VOLUME I

Coastal and Marine Ecosystems
Ecological Issues
Ecosystem Management
Integrated Ecosystem Management and Conservation
Coastal and Marine Conservation
Biochemical Issues
Protected Areas
Historical and Archeological Issues
Tourism
Beach and Dune Management
Coastal Planning
National and Regional CZM Practices
Socio-Economical Aspects
Social Issues
Education
Legislation and Legal Issues
International Cooperation

VOLUME II
Deltas
Lagoons
Coastal Processes
Human Impact
Coastal Erosion and Control
Sediment Transport
Beaches
Sea Level Rise and Consequences

VOLUME III
EIA
Remote Sensing
Data Management and GIS
Water Quality Issues
Water Pollution
Polution Assesment
Coastal and Marine Pollution
Coastal Water Quality Management
Hydrodynamic Modeling
Transport Processes and Modeling
Physical Oceanography and Climatology
Coastal Engineering
Marinas, Harbours and Navigation
Wind Waves: Modeling and Climatology
Wind Waves

Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment, MEDCOAST 95, October 24-27, 1995; Taragona, Spain, E.Özhan (Editor)

J.A. Caminas¹, N. Cano¹, D. Cortes¹, V. Diaz del Rio², A. Garcia¹ and J.P. Rubin¹

¹ Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Centro Oceanografico de Malaga, Fuengirola, Spain
² Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Centro Oceanografico de Murcia, San Pedro del Pinatar, Spain

From October 1992, the Oceanographic Center of Malaga of the IEO began a monitoring project, Ecomalaga, which collects physical, chemical, biological and sedimentological data from the Alboran Sea shelf. The project is coordinated with similar ones that are underway in the Atlantic and Mediterranean Centers of the IEO. The ultimate objective is to study the long-term changes of the essential marine environmental parameters. A total of nine quarterly surveys from October of 1992 and December, 1994 have been carried out. The following information has been registered: situation, temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll "a", nitrates, nitrites, phosphates and silicates, as well as, zooplanktonic biomass, species composition and ichthyoplankton. Moreover, the granulometric composition and organic matter of sediments has also been input into the data base.

The data input is in a computerized data base named Ecomalaga Data Base. This interdisciplinary data base includes such research areas as: geology, physics, plankton and marine chemistry. It offers the users outputs in the form of synthetic records of each station sampled. The data base not only contains independent files for each research area, but allows for communication among these files, resulting in a synoptic data output. The data from the surveys are analyzed and indicate seasonal influences and a inshore-offshore gradient , as well as, the Atlantic influence on the stations located in the transect closest to the Gibraltar Strait.

Institute of the Biology, South Seas of the National Academy Science of Ukraine, Sevastopol, Ukraine

Relationship between diversity and the dynamics of structure of correlations and correlation systems of community prevailing and mass in coastal waters of the South Crimea was studied. In 1991-1992 the influence of species number on the dynamics of correlation between parameters of macroorganism population was studied. Only pair correlation coefficients from 0.4 to 1.0 between distribution density, biomass and size of organism were taken into account. Communities were ranged according to the estimates of temperature, collector exposuretime, depth, length of organism, biomass and distribution density. In total, 15 variants were examined. For each it was determined the change of a share of realized correlations in a number of possible correlations, a share of positive and negative correlations in a number of the realized correlations with increase of the species number. In each case the correlation systems were ranged according to their complexity: simple were "Chain", complex-"Net". With the increase of species number from 2 to 8 proportion of positive correlations also increased for 23% on the average in all variants of the community. Almost in all cases a share of negative correlations decreased for 24% on the average. The species number increase results in a reduced share of the realized correlations for 15% on the average. The increase in species diversity promotes increase of the share of the complex "Net"- type correlation systems for 35% on the average and decrease in simple "Chain"- type systems for 35% on the average. Thus, species diversity optimizes the correlation relations in communities and gives rise to the hierarchy between the parameters of populations.

Significance Of Parasites And Endocommensals In Biodiversity Of Marine Coastal Ecosystems

Beginning to work out of this problem we have perfectly imagined that biodiversity is very interesting not only itself. It is very interesting as natural phenomenon influencing on activity of ecosystem and as a consequence of ecosystem function simultaneously. There are some standpoints on problem of complication of different systems including biological ones. One of them is: the complication of biosystem increases of its stability. The opposite opinion is: the complication of system decreases of its stability. Sharing the first point of view we would like to pay attention to contribution of endosymbionts (parasitic and endocommensal organisms) as more strictly interacting with their hosts on organism level in biodiversity and stabilization of marine coastal ecosystems.

Unfortunately not all hydrobiologists and ecologists regard the endosymbionts as natural component of ecosystems. Parasites and endocommensals are ignored in the common data of species structure of biocenosises and communities. As rule, they are expelled from calculation of energetic balance ecosystem. Although the founders of ecological parasitology V.A.Dogel (1962) and V.N.Beklemishev (1956) consider the parasites as normal members of biocenoses many scientists continue to consider them as "undesirable element". Developing of V.A.Dogel's and V.N.Beklemishev's ideas, we want to mean a problem of not only significance of endosymbionts in biodiversity of marine ecosystems but their necessity for normal development and activity of ones.

In first part of our paper we have tried to indicate a place and role of endosymbionts in activity of marine community at whole. Then we will indicate a significance of these organisms in biodiversity of coastal ecosystems using the results of our investigations.

Biology of the South Seas of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Sevastopol, Ukraine

The diversity of the meroplankton is one of the most important index of the condition of the Black Sea ecosystem. The taxonomic composition and phenology of the pelagic larvae of the benthic invertebrates of the South and East coastal waters have been studied. About 700 zooplankton samples obtained have been treated. The meroplankton of the South Crimea, adjacent the experimental mussel farming, has been studied for the first time. The list of the neretic meroplancton of the South Crimea consist of 51 species of the classes Polychaeta, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, orders Decapoda and Cirripedia. The catalogue of meroplankton of the East Crimea, adjacent Karadag Reservation, is replendished with 13 species.

1 Department of Biogeography, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
² Moscow Zoological Park, Bolshaja Gruzinskaja, Moscow, Russia

Nature of Abrau peninsula is very rich. Zonal forest cover is presented there by two main associations: Pistaceo-Juniperus and Carpino-Quercus forests. The relict ecosystems of dry subtropics of the Caucasus Black Sea coast include a great number of relict and endemic species of invertebrate and vertebrate animals. A lot of them are included into the Red Data Books of the USSR, Russia and Krasnodar skij kraj were found during our researches at Abrau peninsula. Anthropogenous transformation of ecosystems at the last years has the negative influence on the nature of the peninsula: reduction of the forests, net of the roads and high quantity of hotel houses together with the growing of abundance of transportation facilities and human population. All this causes violation of the natural demographic structure of the populations of the most part of endemic and relict animals.

Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Science, Camburnu, Trabzon, Turkey

Some population parameters of the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L., 1758) from the Eastern Black Sea cost were estimated during the fishing season from November 1993 to March 1994. The abundance by age groups was found to be 66 % of age 1+, 17 % of age 0+, 14 % of age 2+ and 3 % of age 3+ age. Mean total length and body weight were calculated as 10.43 cm and 6.77 g, respectively. Sex ratio was 60 % female and 40 % male. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were calculated as L ¥ = 15.82 cm, W¥ =23,07 g, k=0,34 year-1 and to=-2.144 year. Parameters of exponential length-weight relationship were derived as a=0,0051, b=3,048. The mean annual growth rates in length and weight were 16 % and 61 %. Catch data of the last fishing season showed that annual survival rate, instantaneous total mortality rate and natural mortality rate were realized as S=0.2, Z=1.61, M=0.53, respectively. All the parameters found in this study were compared with the results of previous studies.

Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sevastopol, Ukraine

The state of summer zooplankton have been observed in 6 regions having various degree of pollution with domestic sewage. Abundance of the main zooplankton groups had a tendency to decrease for three years (1988-90). Ecological mortality of both constantly and periodically living in the plankton species has been considerably increased. Oithona nana species (earlier being mass) disappeared in 1990. Hydrochemical indices of the most polluted regions were some times higher than the same of the relatively clear waters. Mortality was the largest in these regions, almost 100% of dead adult individuals of Acartia clausi were found having a broken chitin integument on their back. All these facts are the evidence of the critical situation in the coastal planktonic communities in the studied regions and urgently require regular ecological monitoring and improvement of purification for domestic sewage thrown out into the Black Sea.

Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Science, Camburnu, Trabzon, Turkey

Anadara cornea (Reeve, 1844) is a new species from bivalvia for the Black Sea. It is going to be more abundant year by year. Population structure, some morphological characteristics, relations between some parameters and its distribution in the Eastern Black Sea were determined. Mean shell length, width and thickness of the specimens were calculated as 36.62, 46.98 and 33.44 mm, respectively, while mean weight was 37.43 g. Growth was found better in Giresun than those in Trabzon and Rize. Mean condition index ranged between 3.23 % and 4.32 % and meat yield varied between the ranges 17.15- 18.35 percent. The average density of A.cornea for the entire research area was estimated to be 0.022 ind. m-2 or 0.82 g.m-2 . The most abundant region was Trabzon followed by Rize and Giresun. The shell length, width and thickness of the specimen from Giresun were found to be bigger than those of Trabzon and Rize.

¹ Departamento de Ingenieria Hidraulica y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
² Instituto de Bachillerato Quart de Poblet, Senda Senent S/N, Quart de Poblet, Valencia, Spain

During 1994 summer, a survey was conducted along Valencia Gulf coasts to determine the extension and abundance of Sabellaria alveolate reefs. A comparison of actual results with those obtained by the authors from previous surveys shows a reduction in the number of localities in which reefs were present, at least one time since 1989. Of a total of 23 stations, actually only persists in 13. Among these, in three of them, they show no changes; other four show evident regression signals and only three exhibit a considerable enlargement. Among destruction causes observed, the most frequent is sand level rise as a consequence of man-made actuations such as seawalls and sportive harbors construction, and beach nourishment projects. Al- though reef destruction may be also due to natural causes as river floods or natural sand accumulation, in these cases, recovery after perturbation events have been re-corded in many occasions between 1989 and 1994.

