training to participants who are selected based on their backgrounds and job positions, is the most important effort of the human resource development component of MEDCOAST Initiative.

A study was carried out in Bradford, UK in 1993/1994 (see Appendix 1). The objective of the study was to investigate the environmental education opportunities available to adults in the City of Bradford Metropolitan Council District through non-formal leisure activities. Specifically, the study sought to determine the trends in, and examine the extent of, environmental interpretation in the region based on direct observation of a selection of green open spaces in the Bradford District. Following on from this, the study aimed to assess the potential for more facilities or the scope for an improved service for local people and visitors to the area.

The project investigated thirteen areas, including woodland, moorland and urban fringe habitats all of which are used to a greater or lesser extent for informal recreation activities by local people and visitors from further afield. The main conclusion drawn from the study was that the provision of environmental education materials in outdoor leisure areas in Bradford is currently low. It was also noted that information and publicity about the activities or facilities available in the area is fragmented to such an extent that it is not easily accessible to the general public or visitors to the area. This may also reflect a pattern seen elsewhere in the UK.

One recommendation emerging from the study was the need to provide greater access to information in order to raise environmental awareness and catalyze sustainable tourism. It is suggested that a guide to the environmental education facilities in the region for local people and for visitors to the area should be produced.

Integrated coastal management is stressed in Agenda 21, the strategy document produced by the 1992 U.N. Conference on Environment and Development. Although a non-binding agreement, efforts continue to be made to maintain the momentum and many coastal states and island nations are striving to introduce integrated coastal management (ICM). An outcome of this activity has been an increased demand for technical assistance and training to develop national policies and programs, and countries with a history of ICM are being looked to for assistance. The United States, with the introduction of the Coastal Zone Management Act in 1972, has a longer history of coastal, estuary and bay management than most, and is attempting to respond to this need, particularly in the field of training.

In 1985, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) initiated the Coastal Resources Management Project (CRMP) with an intention to make this experience available to developing countries. Through its CRMP, USAID became a global leader in advancing ICM and associated training in developing countries. Crucial to this process was USAID's unique knowledge of the socioeconomic and political context of its partnerships.

As the CRMP got underway, the United States began a new experiment in governance of coastal ecosystems, the National Estuary Program (NEP). Administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the NEP structure and process offered an alternate management model. The NEP approach complemented that employed by AID's CRMP since it was designed to make more effective use of existing laws, regulations and programs, a need which also exists in coastal developing nations, and included consensus building, public outreach and a phased approach to planning that integrates science and policy in public decision making.

In 1994, the USAID and the USEPA, recognized that by combining the experience gained through the NEP and CRMP, they were well placed to provide some of the experience needed to satisfy the growing demand for training in ICM, particularly as relating to bay and estuary management. As a consequence, the two agencies signed an Interagency Agreement in an initiative to assist developing countries by providing training activities for practitioners to help advance and accelerate the sound management and sustainable development of coastal and estuarine environments worldwide.

This paper will briefly describe the National Estuary Program and the Coastal Resources Management Project, which provides the background for this initiative. It will then describe the process leading up to the design of an international training workshop based on the experience gained and lessons learned from these projects. In conclusion, the results of that process will be described in a detailed overview of the first International Training Workshop on Bay and Estuary Management to be held in April 1996.

Institute of Legal Studies on the International Community, National Research Council, Rome, Italy

The output of the 1992 Conference (UNCED) has underlined new trends in the evolution of international environmental law at the regional and global level. Some principles of international law on sustainable development have emerged and, among them, the principle of common but differentiated responsibility of States, contained in Principle 7 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. This principle overturns Principle 24 of the Stockholm Declaration: States shall co-operate in conserving, protecting, and restoring the environment not on an equal footing but taking in due account the different levels of development, and the different (past, present, and future) contributions to the global degradation of the Earth ecosystem. Developed countries have, in this respect, the main responsibility in view of the pressure their societies place on the environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command. This principle has two main consequences from the legal point of view: it allows a double regime of States rights and obligations in international conventions devoted to sustainable development and it requires from developed countries the maximum effort in financing the related activities. The emerging principles of international law on sustainable development have been partially endorsed by the instruments adopted at the Barcelona Conference of June 1995. The Resolution on Environment and Sustainable Development contains only general commitments, while the third part of MAP Phase II, concerning the institutional and financial arrangements, is rather inconsistent with the Rio outcome. The legal instruments, mainly the amended Barcelona Convention and the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean, present few novelties from the sustainable development point of view. In conclusion, the author believes that the Region must make a more determined contribution to this new objective of the international community in the next decade, in order to face the challenge posed by the sustainable development of our common mediterranean heritage.

University of Valencia, Department of Public International Law, Valencia, Spain

This paper deals with the study of those international conventions concerning specially protected areas and biological diversity that are applicable in the Mediterranean basin. After an Introduction, those international treaties that are applicable to the Mediterranean Basin, but are not expressly confined to it, are analyzed in section II. Under section III, a special mention is made to the approach on and the evolution of these matters contained in the Mediterranean political and legal tools.

A comparative analysis and critical assessment of the regimes to manage the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

The Harbor and Coastal Center, The University of Massachusetts - Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

Twenty years elapsed between the creation of the Mediterranean Regional Sea Programme in 1973 and the initiation the Black Sea Environmental Programme (BSEP) in 1993. Although the two Seas are interconnected, each Sea -- and their associated drainage basins are very different in terms of geographic characteristics, the composition of the member nations, and the institutional design of the planning and management arrangement. Over a seventeen year time span, most aspects of the MAP have provided a rich experience in the planning and management of a regional sea. Much of this experience has and is being applied to the BSEP. Information is also flowing from the innovations in the institutional design of the BSEP back to MAP.

As the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) approaches its twentieth anniversary, there is a growing concern among the ocean and coastal management community for a critical evaluation of its accomplishments -- particularly measurable outcomes, such as land based and non-land based pollution, coastal recreation and tourism, protected areas, migratory wildlife, and international fisheries. The BSEP will also soon have to assess the potential benefits and costs of program implementation. Next year the program will apply for international support for its implementation stage. Given a number of factors, it may be difficult for the BSEP to demonstrate to the international assistance community, a net socio-economic benefit will derived from program implementation. In our life time at least, it may not be possible to "save" the Black Sea.

The Mediterranean after the 1995 convention. The historical sense of a turnaround point

International Centre for Coastal and Ocean Policy Studies, ICCOPS, Genoa, Italy.

The objective of the paper is to focus on the current changing phase in the Mediterranean policy. In this context it is worthy of consideration that the Mediterranean co-operation has developed along two tracks: the Action Plan, adopted in 1975, and the Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution, adopted the year after. The spectrum of the objectives of the Action Plan was designed in wider terms than that of the Convention. As a consequence, during its two decades of development the Mediterranean co-operation was based not only on the pursuit of pollution-related goals, but also on that referring to the establishment of protected areas and coastal area management, which are concerned only with the 1975 Action Plan. In the meantime socio-economic investigations have been carried out and scenarios have been built.

According to the resolution adopted in 1993 by the Eighth Ordinary Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention again two tracks arose. On the one hand, the Convention and its related protocols were amended with the aim of designing a new convention consistent with the resolution from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. On the other hand, the Mediterranean Agenda 21 (Med Agenda 21), parallel to the UNCED Agenda 21, was formulated. The Ninth Ordinary Meeting of the Contracting Parties and the Plenipotentiaries Meeting to the Barcelona Convention adopted the amended Convention, entitled Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean.

The main innovations of the newly adopted Convention consist of : i) the claim that the environmental policy should aim at the preservation of biodiversity, so the ecosystem as a whole, especially its food webs, is expected to be regarded as a core subject of ongoing Mediterranean co-operation; ii) the inclusion of integrated coastal area management into the spectrum of actions, so strong collaboration, mainly concerned with Priority Action Programme/Regional Activity Centre (MAP/PAP/RAC), is expected to be developed.