1 The Southern Branch of the P.P. Shirskov Oceanology Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gelendzhik-7, Russia
² The Kuban River Mouth Research Station, 60, Roza Liuxemburg Str., Temryuk, Russia
³ Ecological Department of the Krasnodar Region Administration, Krasnaya Str., Russia

The Kerck Strait connects the Sea of Azov with the Black Sea. Water exchange between these two seas takes place in it. Azov Sea water is more fresh and more contaminated with pollutants than that of the Black Sea. Since there is a considerable surplus of fresh water (about 19 cubic kilometers a year), a general stream in the strait is directed from the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea. Pollutants are transported with the water. The Sea of Azov has a substantial mechanic potential of self-purification. In this paper, peculiarities of the pollutant transport through the Kerch Strait are described and very approximate assess of oil-product and heavy metal amount washed out of the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea is made.

An investigation of the unicellular alga, Rhinomonas reticulata var. reticulata for feeding the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in a marine hatchery

Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics, Foundation for International Studies, University of Malta, Valletta, Malta

Feeding trials were conducted in order to observe the effect of Rhinomonas reticulata var. reticulata, Novarino 1991, fed solely or in combination with baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the population development of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Mueller under laboratory conditions; control diets of Nannochloropsis oculata (Droop) Hibberd and N. oculata and yeast were used. Growth rates and fecundity parameters were studied for fifteen days. Rotifers fed on R. reticulata, alone or with yeast gave good performances with the most promising results in all the parameters studied. Growth rates were not significantly different for the diets tested but the highest rotifer densities were attained by the population fed exclusively R. reticulata (>800 ind/ml). The interaction between the diet given and the age of the culture was found to affect population fecundity in a significant way.

Mortality of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica due to oversedimentation was experimentally evaluated by field manipulations of sediment level. Increased sediment levels over the plant shoots and rhizomes induced significant shoot mortality, even at moderate burial levels (ca. 5 cm). When sediment was added to reach levels 15 cm higher than the original ones, a 100% mortality after 200-300 days was observed. The response of the plant seemed to be species-specific, and thus can be used as a tool to predict mortality if sedimentary conditions are modified, e.g. after activities of beach nourishment.

Cukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Adana, Turkey

This research project was financed by The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK) and numbered as TBAG-1164 by the Basic Sciences Research Group (Uzun et all., 1995). The research method is based on classifying and mapping the biotopes in coastal side of Cukurova Delta bordered by Berdan River and Davudi Mountains located in the west of Yumurtalik Lagoon. Within the study such parameters as geology, soil groups, inclination, exposition and altitude was determined and the surveys were done on the vegetations in experimental transects which had been chosen in the research area. At the end of above mentioned process, the natural biotop types such as, coastal sand dunes, salt marshes, river beds, coastal woods, lakes and lagoons and main cultural biotopes have been determined in the area by interpretation of Landsat -TM images and aerial photographs.

. I n t e g r a t e d E c o s y s t e m M a n a g e m e n t a n d
C o n s e r v a t i o n .

Nature conservation and integrated coastal zone management in Europe: present and future

1 Department of Physical Geography and Soil Science, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Prinsengracht, Amsterdam, Netherlands
² Centre of Environmental Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands

Present and future of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) in Europe is discussed with an emphasis on nature conservation. The position of nature conservation in physical planning and in legislation is discussed within the historical perspective of the Netherlands. With regard to the present position of nature conservation in planning and legislation, differences in Europe between the northwest, the south and the east are discussed. The roles of various organizations (such as NGO's, GO's, Universities and the European Union) in ICZM is briefly mentioned. The paper advocates a strong position for nature conservation in integrated coastal zone management if to be developed on a sustainable basis.

The characterization, protection and improvement of aquatic environments is nowadays an important engineering task due to the increased scarcity of natural resources, on which societies depend. We are dealing with competing demands and conflicting uses in highly sensitive areas where complex inter-actions of physical, chemical and biological processes take place. The traditional approach, that has been practiced in most cases, has an interventionist nature and is based on rigid solutions that cannot be adapted and reversed in an economical manner. At the other extreme, as a reaction to the negative impacts and non-negligible environmental degradation arising from many past interventions, we find a preservationist approach, which instead neglects the potential and capacity of nature for regeneration and for the provision of services of local, regional, and global importance.

It is clear that none of these approaches will be able to provide adequate solutions for a rational use of environmental resources, both regarding the present economic and social concerns and needs, and with respect to principles of redistribution and inter-generational fairness. A management approach is therefore required within which integrated solutions can evolve and adapt along with the social and environmental developments, in a continuous and iterative way, with due regard to considerations of risk and uncertainty, to the assimilative capacity of the environ- ment, to endogenous and trans-boundary interactions, and not least to evaluations based on sound cost-efficiency analysis.

This constitutes the background for a recent EIA study carried out for the Obidos Lagoon, situated in the west coast of Portugal. The EIA showed that the water quality and eutrophication problems of the lagoon can not be based uniquely on an intervention at the inlet, which in turn would impose impacts on the adjacent littoral barrier and require a large maintenance dredging that may not be eco- nomically feasible. Given the environmental sensitivity of the lagoon system and the complexity of the problems involved, a management and action programme has been proposed, in order to provide an effective and integrated approach to the rehabilitation of the Obidos Lagoon and its water basin.

Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Novaya Basmannaya, Moscow, Russia

Coastal management and coastal protection would be successful if they are based on an understanding of the natural laws and processes of coastal landscapes or geosystems. One of the most important characteristics of geosystems is their stability: ability to resist to external influences or period of return to initial state of geosystems after influence. Critical parameters and ways to quantitative assessment of geosystems stability are discussed. Coastal management and coastal protection would be successful if they are based on an understanding of the natural laws and processes of coastal landscapes. This is the reason for a comprehensive study of the processes of formation of coastal geosystems, their structure, dynamics and function. The landscape is a natural system of homogenous genesis, with close vertical links between its components and with lateral links between different geosystems which are included in the landscape as elementary natural-territorial complexes. Each elementary geosystem has the same type of geological basis, ground water, soil, vegetation and micro climate. The interaction between these components is stronger than the horizontal processes in the geosystem. Based on their hypsometric level, surface morphology and redistribution of substance between elementary geosystems they are divided by B.B. Polynov (1952) into autonomous ones (located on watersheds with deep ground water where the substance comes through the atmosphere), superaqueous ones (above water, with shallow ground water and accumulation of matter from autonomous geosystems) and subaqueous ones (under water, with income of substance as sediment carried by water flow). The landscape usually is subjected to several transitional flows such as rivers, aeolian transport of sediments, migration flows of animals and transit of air masses that play a specific role in the formation and functioning of the landscape. Thus, fresh river flow brings into the sea biogenic elements feeding plankton, and sediments supplying long shore drift and consequently beaches and other coastal features. But river flow also brings many pollutants into coastal waters. Aeolian transport of sediments is of great importance, because it moves sand from the land into the sea and along the shore line, participating in the building of the beaches. For example, in South Africa headland-bypass dune fields, as defined by Tinley (Dunes'94, 1994), were observed in the form of transgressive corridors of transverse dunes which crossed low-relief headlands, transporting sand from an upwind sandy beach into the downwind bay. Over the past 50 years most of these active dunes have been stabilized without due cognizance of the role that the dunes play in the coastal sediment transport system, resulting in beach erosion in downtransport areas ( McLachlan et al., in press).

Strategies for the conservation of the coastal and shallow water ecosystems of the Maltese Islands

1 Environmental Management Unit, Planning Authority, Floriana, Malta
² Department of Biology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta

The Maltese Islands, located in the Sicilian Channel, are among the smallest islands in the Mediterranean and the Republic of Malta is one of the smallest states of Europe. They have one of the highest population densities in the world and the local population is further inflated by the over 1,000,000 tourist arrivals each year. Although small in size, the Maltese Islands exhibit an interesting and diverse array of coastal habitats, some of which possess unique species or features. In general, the Maltese coastal ecosystems can be divided into littoral and adlittoral. The former are similar to those in other Mediterranean regions except for some variants. Adlittoral ecosystems include some of the rarest habitats in the Maltese Islands, for example: sand dunes, coastal wetlands and saline marshlands.

The coastline of the Maltese Islands is 190 km long, of which 144 km are inaccessible due to a variety of factors, both natural and anthropogenic. The remaining stretches of accessible coastline therefore come under intense pressure from development, especially from the tourist industry, which plays a vital role in the economy of the islands. Hence, any claims for the conservation of coastal habitats must compete with these economic considerations, especially since the price of land is comparatively low and there exist no disincentives such as environmental taxes.

Planning in the Maltese Islands was virtually inexistent between independence in 1964 and the late 1980s. The production of the Malta Structure Plan (1991), a twenty-year plan concerned with the future of Malta's natural and man-made environment, and the setting up of a local Planning Authority, started to rectify this situation.

The paper outlines past efforts by the government and by non-governmental organizations aimed at the protection of coastal habitats in the Maltese Islands. It also reviews existing legislation and policies concerned with the conservation of natural ecosystems and discusses their effectiveness and the way they are implemented.

The problems encountered in protecting a coastal habitat, formulating and implementing a management plan are illustrated by means of a case study: that of the sandy bay and dunes at Ramla, Gozo.

Ecology and conservation status of Juniperus Phoenicia ssp. Turbinata woodlands in the Huelva dune systems (SW Spain)

M.R. Garcia Mora, J.B. Gallego Fernandez, Y. Hernandez Gallego, J.C. Munoz Reinoso and D. Reyes Diaz

A study of juniper woodlands conservation status at the coast of Huelva (SW Spain) was undertaken. Juniper woodlands represent the original coastal ecosystem of the area. Nowadays, due to human influence, Juniperus phoenicia ssp turbinata only occupy negligible areas.

Our aim was to relate juniper communities to human disturbance. Sample sites were selected according to different protection measures and use. At each location the structure and floristic composition were examined together with information about community diversity, persistence of populations, pressure of use and management strategies. A perturbation index was developed in order to relate juniper woodland status to disturbance regime.

Some differences were detected in juniper population status as well as in shrub and sand macrolichen communities in relation to differences in human pressure and protective measures.

In this work the natural rock arches located along the Orosei gulf(eastern Sardinia, Italy) have been studied by means of a systematic inventory and specific investigations recorded on survey cards, with relative geomorphological maps. The features of theses natural arches (rock type, geological-structural conditions, erosional or concretion forms etc.) have thus been defined. Based on the date collected, each form has been classified according to its formation process, scientific interest and surrounding landscape. It has emerged that the rock arches in this area can for the most part be attributed to karstic morphogenetic processes, influenced to a greater or lesser extent by weathering and, subordinately, by littoral processes. The structural arrangement of the Mesozoic carbonate massif of the Orosei Gulf has also played a significant part in the evolution of these arches. The results are summed up in a map, which shows the areal distribution of the single forms, the degree of scientific or naturalistic interest, and suggestions for the conservation and fruition of the sites in a proper regional planning context, also through the organizations of the nature trails.