When the mechanisms of the two Conventions are considered to their whole extent their efficiency is to be evaluated. The main question which should be considered by both the decision-making centres and the scientific community is whether the efficiency of the first Convention was satisfactory and how much efficiency could be achieved by the new one.

Budget Models for the Evolution of Deltas Definition of Processes and Scales

M. Capobianco¹, Josa A. Jimenez², Agustin Sanchez-Arcilla² and Marcel Stive³

1 R&D, Environment, Tecnomare SpA, San Marco 3584, 30124, Venezia, Italy. Tel: +39 41 796711, Fax: +39 41 796800, E-Mail: cpbncm01@cidoc.iuav.unive.it
2 ILIM, Catalonia Univ. of Technology, c Gran Capita' s/n, 08034, Barcelona, Spain. Tel: +34 3 4016468, Fax: +34 3 4017357, E-Mail: jimenez@etseccpb.upc.es
3 Delft Hydraulics, NCK, P.O. Box 152, 8300 AD Emmeloord, The Netherlands. Tel: +31 5274 2922, Fax: +31 5274 3573, E-Mail: marcel.stive@wldelft.nl

Global climatic change is taking place and it will likely affect Mediterranean deltas and other low-lying coastal regions in terms of relative sea level rise, salinity increase and changes in temperature and weather patterns and of river discharge regime. This will have serious implications on the natural resources of the deltaic areas and on the related economic activities. The MEDDELT project focuses on three northwestern Mediterranean deltas, the Ebro Delta (Spain), the Rhone Delta (France) and the Po Delta (Italy) in an attempt to cover the lack of understanding about their integral functioning. The main objective is to determine the vulnerability and response of these deltaic systems to large scale change phenomena, such that informed decision making can be made. In order to do this we make combined use of existing and new field measurements (accretion, sedimentation, soil formation, coastal fringe response) and of integrated (physical/ecological) conceptual models of deltaic behaviour having socio- economics scenarios as boundary conditions. The paper illustrates the methodological effort which is being undertaken in order to organize a modelling system that can be used to conduct budget computations at various scales with reference to the most significant processes. The final objective that appears at the horizon is the implementation of a simulation environment to handle the evaluation of different scenarios.

Impact of Climate Change on the Evolution of the Po Delta Plain. Framework for the Definition of Boundary Conditions

1 R&D, Environment Technomare SpA, San Marco, Venezia, Italy
2 Instituto Universitario di Architettura di Venezia , DSTR, Tolentini, Venezia, Italy
3 University of Padova, Instituto di Costruzioni Marittime, Padova, Italy

We briefly describe the main characters of the Po Delta and recall the main aspects of its morphological evolution. Then the paper presents the reference schemes that are being used to define scenarios for both the environmental forcings and the possible changes in land use and socio-economic conditions for the Po Delta area and having in mind both the definition of the medium and long term trends and changes in extremes.

Boundary conditions refers to modelling, and in particular to the needs to be satisfied by models that will be used in the framework of the MEDDELT project in order to quantitatively evaluate physical and ecological processes and qualitatively assess the role of anthropogenic factors.

The resulting framework hereby introduced allows for the definition of the boundary conditions and/or inputs which are needed for the computation of indicators and for the subsequent utilization of balance models which will be used to evaluate the deltaic behavior under the proposed scenarios.

The paper has the character of a discussion document and presents reference considerations and preliminary evaluations that, as such, are subject to change and adaptation.

The sediment budget for the Ebro Delta Coast is calculated at different time and space scales: long-term (several years) and episodic (aperiodic). The contribution of each component to the global sediment budget and the global coastal response is identified and quantified.