1 Hacettepe University, Environmental Research and Application Center, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
² Cukurova Univ., Centre for Environmental Research, Balcali, Adana, Turkey 3 Turkish Atomic Energy Agency, Saray, Ankara, Turkey

In this study the metal contamination of green, brown and red algae samples collected from Mersin and Ulucinar coasts of Mediterranean Sea were studied. The tested algae were : Green - Enteromorpha linza, Enteromorpha intestinalis; Brown - Cystoseira sp. Sargassum vulgare, Padina pavonia, Hypnea sp.; Red - Jania rubens. The analyzed metals were : Ag, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn. The comparison among the algae showed the highest contamination of Ag, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn in brown algae, whilst Hg, Ni in red algae. The comparison of the Aegean, Black Sea and Mediterranean algae revealed that the metal content of algae, excluding Cr, was lower in the Mediterranean Sea algae. In addition, the results were compared with the other data of the world seas.

There is a conception of the using hydrobionts and their metabolites in pest control. It's built on the base of analysis of the unfavorable situation existing in the Black sea coastal zone and author's own investigations. The present suggestions consist of a number of links. First of all, it's development and intensification of research of biologically active metabolites of hydrobionts, specifically microalgae, seaweeds, invertebrates, etc. The available facts prove the existence of microalgae, which can be producents of compounds, oppressing the vital functions of herbivorous insects - Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea), gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and ring silkmoth (Malacosoma neustria). The action of algae can inhibit nutrition, metamorphosis, fat synthesis, growth and reproduction of insects. There are some morphological changes in the larvae, pupae and imago. As a result there is a growth of insects mortality and reduction of their injury. The next step of investigations will be technical elaboration of biological means and preparates, creation of their manufacture and subsequent introduction and application in the integrated systems of plant protection and pest control. This way is more preferable in comparison with the traditional remedies of the pest control, because it's very difficult for pest organisms to be resistant to the non-typical substances. Besides, it will be more economical and profitable. There are vast horizons in the Black Sea coastal region and in the adjoining area for the utilization of their resources of microalgea and the application of this production in the intensive agriculture. The integrated investigations in the field of the utilization of marine inhabitants for the pest control will be mark the beginning of a new system of a plant protection.

Plankton Department, Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Crimea, Ukraine

The impact of urban sewage upon diatom algae has been studied for three years (February 1987-March 1990) at a testing area on the Black Sea shelf adjoining the western coast of the Crimea. Samples have been taken monthly from sea surface above the sewage discharge outlet, in waters polluted with sewage effluent and in unpolluted sea area regarded as a check (control site).

Diatoms totalled 60 species. 34-40 species have been recorded annually that averaged 42-43 % of the total number of phytoplankton species. Diatoms common to the northern shelf of the Black Sea prevailed, half of them were all - the year-round species. Only four mass species have been found any time of a year, the large-celled Rhizosolenia calcar avis Schultze and Cerataulina bergonii Perag. and the small-celled chain-like Sceletonema costatum (Grev.) Cl. and Pseudonitzschia delicatissima Cl. These diatoms induced phytoplankton blooms along the testing area at different seasons.

Absolute values of the numbers and biomass varying, the share contributed by diatoms into the total numbers of phytoplankton averaged 38-44 % and into the total biomass 43-56 %. The abundance of diatoms in general and of the mass species in particular varied depending on season and the extend of pollution.

Department of Physical Geography and Landscapes, Geography Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

Geochemical studies were made to estimate the modern ecological state of the unique submediterranean landscapes of the Black Sea north-eastern coast of Russia. A group of simple and bioindicators. Different parts of typical trees and bushes (leafs, rind, brunches, fruits), lichens, grass were chosen as bioindicators. It is ascertained that the composition of vegetation and soils depends on various natural and anthropogenic factors: the character of migration of elements, soil features, philogenetic and ontogenetic biochemical specialization of plants, the exposition of the slopes, the type of anthropogenic impact. The urban and industry areas are characterized by the formation of anomalies in soils and vegetation. The concentration of Pb and Cd increases along the motorways and parking areas, Cu - in the soils of vineyards. The trend of Cu high concentration retains in ecosystems of former vineyards during some decades.

Coastal study, recovery and management at the Ses Negres Integral Marine Reserve

¹ Centre of Studies of the Sea - CEM, Girona, Spain
² Department of Research and Education of the CEM, Girona, Spain
³ Department of Research and Computers of the CEM, Girona, Spain
⁴ Graphics and Meteorology, CEM, Girona, Spain

The Ses Negres Integral Marine Reserve is an unprecedented endeavor in Spain from the private initiative (NEREO - N.G.O.) in management and conservation of coastal marine species and ecosystems, in an area of the Mediterranean strongly degraded by human activity. Its main objective is to apply a management plan to the coast of Ses Negres for a period of ten years, in an attempt to palliate, reduce or eliminate, wherever possible, damage to the environment caused by human activity. The rhythm and degree of environmental recovery in the area will also be studied. Conservation of these habitats will be made compatible with balanced, stabilized use of the area. This document tries to give a global view of the structure of the Ses Negres project: origin, objectives, functioning and activities derived from the main project.

¹ Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Department, Coastal and Harbor Engineering Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
² Development Bank of Turkey, Directorate of Tourism Incentives for Resource Usage, Kizilay, Ankara, Turkey

Natural beauty, remnants of several ancient civilizations and a marine life of rich diversity are the characteristics of Turkish coasts. Each of these factors has been sufficient enough for the establishment of marine conservation areas and parks. Parallel to this discussion many activities (except scientific activities) have been prohibited for conservation of the cultural values in many coastal areas. On the other hand 12 Specially Protected Areas (SPAs) have been declared in Turkey. 9 of them have coastal components. The total area covered by these 9 SPAs is now larger than the total area covered by all the similar areas in the Mediterranean coasts. In Turkey these areas are managed by considering protection dominantly. Some other special areas (i.e. marine parks) along the Turkish coasts should be declared and managed by balancing protection (ecological benefits) and use (economical benefits). In this paper the marine protected areas (MPAs) with special attention to the Mediterranean basin is discussed, the conservation areas (National Parks, Nature Parks, Nature Conservation Areas, Specially Protected Areas) in Turkey are presented. The developments for establishing marine parks along Turkish coasts are discussed together with the suggestions on the priorities.

Use of protected areas for medicinal plant resource study: Karadag reservation as an example

¹ Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
² All-Russian Scientific Institute of Medicinal Plants, Moscow, Russia

It is convenient to explore the bioecological properties of medicinal plants under reservational conditions. The Karadag reservation can serve as a base for stationary resource study of the South-Eastern Crimea medicinal plants. The reservation flora is rich in medicinal species, but only few of them could be of potentially producers' value. Rosa canina L.S.l. is the most wide-spread medicinal plant in the reservation and adjacent regions. Discussed here are the ecological peculiarities of Rosa canina L.S.l., quantity and productivity of dog-thorn in the associations of its phytocenocomplex, age structure and morphometric features of cenopopulations, vitality, age dynamics of production and diseases. The obtained data could be extrapolated on the adjacent areas.

Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas, Cedex-Moptma, Calle Antonio Lopez, Madrid, Spain

The paper briefly describes the wealth of knowledge concerning maritime engineering achieved by the Roman curatores (engineers) up to the period of the Early Empire. This knowledge was obtained because they knew how to bring together all the technologies of previous civilizations. The study contemplates only three aspects of their knowledge and maritime techniques which are not usually studied: the foundation of breakwaters, topography and cartography and marine climate. The sources employed are: literary, archaeological and other complementary works.

. T o u r i s m .

The Economic and Environmental Impacts of Tourism on the Maltese Islands

1 Lino Briguglio Ph.D (Exeter) Islands and Small States Institute Foundation for International Studies Malta Tel. 0356 248218 Fax. 0356 230551
² Marie Briguglio M.Sc. (Lond) Environmental Management Unit Planning Directorate, Planning Authority Malta Tel. 0356 240976 Fax. 0356 224846

In many small islands, expenditure by tourists generates considerable income and employment throughout the economy. At the same time, however, tourism tends to have undesirable side-effects on the natural environment and on the cultures of the host countries, since tourist activity relies to a very large extent on environmental and cultural services. The debate as to whether or not tourist related activity is beneficial or detrimental to the host country is often discussed within the context of "sustainability" where the emphasis is on carrying capacity, long run viability (Butler 1993) and the general avoidance of "soiling one's own nest". In this paper, the impact of tourism on the Maltese islands will be discussed with regard to these concepts. It will be shown that, like many other small island developing states (SIDS), Malta depends heavily on tourism and therefore the economic and environmental impacts of tourism activity are relatively high. It will be argued that the objective of sustainable tourism is therefore not very easy to attain, and it often involves walking on a very tight rope. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2, which follows this introduction, assesses the economic impact of tourism on the Maltese economy while section 3 deals with environmental impact of tourism on the same islands. Section 4 discusses the issue of sustainable tourism and proposes some pre-emptive and corrective measures for its promotion in the Maltese Islands. Section 5 concludes the paper.

Environmental awareness and tourism in the Caparica Coast and Setubal Peninsul, Portugal

Portugal is a country with a population of around 10 million and can be regarded as one of Europe's poorest nations. Similarly to other Mediterranean countries, tourism is an economic activity of prime relevance to Portugal and a vital aspect of its economy. The relevance of tourism is particularly conspicuous in Caparica Coast and Setubal Peninsul, an area located approximately 30 km south of Lisbon, the country's capital. With a 40 km long coastline which extends itself from the City of Trafaira to Setubal, the area of Setubal Peninsul is visited by hundreds of thousand of Portuguese and foreign tourists. This paper presents the experience gathered through a survey on the levels of awareness regarding the environmental impact of tourism seen in the areas of Caparica Coast and Setubal Peninsul in Portugal. The study involved a sample of schoolchildren from local schools. It identified the fact that there are significant problems in the ways children perceive the local environment, and that the degree of awareness and perception about some of the environmental problems caused by tourism is sometimes relatively low. Recommendations on how to address the problems identified in the study, including information materials prepared with a view to addressing the information needs identified in the survey, are presented.

This article is about the general definition of nature tourism, the benefits and costs it brings with itself, marketing of nature tourism, guidelines for integrating nature tourism properly. After the basic principles about nature tourism, the article goes on about the alternative tourism types used in Turkey and the special project studies related to nature tourism which are promoted in Turkey.

The effects of tourism on coastal settlements in Turkey from the view point of life quality

Gazi University, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Department of City and Regional Planning, Ankara, Turkey

Tourism activities in Turkey are being focused in the coastal regions in general quite as it is the case for the other Mediterranean countries. The regional and local effects of tourism on the coastal regions of the country is a topic being discussed in several platforms in detail and these effects take place in a wide spectrum. Out of these, urban environment shall be the subject of this paper and shall be discussed with its quality of life dimension. In this context, in the paper, the Mediterranean and South Aegean coastal settlements of Turkey are sampled and suggestions are made in line with the interaction between tourism and urban life quality.

Beach user opinions and beach ratings: A pilot study on the Turkish Aegean Coast

R. Morgan¹, B. Bursalioglu², L. Hapoglu-Balas², T.C. Jones¹, E. Ozhan² and A.T. Williams¹

¹ Centre for Environmental Science and Technology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Mid Glamorgan, Wales, UK.
² Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.

At 5 Turkish beaches, socio-demographic parameters, preferences and priorities of 245 beach users were obtained and analyzed. Using a checklist weighted according to stated preferences and priorities of beach users, 45 separate beach aspects were scored at the 5 important tourist beaches of Marmaris Municipality Beach, Dalyan, Fethiye-Calis, Fethiye-Oludeniz, Fethiye-Belcegiz. Percentage rating scores were calculated which ranged from 87% (Fethiye-Oludeniz) to 69% (Marmaris Municipality Beach). Female beach users (n = 130) placed higher priorities on good weather, bathing water temperature and a clean beach environment (p = 0.037) than males (n = 125). A close association was observed between priorities for water clarity, absence of litter, sewage debris, oil and water pollution, and beach safety (p = 0.011). Those preferring to visit larger resorts placed higher priority on provision of seating, lifeguards and refreshment facilities (p = 0.005). Those preferring less commercialized beaches were more concerned about the proximity of industry, commerce and road traffic detracting from their enjoyment of the beach environment. This innovative Beach Quality Rating Scale is the first rating system capable of taking into account and correctly weighing all aspects of beaches which are of importance to beach users in a particular region/country. The Scale described, enables beach users and coastal managers to rate beaches objectively and has implications for Mediterranean tourism and Coastal Zone Management in general.

1 Av. Portal de L'Angel, 08002 Barcelona. Spain.
2 Museu de Gava.Placa Dolors, Gava, Spain.

The construction of coastal walkways in recreational areas can be a way to protect dune ecosystems mainly by reducing extensive trampling. Landscape architecture must deal with the abiotic and biotic processes of the dune system; so a multidisciplinary approach is needed. The Gava coastal walkway has been projected to achieve these goals.

Planning for the future of the national coast: the Albanian coastal area management project

1 Dobbin Milus International, Vienna, Virginia, USA
2 Priority Actions Programme, Kraj sv. Ivana 11, Split, Croatia

The paper gives an overview of the Coastal Zone Management Action Plan for the North and South Coastal Regions of Albania, which was prepared with the support of the World Bank through EU and METAP. Plan was prepared in two phases. The first phase consisted of a comprehensive survey and analysis of both regions, including the activities towards the achievement of the sustainable development in the Albania's coastal zone. In the second phase, priority coastal investment projects have been developed in greater detail providing the potential investors with the solid platform for their interventions. The plan has proven to be a very good example of the integrated approach to the coastal zone management, which could be implemented in other parts of the Mediterranean as well as in other regions of the world.

Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Izmir, Turkey

Tourism is by far the most intense user of coastal land and many of the negative environmental effects of the coastal resorts are created by this activity. In order to bring such effects under control and to maintain a rational use of the littoral there must be serious efforts in physical planning and its implementation. This, in turn , requires an imaginative approach in institutional organization. Above all, what is required is a nation wide sincere belief in planning itself.

Coast renaturalization at West Periphery Of Naples: Morphologic features and landscape design

Dr. Geol. Carlo Donadio ¹ and Dr. Arch. Renata Valente²

1 Geomare Sud - Inst. of Marine Geology,CNR & Earth Science Dept., 1st University of Naples 'Federico II', ITALY
2 Faculty of Architecture, Polytechnic of Milan & 1st University of Naples 'Federico II', ITALY

The study is concentrated on a limited area with complex geological features, where there has been an industrial zone until five years ago; examining samples, historical data and previous researches it has been possible to understand how different environments (beach, dune, marsh) have succeeded in the place. The coast has evoluted quite rapidly, both for natural and anthropogenic changes - man has acted strongly in last two centuries - and still now it is possible to distinguish littoral sectors, with different features. The study of evolution trends and vocations for the area has been leaded to foresee a leisure artificial environment, referring to a wider exam of coastlines typologies and relationships. Reflections on description, analysis and design of the coast are above proposed, against addings and too careless removings in the future coastal zone planning of Coroglio-Bagnoli: a little of refurbishment and reusing, a lot of renaturalization are advised to preserve the signs of the history of a place.

Coastal development in Chilean Mediterranean climate, difficulties in territory use

Institute of Geography, Pontifical Catholic of Chile University, Santiago, Chile

The social and economic development in the Chilean coastal areas, characterized by temperate climate of Mediterranean type, it has been seen limited by several difficulties in use of the territory. A meaningful aspect in land use are five developments periods. The knowledge and analysis of each stage permits to identify advantages and disadvantages in the resources use that offers the nature and in the spatial organization assigned by the inhabitants of area. To beginnings of the century, development of the area finds explanation in the agricultural and cattle raising activities. The spatial organization was explained by the road network and the port facilities of San Antonio. The city-port was the point to reap wheat and dries meat for exports toward Peru and Ecuador, including also regions of Chilean Northern part. In the second decade of the century, attending coal needs of Santiago industries, national government impelled port facilities construction and the installation of a railway to join San Antonio and state capital. Such project was completed in the third decade of the century. The railway opened the are to tourism development in summer period. Were organized resorts near railway stations, such those of Llolleo, San Antonio and Cartagena. This meant to open this activities a coastal strip fifty kilometers length. In the decade of '60s and '70s years, the permanent population impelled development of road network connected to national and regional systems. The permanent inhabitants thought in attracting more and more tourists during summer season. The provincial roads network was connected to Santiago-Valparaiso Highway from Algarrobo. During '80s years the provincial roads network was opened toward the Souhteast and the South. Now the port of San Antonio offered its facilities to fruit export from Southern O'Higgins and Maule regions. The purpose of the contribution is to identify activities and resources in the area without breaking the balance among the several factors that explain economic prosperity in the previous years. The sustainable development is the matter that delineates the facilities and infrastructures qualification for a floating population of 1,5 million peoples during summer period, in front of a permanent population of 115,000 inhabitants in 1995.

Integrated coastal resources analysis, planning and management in South-East Sardinia

1 Town Planning, Dipartimento Ingegneria del Territorio, Universita di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
2 Environmental Geology, Dipartimento Scienze della Terra, Cagliari, Italy

The results are presented of a study conducted in the territory of an administrative unit representative of coastal environments in SE Sardinia and the Mediterranean in general. Pressures induced by human activities over the past few decades have in many cases led to consistent consumption of resources and have produced major environmental impacts. The purpose of the study was to perform an integrated analysis both of the environmental elements and resources as a whole, and of their state of conservation and evolutionary trends. This is in fact a necessary basis for environmental planning as a process leading to rational resources management, with the aim of using their potential to the best advantage while making provision for the conservation of the natural environment and cultural heritage. The analysis was based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) of the area concerned coordinated with a GIS at the regional level. Input consisted of data relating to inventories and basic thematic output constructed through the definition of landscape units. These units are defined as portions of space characterized by a type of array and repetitive combination of elements of the environment and correlated physical, biological and anthropical factors, which make the landscape an indissoluble whole evolving as a unit as the effect of natural processes or those induced by human activities. From the taxonomic viewpoint, land units and geotopes or biogeotopes have also been defined as elements or lower rank making up the landscape units.

The coastal zone of Egypt is now under forceful stress. These persuasions are mostly due to the expansions of coastal activities during the last few years. CZM aims to solve present and future problems in coastal zone by finding a sustainable balance between economic welfare and environmental well-being. This paper aims to review the present status of coastal usages and the problems as well as to find the solutions and suggestions for the current and future problems in Egypt. The total coastline of Egypt is about 3700 km. Coastal areas display wide variations in the coastal related activities (e.g. agricultural, Land reclamation, Industry, Fishing, Communications and harbours, tourist activities, secondary housing, Oil and Gas exploration). Some activities are more developed in some areas than the others (e.g. tourist activities in the Red Sea; Oil and Gas in the gulf of Suez; Industry at Alexandria; Fishing in coastal lagoons;). Accordingly a CZM program should be developed for each province. Rapid urbanization of the coast; pollution, hazard to underwater life; loss of wet land; overfishing and coastal erosion are among the most serious problems affecting the coastal developments in the Egyptian realm. Different projects had been developed in order to obtain the best purpose for each local. The new environmental Law (number 4/1994) had been established in order to overcome the conflicting and lack of laws before.

Some aspects of coastal zone management in Bulgaria during the transition period 1985- 1995

This paper is focused on the aspects of coastal zone management in Bulgaria during the period 1985-1995 including: - Conservation of the biological diversity - Role of the wetlands as biodiversity incubators - Management of the protected areas - Development of tourism - Alternatives of the ecotourism - Cultural and historical heritage - NGO's participation in coastal zone management.

For each of the aspects mentioned above some details are given regarding:
- Existing problems , conclusions and comparison between the following three periods : to 1989, 1989-1991 and 1991-1995 and - Recommendations for future development and mechanisms to apply solutions with respect to the existing technical and economic potential.