1 Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences and Coastal Ecology Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
2 CNRS URA 1451, Equipe DESPID, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Arles, France
3 Dept. d'Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

In deltas, subsidence leads to a relative sea level rise (RSLR) which is often much greater than eustatic rise alone. Because of high RSLR, deltaic wetlands will be affected early by an acceleration of eustatic sea level rise. If there is sufficient vertical accretion, wetlands can continue to exist with RSLR, however lack of sediment input eventually leads to excessive water logging and plant death. Areas with low tidal range such as the Mediterranean and Gulf of Mexico are especially vulnerable to rising water levels because the elevation growth range of coastal vegetation is related to tide range. Reduction of suspended sediments in rivers and prevention of wetland flooding by river dikes and impoundments have reduced sediment input to Mediterranean and Gulf of Mexico deltaic wetlands. This sediment deficit will become more important with an acceleration in sea level rise from global warming. Most sediment input occurs during strong pulsing events such as river floods and storms, and management policies and decisions are especially designed to protect against such events. Management approaches must be reoriented to take advantage of pulsing events to nourish marsh surfaces with sediments. We hypothesize that deltas can be managed to withstand significant rates of sea level rise by taking advantage of pulsing events which lead to high sediment input and that this type of management approach will enhance ecosystem functioning.

1 Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
2 Biotecnica, Viale Garibaldi, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
3 Consorzio Venezia Nuova, Venice, Italy

Over the past century, Venice Lagoon has experienced a high rate of wetland loss and a strong net export of sediments; nowadays the local Authority (Magistrato alle Acque di Venezia -MAV-) is running several projects for beneficial use of dredging materials. From March 1993 until March 1995, the accretionary response of wetlands in the lagoon to changing water levels was studied. Vertical accretion, short term sedimentation, and surface elevation change were measured at six sites with varying sediment availability and wave energy. Short term sedimentation averaged 6.85 g/m²/d with a minimum of 0.06 g and a maximum of 72 g during periods of high tides and storms. Over two years accretion ranged from 0.3 to 2.3 cm yr-1 and surface elevation change ranged from +0.7 to -3.7 cm yr-1. The sites with highest accretion were near a river mouth and a site with strong wave energy and rapid erosion of the marsh edge with a high resuspended sediment availability. A marsh created with dredged spoil had a high rate of elevation loss due mainly to compaction. The rate of accretion at three sites was clearly sufficient to offset relative sea level rise, but a saline site with low sediment availability had the lowest accretion. A sediment fence significantly increased accretion at one site. The results suggest that reduction of turbulent motion or increasing sediment availability are needed to offset wetland loss indifferent areas of the lagoon.

The Ebro Delta, Spain: water and sediment management in the context of relative sea level rise

1 Departament d'Ecologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
2 Department of Oceanography and Coastal sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
3 Consultat Geologist, Deltebre, Catalonia, Spain 4 Depatament de Botanica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