Nicos G. Iacovou (1), Xenia I. Loizidou (2), Cornelis H. Hulsbergen (3) and Frank M.J. Hoozemans

1 Executive Engineer I, Head of Coastal Unit, Public Works Department, Ministry of Communications and Works, Nicosia, Cyprus
2 Coastal Engineer, Coastal Unit, Public Works Department, Cyprus
3 Project Managers Coastal Zone Management Group, delft hydraulics, PO Box 152, 8300 AD Emmeloord, The Netherlands

The coastal zone is an area of vital economic importance for Cyprus. It covers only 13% of the island's area but it is the base of 90% of the tourist industry, which is the main economic activity of Cyprus. Nowadays, the coastlines of Cyprus are under increasing pressure of economic development, partly tourism development. Erosion of the coastline due to natural and man- made causes, and shortage of fine sandy beaches, have led to the construction of many (sometimes illegally implemented) structures such as groynes and breakwaters. There is a growing concern about the long term effects of these developments on the environment of the coastal zone.

Therefore, under the medspa program of the eu, the Government of Cyprus (Ministry of Communications and Works, Public Works Department) and delft hydraulics have jointly started a project "Coastal Zone Management for Cyprus" in 1992. The project has a duration of 30 months and is expected to finish by December 1995.

This paper discusses the set-up of the Project, its main objectives and its targets, and its significance for Cyprus. The experience of the first two years of the Project is also discussed, together with the prospective for the implementation of the coastal policy guidelines which were formulated.

National Coasts and Estuaries Advisory Group, High Newton, Newton, Swansea, W. Glamorgan, U.K.

Two important UK initiatives concerning Coastal Zone Management include the Directory of Coastal Planning and Management Initiatives in England (NCEAG, 1994) and the best Practice Guide for the preparation of Coastal Zone Management Plans commissioned by the Department of the Environmental (DoE, 1995). This paper describes both initiatives and outlines some provisional principles for the practice of CZM, and considers their relevance to the Mediterranean. Finally reference is made to a proposal for a European demonstration project promoted by Esturiales.

A sample of approach to ICZM in the Spanish coast: 3 km. of coastal restoration in Cambrils (Tarragona)

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) may be understood as a comprehensive approach to the many actions addressed to a right management of the coastal area, whichever extend has the meaning of last concept. This paper aims to show a sample of an engineering action developed taking into account the principles of ICZM, although only a few aspects concerning to the whole concept were actually tackled. Brief descriptions of key concepts involved in the paper, such as coastal management and integration in coastal management, as far as necessary to frame their meaning in this paper, are firstly described. Physical and social conditions in this specific case constitute previous knowledge to figure out the environment where the described actions take place. Once previous situation is learned, the paper discusses why and how were implemented the engineering actions, and until what extend they are meaningful with respect to the desired integration in the coastal activity.

The attraction to the Mediterranean coastal zone has always been particularly important for the urban population as well as for the development of tourism and industrial activities. Urbanization on the coastal zone is likely to increase dramatically in the coming future; in particular in the southern part where the most part of the population growth will be concentrated. This paper is dealing with various initiatives calling for the development of coordinates strategies in view of allocating resources for sustainable conservation of the Mediterranean coastal zone. The question is one of integrated management of that zone which Rio Conference calls for and advises states to implement as quickly as possible. Experiences in course around the Mediterranean and few methodological aspects for the achievement of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Programme.

Institut Agronomique et Veterinaire Hassan II, Department of Pharmacie Toxicologie, Rabat, Morocco

The geographical situation of Morocco provides the country with a large coastal zone (3500 km) on both the Atlantic and Mediterranean sides. This coastal zone is the most valuable economic and environmental assets of the country. The major economic growth centers in the country are located in these area which is putting a lot of pressure on the coastal environment. In recent years the liberalization of the economy and the adoption of Market-oriented economic program has led to an increase in industrial and agricultural production without putting the protection of the environment as a component of development in these programs. This increase in the production has been associated with an increase in the use of various toxic chemicals that found their way to the coastal waters resulting in deleterious effects to living resources, human activities and hazards to human health.

This paper will describes the major coastal uses in Morocco and will put emphasis on some important issues interfering with an integrated coastal zone management.

The small islands of the Mediterranean: development issues and environmental management

Dipartimento di Analisi Economica e Sociale del Territorio Istituto Universitario di Architettura di Venezia, Venezia, Italy

For centuries islands were the outposts of Mediterranean civilization. They not only played a vital role in developing the original cultures, but were also the indispensable footholds for subsequent great empires which for millennia came and went on the shores of the internal sea. The islands' central political and economic position lasted until the late 19th century, when changes in production modes, markets and, above all, means of transport irreversibly altered their role within the economic and cultural system of the Mediterranean region. Although stripped of their economic and political importance, the islands have remained in the collective imagination of Mediterranean people as mythical sites because of their history and beauty. These are the unique and invaluable elements underlying the recent tourist development of the islands, mainly, though not wholly, promoted by the tourist industry. Today the islands are almost synonymous with tourism - with all the attendant beneficial and harmful consequences. These consequences will be even more deeply felt as European and international tourism's demand for leisure and environmental quality continues to grow. The complex nature of the history, the cultural diversity and the varied environment of the Mediterranean islands means that any general accounts are fraught with difficulties and prone to vagueness. Nonetheless, this paper sets out to reconstruct some of the common features in ancient and recent events in the hope that they may prove useful in identifying current trends in the transformations shaping the future of the region.

Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics, Foundation for International Studies, University of Malta, Valletta, Malta

Islands represent systems typified by isolation, fragility and an open economy. Their sensitive coastal zones, rich in their isolation, are increasingly threatened by aspects of mass tourism and pollution; the latter could either be the unavoidable cross boundary types of pollutants and global impacts of climate change or otherwise self imposed by the islanders themselves in a bid to further develop their economy. The often weak economic and technological state of most small islands and often poor local understanding of the intricate mechanisms at play in the coastal zone, prevents them from applying known integrated coastal zone management practices, thus highlighting the need for a concerted action by regional and international fora to approach this question.

The Application of Economic Instruments in Coastal Zone Management in Turkey

In Turkey, the economic instruments are widely applied, in order to protect, rehabilitate and develop the environment within the frame of environmental management. This paper deals with the economic instruments which are specifically used in the coastal zone management by taking the Environmental Law, the Coastal Law and their related Regulations in to consideration.

Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Science, Trabzon, Turkey

This paper deals with techno-economic evaluation of Turkish purse-seine vessels operated in the Black Sea in anchovy fishing. A computer simulation model has been developed to study the behaviour of this particular vessels under various designs and operational conditions. The data used in this study have been obtained from oral interviews with the local fishermen, local shipyards where vessels under investigation are built, official statistics and the author's observations in fishing operations. The SLAM II computer program has been used to run the model. To perform the economical evaluation a 'sensitivity analysis' has been carried out, using the 'internal rate of return' as a measure of merit.

Territorial diagnosis and proposals for coastal planning and management: the role of participation as a new trend for sustainable development

CEM, Departament de Geografia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

The object of this communication is to present an on-going experience of collaboration amongst the local administration, the inhabitants, the local associations and the university. This experience is meant to promote a collective debate about which environmental, economic and social factors may favor the transition to more sustainable forms of development. Its aims consist of tackling the local environmental problems and rationalizing the uses of the territory, making concrete methodological proposals for highly vulnerable open coastal areas, taking into account the ecological, cultural and social values. This project is being held in the coastal area of Catalonia, between the municipalities of Cubelles and Sitges (Marina of Aiguadolc) and in the low basin of the Foix river. Every step of the project involves the participation of the interested actors, and the role of local administration is especially relevant. On-going contacts and exchanges are necessary to make this participation work.

Population, basic resources in the development of the coastal areas: province of San Antonio, Chile
M. Gangas-Geisse and H. Santis-Arenas

Institute of Geography, Pontificial Catholic of Chile University, Casilla, Santiago, Chile

Is estimated that the population of the province of San Antonio, V Region of Valparaiso, it is the basic resource to support its economic, social and cultural development. This involves to know certain fundamental aspects, such as, its demographic characteristics, its socioeconomic characteristics and its standard of life. Such variable are represented and analyzed quantitative and cartographic way.

Integrated coastal zone management: Phare and Tacis Black Sea regional training programme

Posford Duvivier Environment, Rightwell House, Bretton, Peterborough, England

The European Union's Phare and Tacis Programmes have initiated a training programme in five of the Black Sea countries. Participants from Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine are receiving training in integrated coastal zone management, environmental impact assessment and environmental audit. Throughout the training programme the trainers and facilitators are helping participants develop an understanding of ICZM as a process. Coastal management tools such as conflict resolution, policy making, etc. will be highlighted. The role of individual scientific parameters and the need for and means of, their integration within the terms of sustainable resource use is also being identified and developed in a suitable manner for each country and the region as a whole.

Along side the training programme, a public awareness activity is being undertaken in each of the countries.

This paper identifies the key lessons learned from the capacity building and development of ICZM suitable for the Black Sea countries in the contest of economic change. As the author of this paper is the ICZM and Public Awareness specialist on the Tacis/Phare funded project, the paper pays particular attention to these aspects as well as the general design and management of the project. The paper concentrates less on the specifics of the EIA and environmental audit component of the training. Existing and developing situations will be contrasted and compared and evolving approaches towards ICZM in the Black Sea region will be discussed.

MEDCOAST Institute: Med-Campus Certificate Program on coastal zone management in the Mediterranean / Black Sea - Two years experience

Medcoast Permanent Secretariat, Middle East Technical University, 06531, Ankara Turkey

MEDCOAST Institute, which offers a condensed dynamic training program on the theme of "Coastal Zone Management in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea", has been organized by MEDCOAST Network twice at international level (in 1994 and 1995) by utilizing generous financial support provided through the Med-Campus program of the EC. The Institute which provides "hand-on" training to participants who are selected based on their backgrounds and job positions, is the most important effort of the human resource development component of MEDCOAST Initiative.

A study was carried out in Bradford, UK in 1993/1994 (see Appendix 1). The objective of the study was to investigate the environmental education opportunities available to adults in the City of Bradford Metropolitan Council District through non-formal leisure activities. Specifically, the study sought to determine the trends in, and examine the extent of, environmental interpretation in the region based on direct observation of a selection of green open spaces in the Bradford District. Following on from this, the study aimed to assess the potential for more facilities or the scope for an improved service for local people and visitors to the area.

The project investigated thirteen areas, including woodland, moorland and urban fringe habitats all of which are used to a greater or lesser extent for informal recreation activities by local people and visitors from further afield. The main conclusion drawn from the study was that the provision of environmental education materials in outdoor leisure areas in Bradford is currently low. It was also noted that information and publicity about the activities or facilities available in the area is fragmented to such an extent that it is not easily accessible to the general public or visitors to the area. This may also reflect a pattern seen elsewhere in the UK.

One recommendation emerging from the study was the need to provide greater access to information in order to raise environmental awareness and catalyze sustainable tourism. It is suggested that a guide to the environmental education facilities in the region for local people and for visitors to the area should be produced.

Integrated coastal management is stressed in Agenda 21, the strategy document produced by the 1992 U.N. Conference on Environment and Development. Although a non-binding agreement, efforts continue to be made to maintain the momentum and many coastal states and island nations are striving to introduce integrated coastal management (ICM). An outcome of this activity has been an increased demand for technical assistance and training to develop national policies and programs, and countries with a history of ICM are being looked to for assistance. The United States, with the introduction of the Coastal Zone Management Act in 1972, has a longer history of coastal, estuary and bay management than most, and is attempting to respond to this need, particularly in the field of training.

In 1985, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) initiated the Coastal Resources Management Project (CRMP) with an intention to make this experience available to developing countries. Through its CRMP, USAID became a global leader in advancing ICM and associated training in developing countries. Crucial to this process was USAID's unique knowledge of the socioeconomic and political context of its partnerships.

As the CRMP got underway, the United States began a new experiment in governance of coastal ecosystems, the National Estuary Program (NEP). Administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the NEP structure and process offered an alternate management model. The NEP approach complemented that employed by AID's CRMP since it was designed to make more effective use of existing laws, regulations and programs, a need which also exists in coastal developing nations, and included consensus building, public outreach and a phased approach to planning that integrates science and policy in public decision making.

In 1994, the USAID and the USEPA, recognized that by combining the experience gained through the NEP and CRMP, they were well placed to provide some of the experience needed to satisfy the growing demand for training in ICM, particularly as relating to bay and estuary management. As a consequence, the two agencies signed an Interagency Agreement in an initiative to assist developing countries by providing training activities for practitioners to help advance and accelerate the sound management and sustainable development of coastal and estuarine environments worldwide.

This paper will briefly describe the National Estuary Program and the Coastal Resources Management Project, which provides the background for this initiative. It will then describe the process leading up to the design of an international training workshop based on the experience gained and lessons learned from these projects. In conclusion, the results of that process will be described in a detailed overview of the first International Training Workshop on Bay and Estuary Management to be held in April 1996.

Institute of Legal Studies on the International Community, National Research Council, Rome, Italy

The output of the 1992 Conference (UNCED) has underlined new trends in the evolution of international environmental law at the regional and global level. Some principles of international law on sustainable development have emerged and, among them, the principle of common but differentiated responsibility of States, contained in Principle 7 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. This principle overturns Principle 24 of the Stockholm Declaration: States shall co-operate in conserving, protecting, and restoring the environment not on an equal footing but taking in due account the different levels of development, and the different (past, present, and future) contributions to the global degradation of the Earth ecosystem. Developed countries have, in this respect, the main responsibility in view of the pressure their societies place on the environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command. This principle has two main consequences from the legal point of view: it allows a double regime of States rights and obligations in international conventions devoted to sustainable development and it requires from developed countries the maximum effort in financing the related activities. The emerging principles of international law on sustainable development have been partially endorsed by the instruments adopted at the Barcelona Conference of June 1995. The Resolution on Environment and Sustainable Development contains only general commitments, while the third part of MAP Phase II, concerning the institutional and financial arrangements, is rather inconsistent with the Rio outcome. The legal instruments, mainly the amended Barcelona Convention and the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean, present few novelties from the sustainable development point of view. In conclusion, the author believes that the Region must make a more determined contribution to this new objective of the international community in the next decade, in order to face the challenge posed by the sustainable development of our common mediterranean heritage.

University of Valencia, Department of Public International Law, Valencia, Spain

This paper deals with the study of those international conventions concerning specially protected areas and biological diversity that are applicable in the Mediterranean basin. After an Introduction, those international treaties that are applicable to the Mediterranean Basin, but are not expressly confined to it, are analyzed in section II. Under section III, a special mention is made to the approach on and the evolution of these matters contained in the Mediterranean political and legal tools.

A comparative analysis and critical assessment of the regimes to manage the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

The Harbor and Coastal Center, The University of Massachusetts - Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

Twenty years elapsed between the creation of the Mediterranean Regional Sea Programme in 1973 and the initiation the Black Sea Environmental Programme (BSEP) in 1993. Although the two Seas are interconnected, each Sea -- and their associated drainage basins are very different in terms of geographic characteristics, the composition of the member nations, and the institutional design of the planning and management arrangement. Over a seventeen year time span, most aspects of the MAP have provided a rich experience in the planning and management of a regional sea. Much of this experience has and is being applied to the BSEP. Information is also flowing from the innovations in the institutional design of the BSEP back to MAP.

As the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) approaches its twentieth anniversary, there is a growing concern among the ocean and coastal management community for a critical evaluation of its accomplishments -- particularly measurable outcomes, such as land based and non-land based pollution, coastal recreation and tourism, protected areas, migratory wildlife, and international fisheries. The BSEP will also soon have to assess the potential benefits and costs of program implementation. Next year the program will apply for international support for its implementation stage. Given a number of factors, it may be difficult for the BSEP to demonstrate to the international assistance community, a net socio-economic benefit will derived from program implementation. In our life time at least, it may not be possible to "save" the Black Sea.

The Mediterranean after the 1995 convention. The historical sense of a turnaround point

International Centre for Coastal and Ocean Policy Studies, ICCOPS, Genoa, Italy.

The objective of the paper is to focus on the current changing phase in the Mediterranean policy. In this context it is worthy of consideration that the Mediterranean co-operation has developed along two tracks: the Action Plan, adopted in 1975, and the Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution, adopted the year after. The spectrum of the objectives of the Action Plan was designed in wider terms than that of the Convention. As a consequence, during its two decades of development the Mediterranean co-operation was based not only on the pursuit of pollution-related goals, but also on that referring to the establishment of protected areas and coastal area management, which are concerned only with the 1975 Action Plan. In the meantime socio-economic investigations have been carried out and scenarios have been built.

According to the resolution adopted in 1993 by the Eighth Ordinary Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention again two tracks arose. On the one hand, the Convention and its related protocols were amended with the aim of designing a new convention consistent with the resolution from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. On the other hand, the Mediterranean Agenda 21 (Med Agenda 21), parallel to the UNCED Agenda 21, was formulated. The Ninth Ordinary Meeting of the Contracting Parties and the Plenipotentiaries Meeting to the Barcelona Convention adopted the amended Convention, entitled Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean.

The main innovations of the newly adopted Convention consist of : i) the claim that the environmental policy should aim at the preservation of biodiversity, so the ecosystem as a whole, especially its food webs, is expected to be regarded as a core subject of ongoing Mediterranean co-operation; ii) the inclusion of integrated coastal area management into the spectrum of actions, so strong collaboration, mainly concerned with Priority Action Programme/Regional Activity Centre (MAP/PAP/RAC), is expected to be developed.

When the mechanisms of the two Conventions are considered to their whole extent their efficiency is to be evaluated. The main question which should be considered by both the decision-making centres and the scientific community is whether the efficiency of the first Convention was satisfactory and how much efficiency could be achieved by the new one.

Budget Models for the Evolution of Deltas Definition of Processes and Scales

M. Capobianco¹, Josa A. Jimenez², Agustin Sanchez-Arcilla² and Marcel Stive³

1 R&D, Environment, Tecnomare SpA, San Marco 3584, 30124, Venezia, Italy. Tel: +39 41 796711, Fax: +39 41 796800, E-Mail: cpbncm01@cidoc.iuav.unive.it
2 ILIM, Catalonia Univ. of Technology, c Gran Capita' s/n, 08034, Barcelona, Spain. Tel: +34 3 4016468, Fax: +34 3 4017357, E-Mail: jimenez@etseccpb.upc.es
3 Delft Hydraulics, NCK, P.O. Box 152, 8300 AD Emmeloord, The Netherlands. Tel: +31 5274 2922, Fax: +31 5274 3573, E-Mail: marcel.stive@wldelft.nl

Global climatic change is taking place and it will likely affect Mediterranean deltas and other low-lying coastal regions in terms of relative sea level rise, salinity increase and changes in temperature and weather patterns and of river discharge regime. This will have serious implications on the natural resources of the deltaic areas and on the related economic activities. The MEDDELT project focuses on three northwestern Mediterranean deltas, the Ebro Delta (Spain), the Rhone Delta (France) and the Po Delta (Italy) in an attempt to cover the lack of understanding about their integral functioning. The main objective is to determine the vulnerability and response of these deltaic systems to large scale change phenomena, such that informed decision making can be made. In order to do this we make combined use of existing and new field measurements (accretion, sedimentation, soil formation, coastal fringe response) and of integrated (physical/ecological) conceptual models of deltaic behaviour having socio- economics scenarios as boundary conditions. The paper illustrates the methodological effort which is being undertaken in order to organize a modelling system that can be used to conduct budget computations at various scales with reference to the most significant processes. The final objective that appears at the horizon is the implementation of a simulation environment to handle the evaluation of different scenarios.

Impact of Climate Change on the Evolution of the Po Delta Plain. Framework for the Definition of Boundary Conditions

1 R&D, Environment Technomare SpA, San Marco, Venezia, Italy
2 Instituto Universitario di Architettura di Venezia , DSTR, Tolentini, Venezia, Italy
3 University of Padova, Instituto di Costruzioni Marittime, Padova, Italy

We briefly describe the main characters of the Po Delta and recall the main aspects of its morphological evolution. Then the paper presents the reference schemes that are being used to define scenarios for both the environmental forcings and the possible changes in land use and socio-economic conditions for the Po Delta area and having in mind both the definition of the medium and long term trends and changes in extremes.

Boundary conditions refers to modelling, and in particular to the needs to be satisfied by models that will be used in the framework of the MEDDELT project in order to quantitatively evaluate physical and ecological processes and qualitatively assess the role of anthropogenic factors.

The resulting framework hereby introduced allows for the definition of the boundary conditions and/or inputs which are needed for the computation of indicators and for the subsequent utilization of balance models which will be used to evaluate the deltaic behavior under the proposed scenarios.

The paper has the character of a discussion document and presents reference considerations and preliminary evaluations that, as such, are subject to change and adaptation.

The sediment budget for the Ebro Delta Coast is calculated at different time and space scales: long-term (several years) and episodic (aperiodic). The contribution of each component to the global sediment budget and the global coastal response is identified and quantified.