Deltas are particularly sensitive to sea level rise because most are subsiding and this, in addition to eustatic sea level rise, leads to a relative sea level rise (RSLR) rate which is often much greater than eustatic rise. If wetlands and agricultural low lands in deltas do not accrete vertically at a rate equal to the rate of RSLR, they will become stressed due to waterlogging and salinity increase, and ultimately disappear. The Ebro Delta is one of the most important wetland areas in the western Mediterranean. Between 40 and 50% of the delta is below 0.5 m and part of the southern margin of the delta is at mean sea level in an area protected by dikes. Preliminary estimates of mean rates of subsidence in the Ebro Delta ranges between 2 and 5 mm yr-1, whereas eustatic sea level rise has been evaluated at 1-2 mm yr-1. Thus, the mean range of RSLR rate in the Ebro Delta must range between 3 and 6 mm yr-1. Measured accretion rates in the delta range from 4 mm yr-1 in the wetlands surrounding the river mouth to less than 0.1 mm yr-1 in impounded salt marshes and rice fields. The annual sediment deficit in the deltaic plain to offset RSLR is close to 1 million m³ yr-1. Accretion rates in the rice fields prior to the construction of large dams in the Ebro watershed where higher than RSLR rates, ranging between 3 and 15 mm yr -1. Presently, more than 99 % of the riverine sediments are retained in the reservoirs and rice fields are losing about 0.2 mm yr-1. Future management plans in the Ebro Delta should take into account the problem of RSLR, and include a comprehensive management of freshwater and sediment from the river in order to offset negative effects such as waterlogging and salt intrusion. This is a sustainable way to maintain land elevation in a RSLR scenario, simulating the supply of sediment to the deltaic plain produced by river floods before the construction of dams and dikes. In the case of the Ebro Delta, a management approach of diversions of river water to the delta plain must include a partial removal of sediments trapped behind the dams of Ribarroja and Mequinenca. The removal of sediments from these reservoirs is feasible for several reasons. These dams which retain most of the sediment transported by the lower reach of the river, are the last ones within the watershed, and its distance to the sea is not large (about 100 km). Stocks and inputs of sediment within both reservoirs are large enough to produce significant accretion rates in the whole deltaic plain. Present stocks are equivalent to a sediment thickness over the deltaic plain (excluding spits and lagoons) of about 50 cm. Technology to bypass and transport sediments is available. Advantages of this solution include: new sediments to the delta to offset subsidence (via rice fields) and coastal retreat, enhanced delta functioning (productivity and nutrient processing), avoids the accumulation of sediments within the reservoirs, and is a solution to offset negative environmental impacts due to the suppression of solid inputs. From this point of view, it is very important to make a careful management of river discharges at the dams, because nowadays only the hydropower and agricultural requirements are considered. It is also crucial to maintain periods with high discharge, to have enough river energy to transport as much sediments as possible. This issues should be considered in future hydrological plans of the Spanish government.

J.A. Jimenez¹, M. Capobianco², S. Suanez³, P. Ruol⁴, P.Fraunie⁵, M.J.F. Stive⁶

1 Laboratorie d'Enginyeria Maritima, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 2 R&D Environment, Tecnomare SpA, Italy
3 Universite de Provence, France
4 Universita di Padova, Italy
5 Universite de Toulon et du Var, France
6 Netherlands Centre for Coastal Research , Delft Hydraulics, The Netherlands

The physical functioning of the deltaic plains and of the coastal fringes of the Ebro, Po and Rhone Deltas is known to be fundamentally based on the same kind of constituent processes. This knowledge, however, is rather more qualitative than quantitative specially as far as the complexity of the spatial distribution is concerned. One of the objectives of the MEDDELT project is to define a methodology for the analysis of the deltaic functioning and to give a first quantitative assessment of deltaic plain processes on the one hand and to the coastal fringe processes on the other for these three Mediterranean Deltas. The present work, by making reference to common aspects and to some particularities of the three deltas, aims to introduce the approaches which are being undertaken to assess coastal fringe processes from a quantitative perspective and focusing on a hierarchy of scales.

A numerical approach to study hydrodynamics and morphological evolution of a lagoon inlet

L. D'Alpaos (*), A. Defina (*), B. Matticchio (+), P. Ruol (**), M. Sclavo (**)

(*) University of Padova, Istituto di Idraulica, Via Loredan, 20 - 35131 Padova - Italy. tel:+39 49 8275428 ; fax:+39 49 8275446
(**) University of Padova, Istituto di Costruzioni Marittime, Via Ognissanti, 39 - 35139 Padova - Italy. tel:+39 49 8071299; fax:+39 49 8073467
(+) Ipros Ingegneria Ambientale, Corso del Popolo, 8 - 35100 Padova - Italy. tel:+39 49 660647; fax:+39 49 660311

In this paper a methodology for studying the complex situation represented by lagoon inlets is suggested. The outer conditions must be defined starting from the offshore wave conditions and can be based on the use of a suitable mathematical model able to propagating the deep water waves to the coastal zone. Such mo