1 Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences and Coastal Ecology Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
2 CNRS URA 1451, Equipe DESPID, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Arles, France
3 Dept. d'Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

In deltas, subsidence leads to a relative sea level rise (RSLR) which is often much greater than eustatic rise alone. Because of high RSLR, deltaic wetlands will be affected early by an acceleration of eustatic sea level rise. If there is sufficient vertical accretion, wetlands can continue to exist with RSLR, however lack of sediment input eventually leads to excessive water logging and plant death. Areas with low tidal range such as the Mediterranean and Gulf of Mexico are especially vulnerable to rising water levels because the elevation growth range of coastal vegetation is related to tide range. Reduction of suspended sediments in rivers and prevention of wetland flooding by river dikes and impoundments have reduced sediment input to Mediterranean and Gulf of Mexico deltaic wetlands. This sediment deficit will become more important with an acceleration in sea level rise from global warming. Most sediment input occurs during strong pulsing events such as river floods and storms, and management policies and decisions are especially designed to protect against such events. Management approaches must be reoriented to take advantage of pulsing events to nourish marsh surfaces with sediments. We hypothesize that deltas can be managed to withstand significant rates of sea level rise by taking advantage of pulsing events which lead to high sediment input and that this type of management approach will enhance ecosystem functioning.

1 Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
2 Biotecnica, Viale Garibaldi, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
3 Consorzio Venezia Nuova, Venice, Italy

Over the past century, Venice Lagoon has experienced a high rate of wetland loss and a strong net export of sediments; nowadays the local Authority (Magistrato alle Acque di Venezia -MAV-) is running several projects for beneficial use of dredging materials. From March 1993 until March 1995, the accretionary response of wetlands in the lagoon to changing water levels was studied. Vertical accretion, short term sedimentation, and surface elevation change were measured at six sites with varying sediment availability and wave energy. Short term sedimentation averaged 6.85 g/m²/d with a minimum of 0.06 g and a maximum of 72 g during periods of high tides and storms. Over two years accretion ranged from 0.3 to 2.3 cm yr-1 and surface elevation change ranged from +0.7 to -3.7 cm yr-1. The sites with highest accretion were near a river mouth and a site with strong wave energy and rapid erosion of the marsh edge with a high resuspended sediment availability. A marsh created with dredged spoil had a high rate of elevation loss due mainly to compaction. The rate of accretion at three sites was clearly sufficient to offset relative sea level rise, but a saline site with low sediment availability had the lowest accretion. A sediment fence significantly increased accretion at one site. The results suggest that reduction of turbulent motion or increasing sediment availability are needed to offset wetland loss indifferent areas of the lagoon.

The Ebro Delta, Spain: water and sediment management in the context of relative sea level rise

1 Departament d'Ecologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
2 Department of Oceanography and Coastal sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
3 Consultat Geologist, Deltebre, Catalonia, Spain 4 Depatament de Botanica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

Deltas are particularly sensitive to sea level rise because most are subsiding and this, in addition to eustatic sea level rise, leads to a relative sea level rise (RSLR) rate which is often much greater than eustatic rise. If wetlands and agricultural low lands in deltas do not accrete vertically at a rate equal to the rate of RSLR, they will become stressed due to waterlogging and salinity increase, and ultimately disappear. The Ebro Delta is one of the most important wetland areas in the western Mediterranean. Between 40 and 50% of the delta is below 0.5 m and part of the southern margin of the delta is at mean sea level in an area protected by dikes. Preliminary estimates of mean rates of subsidence in the Ebro Delta ranges between 2 and 5 mm yr-1, whereas eustatic sea level rise has been evaluated at 1-2 mm yr-1. Thus, the mean range of RSLR rate in the Ebro Delta must range between 3 and 6 mm yr-1. Measured accretion rates in the delta range from 4 mm yr-1 in the wetlands surrounding the river mouth to less than 0.1 mm yr-1 in impounded salt marshes and rice fields. The annual sediment deficit in the deltaic plain to offset RSLR is close to 1 million m³ yr-1. Accretion rates in the rice fields prior to the construction of large dams in the Ebro watershed where higher than RSLR rates, ranging between 3 and 15 mm yr -1. Presently, more than 99 % of the riverine sediments are retained in the reservoirs and rice fields are losing about 0.2 mm yr-1. Future management plans in the Ebro Delta should take into account the problem of RSLR, and include a comprehensive management of freshwater and sediment from the river in order to offset negative effects such as waterlogging and salt intrusion. This is a sustainable way to maintain land elevation in a RSLR scenario, simulating the supply of sediment to the deltaic plain produced by river floods before the construction of dams and dikes. In the case of the Ebro Delta, a management approach of diversions of river water to the delta plain must include a partial removal of sediments trapped behind the dams of Ribarroja and Mequinenca. The removal of sediments from these reservoirs is feasible for several reasons. These dams which retain most of the sediment transported by the lower reach of the river, are the last ones within the watershed, and its distance to the sea is not large (about 100 km). Stocks and inputs of sediment within both reservoirs are large enough to produce significant accretion rates in the whole deltaic plain. Present stocks are equivalent to a sediment thickness over the deltaic plain (excluding spits and lagoons) of about 50 cm. Technology to bypass and transport sediments is available. Advantages of this solution include: new sediments to the delta to offset subsidence (via rice fields) and coastal retreat, enhanced delta functioning (productivity and nutrient processing), avoids the accumulation of sediments within the reservoirs, and is a solution to offset negative environmental impacts due to the suppression of solid inputs. From this point of view, it is very important to make a careful management of river discharges at the dams, because nowadays only the hydropower and agricultural requirements are considered. It is also crucial to maintain periods with high discharge, to have enough river energy to transport as much sediments as possible. This issues should be considered in future hydrological plans of the Spanish government.

J.A. Jimenez¹, M. Capobianco², S. Suanez³, P. Ruol⁴, P.Fraunie⁵, M.J.F. Stive⁶

1 Laboratorie d'Enginyeria Maritima, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 2 R&D Environment, Tecnomare SpA, Italy
3 Universite de Provence, France
4 Universita di Padova, Italy
5 Universite de Toulon et du Var, France
6 Netherlands Centre for Coastal Research , Delft Hydraulics, The Netherlands

The physical functioning of the deltaic plains and of the coastal fringes of the Ebro, Po and Rhone Deltas is known to be fundamentally based on the same kind of constituent processes. This knowledge, however, is rather more qualitative than quantitative specially as far as the complexity of the spatial distribution is concerned. One of the objectives of the MEDDELT project is to define a methodology for the analysis of the deltaic functioning and to give a first quantitative assessment of deltaic plain processes on the one hand and to the coastal fringe processes on the other for these three Mediterranean Deltas. The present work, by making reference to common aspects and to some particularities of the three deltas, aims to introduce the approaches which are being undertaken to assess coastal fringe processes from a quantitative perspective and focusing on a hierarchy of scales.

A numerical approach to study hydrodynamics and morphological evolution of a lagoon inlet

L. D'Alpaos (*), A. Defina (*), B. Matticchio (+), P. Ruol (**), M. Sclavo (**)

(*) University of Padova, Istituto di Idraulica, Via Loredan, 20 - 35131 Padova - Italy. tel:+39 49 8275428 ; fax:+39 49 8275446
(**) University of Padova, Istituto di Costruzioni Marittime, Via Ognissanti, 39 - 35139 Padova - Italy. tel:+39 49 8071299; fax:+39 49 8073467
(+) Ipros Ingegneria Ambientale, Corso del Popolo, 8 - 35100 Padova - Italy. tel:+39 49 660647; fax:+39 49 660311

In this paper a methodology for studying the complex situation represented by lagoon inlets is suggested. The outer conditions must be defined starting from the offshore wave conditions and can be based on the use of a suitable mathematical model able to propagating the deep water waves to the coastal zone. Such model (known as HISWA) includes generative and dissipative effects due to winds and currents, bottom friction (that is of great importance in such studies) and wave breaking. After propagating waves to shallow waters it is possible to evaluate wave-driven forces and bottom velocities in the zone close to the lagoon inlets. The current field inside the lagoon and close to the inlets is computed separately through a 2D finite element mathematical model that solves the vertically integrated momentum and continuity equations for shallow free surface flows taking into account the wave-driven forces calculated by HISWA. The paper also presents an application of the described methodology to a real field case concerning the Barbamarco lagoon in the Po river delta, Italy.

Laboratoire de Sondages Electrromagnetiques de l'Environnement Terrestre (LSEET), Universite de Toulon et du Var, La Garde Cedex, France

The three-dimensional computation of the circulation and of the suspended matter transport off the Rhone mouth is presented here. The dependence of the plume flow on turbulent mixing is first investigated. Wind effect is then added in order to reproduce real conditions encountered during a field campaign performed by the LSEET. Numerical results concerning the suspended matter are than compared with experimental data and this confrontation reveals itself encouraging.

S. Arnoux-Chiavassa, A. Baeckeroot, N. Baghdadi, P. Broche, J.L. Devenon, P. Forget, J. Gaggelli, J.C. De Maistre, S. Ouillon, V. Rey and G. Rougier

Laboratoire de Sondages Electromagnetiques de l'Environment Terrestre, Universite de Toulon et du Var, La Garde Cedex, France

The aim of this paper is to present a field campaign which took place during one month, on November 1994, off the Rhone River mouth. This campaign had for objective the survey of the evaluating circulation in the offshore zone due to the interaction between the Liguro-Provencal Current, the Rhones's plume and the dominant winds. In situ measurements, (hydrology, currents, salinity, water temperature, suspended matter concentration..) were carried out and the evaluation of the plume in terms of position, thickness and coefficients mixing can be related to variations of the forcing parameters (climate, Rhone's flow rate).

F.A. Comin¹, M. Martin¹, M. Menendez¹, J.A. Romero¹, J.A. Herrera-Silveira²

1 Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
2 CINVESTAV-IPN, Cordemex, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico

Tancada is a shallow (average depth 37 cm) and small (1.8 km²) coastal lagoon in the Delta of the Ebro River (NE Spain) which has been submitted to different management practices since 1990 as a consequence of agricultural regulatory developments. The objective of this paper is to describe the consequences of these management of these practices in the water quality and the biological community of the lagoon and to present management practices which could be put in operation at low cost to achieve an improvement in the ecological characteristics of the lagoon.

Based on its geomorphology and hydrography, two basins (West and East basins) connected by a narrow strait can be distinguished in the lagoon. The longest axis of the lagoon is parallel to the sea coast with water exchanges take place in both basins through several channels in each basin. Fresh water inflows through drainage channels from rice fields take place only in the West basin.

Differences observed in hydrological (freshwater inputs and water turnover), chemical (dissolved inorganic nutrients in the water) and biological (phytoplankton, macroalgae and submerged rooted macrophytes) variables studied in 1990-91 and 1992-93 indicate that high freshwater inputs decrease the conductivity of the water in the lagoon from 30 mS cm-1 to 15 mS cm-1 in one month and at the same time increased dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorous (SRP) concentrations in the water, reaching maxima of 50 micrometer and 9 micrometer, respectively, at the peaks of the fresh water discharges. During the periods of high freshwater discharge, phytoplankton increased its populations (maximum of 50 mg chlorophyll a m-3) and experiment pulses related to external nutrient inputs.

In contrast during periods of no freshwater inputs and very low water exchange with the sea, conductivity increases over the sea water (60 mS cm-1) nutrient concentrations in the water of the lagoon are much lower (maxima of 5 micro M DIN and 1.5 micro M SRP). Phytoplankton is much lower (10 mg chlorophyll a m-3) and huge amounts of macroalgae develop during summer depleting submerged rooted populations of macrophytes and phytoplankton. Macroalgae (including Chaetomorpha, Cladophora, and Ulva species) occupy large areas of the lagoon during these periods and reach in some places higher biomasses than macrophytes (Ruppia). These differences between the two basins of the lagoon during two years with different water regime suggest that an intermediate water (with low nutrient concentrations) between no freshwater inflows and heavy freshwater discharges would improve the characteristics of the water in the lagoon, allowing submerged rooted macrophytes, which are the basis for a well structured trophic web, to develop extensive and permanent populations. The objective of decreasing the nutrient concentrations in the freshwater discharged in the lagoon can be achieved using small areas of marshes dominated by emergent macrophytes as filters of nutrients in the surroundings of the lagoon. Experiments performed "in situ" (in 5000 m² experimental marshes demonstrated that between 79 and 98% of the nitrogen and -300 and 90% of the phosphorous in the water from rice fields can be retained in marshes before the water reaches the lagoon.

The combination of using marshes to filter nutrients in the freshwater discharged into the lagoon and an adequate water regime avoiding huge discharges in a short period of time would improve water characteristics in the lagoon and would permit the development of a biological community based on submerged rooted macrophytes which will give support to fish and aquatic bird populations.

Institut de Ciencies del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Joan de Borbo s/n, Barcelona, Spain

The Ebro Delta evolution has been controlled by natural and man-induced factors during the last centuries. Deforestation of its drainage basin favoured a fast progradation of the deltaic system until this century when many dams were constructed along the Ebro River and its tributaries. As the sediment load of the river has been retained in the dams, the river sediment discharge has been drastically reduced and erosive processes have become dominant in the Ebro Delta coast. This situation is producing a reshaping of the nearshore deltaic area and a redistribution of the pre- existing beach sediment. In addition, a relative sea level rise could occur, either by increase of the subsidence rate or by a global climatic warming , both caused by natural and man-induced factors. If this conditions continue in the future, severe changes will take place in the Ebro Delta coast.

River mouths, including deltas, estuaries and an open nearshore, are the most changeable and ecologically vulnerable geographical objects. The investigations of delta processes are of a great scientific and practical interest in connection with use, protection and regulation of their abundant natural resources. The natural and anthropogenic changes in the river and sea regime result in the disturbance in the sediment balance at the river mouths and lead to the changes in the delta formation processes, deltaic morphology and ecology. The paper deals with the investigations of the deltas at the mouths of the Danube and Rioni Rivers. In the last 250 years the most intensive deposition of the Danube sediments took place at the mouth of the Chilia branch of the Danube delta. Here so called Chilia delta has been formed. The evolution of the Rioni delta included two periods: the old delta formation and the new delta formation. The new delta began to be formed in 1939 after the artificial diversion of the river flow in a new direction. The old delta began to be destroyed by the sea waves. The formation of the Chilia delta at the Danube mouth and the Rioni delta can be explained using the analysis of the sediment balance as the physical basis of the delta evolution. The coastal abrasion in several parts of the Danube delta and the old Rioni delta represents the serious problems for use and protection of natural resources of these deltas. The scientific basis of coastal protection measures is worked out.

(*) Technital S.p.A., Via C.Cattaneo 20, 37100 Verona, Italy
(**) Sogreah Ingenieree, 6 Rue de la Rollaine, 38130 Echirolles, France

The lagoon of Venice is presently undergoing severe erosion processes, due to human interventions which have strongly modified its natural equilibrium, mainly by reducing the sediment input both from the mainland and from the sea and by modifying the natural lagoon channels network. The restoration plan proposed in order to reverse this trend foresees several interventions of morphology reconstruction, including channel reshaping and marshlands reconstruction. At present nearly 200 ha of marshlands have been realized using about 2.4 million cu.m. of dredged sediments. This paper describes all the relevant phases of the restoration project, from the general plan for the location of the new marshes, to the design solutions found to solve construction difficulties.

1 Oceanography Division, National Aquatic Resources Agency, Colombo, Sri Lanka
2 Environmental Studies Divison, National Aquatic Resources Agency,Colombo, Sri Lanka

An attempt was made to evaluate possible impacts of some selected trace contaminants in the lagoon ecosystem. Distribution pattern of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb in the water, sediment and commercially exploitable fish species were studied during January to December 1993. The trace metals were analyzed using flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Inter metallic correlations between the tissues of fish species and the biologically available fraction of metals in the surface sediments were analyzed.

Iron was found to be the most abundant trace metal in all fish species, sediment as well as in the water column. Despite variations in metal concentration of water and sediments from these areas, levels of metals in the muscle tissues of fish generally were similar among areas. The data also suggests the possibility of elevated Pb concentration in muscles from the basin. Furthermore, the metal concentrations in fish flesh were lower than that of invertebrates . Maximum concentration of each of the metals found in the fish lie within the range recommended by NRC (1980). The concentration factor (Kd) for Iron between sediment-water was the highest ( 106 ) and the highest Kd between soft tissues and water was observed for Zinc (104). All the five metals analyzed were positively correlated in the fish, only a few combinations (Cu/Zn, Cu/Pb and Zn/Pb) were significantly correlated. Metal concentrations decreased in these species with high salinity and low pH.

Effects of urbanization and agricultural activities in the lagoons of Kizilirmak Delta, Turkey

Ondokuz Mayis University, Environmental Engineering Department, Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey

Kizilirmak Delta is the largest coastal wetland along the Anatolian side of Black Sea Coast. The wetland areas of the Delta consist of about 25 lakes and together with surrounding marshes and reedbeds cover an area of more than 10 000 hectares. In recent years, the lagoons and surrounding environments of Delta have suffered from human activities. The lands behind the lagoonal environments have hosted intensive urbanization and agricultural development. This has lead to pollution of the lagoons with domestic and agricultural activities in the catchment. Because these lagoons are very valuable in terms of natural resources and related economic activities, the pollution and interruptions will have serious implication for the future of Delta environment. This study deals with the investigation of pollution sources, specially urbanization, in the Delta environment.

Effects of Decreasing Water Discharge as a Consequence of a Circumvalation Canal Construction on Salinity, Nutrients and Macrophytes in a Coastal Lagoon

1. Department of Ecology. University of Barcelona. Av.Diagonal, 645.08028 Barcelona. Spain
2. Parc Natural del Delta de l'Ebre. Placa 20 Maig, 2. Deltebre. Tarragona. Spain.

Encanyissada lagoon is a small (5.5 Km²) and shallow (80 cm average depth, 100 cm maximum depth) eutrophic coastal lagoon. It receives drainage water from irrigated lowland ricefields from April to October. Because of the high nutrient contents of the water coming from ricefields (mainly nitrogen) due to the fertilizers applied, environmental conditions of the water have deteriorated during the last two decades. The lack of submersed macrophytes and the huge development of phytoplankton, which include Cyanobacteriae in late summer, characterize the system. In 1992 a circumvalation canal who regulate freshwater discharge from ricefields was constructed. The effect of this construction was the reduction of freshwater inputs to the lagoon. Conductivity and nutrients concentrations were measured in 1994 and were compared with results of previous years. A decrease in ammonium concentration was observed. Nitrate, nitrite and soluble reactive phosphorus did not change. Total phytoplankton chlorophyll decreased in 1994 compared with previous years. As a result of this phytoplankton decrease a colonization and growth of rooted macrophytes was observed, mainly Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande, Potamogeton pectinatus L., Najas marina L., Myriophyllum spicatum L. and Ceratophyllum demersum L.

G. Benassai* , R. Mainolfi**, E. Sansone*** * Researcher ** Graduate Student *** Professor of Oceanography

Istituto di Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Istituto Universitario Navale Corso Umberto 174, 80138 Naples, Italy Phone +39/81/5475718 Fax +39/81/207106

Some preliminary results of the monitoring program of the coastal zone at the mouth of river Volturno are here presented. Measurements regarding river and sea bathymetry, river discharge, offshore and onshore waves have been carried out in order to calibrate the wave transformation models and the sediment transport models. Sediment transport calculations have been compared by equivalent calculations based on digital analysis of remote sensed data.

Historical evolution and sediment characteristics of the mouth apparatus of the Simeto River (Eastern Sicily)

Istituto Policattedra di Oceanologia e Paleoecologia, Universita di Catania, Italy

Within the philosophy of the River Unicum, one of a link between the drainage basin and the receiving basin in front of the deltaic plain, the mouth apparatus of the Simeto River, situated in the centre of the Gulf of Catania along the eastern Sicilian coast, was studied. The present mouth apparatus can be associated to GALLOWAY's (1975) "wave- dominated" deltas, in that the marine processes predominate over the fluvial ones, even though in the submarine morphology sandy bodies, typical of ancient "fluvial-dominated" deltas, were found. Through the centuries of the Gulf of Catania littoral has been exposed to extreme and sudden events like floods and storm waves which determined changes in the position of the Simeto's mouth in a North-South direction. At present the whole are in question is retreating, due to the reduction of discharge because of damming and uncontrolled quarrying from the various different fluvial branches, and due to reduction, to the point of eliminating, of the riverborne material as a consequence of sediment catchment in dams and of uncontrolled river bed and dune quarrying. In the subaqueous delta the sand body seems to be bi-convex, with poorly sorted silts probably with present fluvial provenance, which towards the North cover the ancient sandy quartz deposits. The littoral and delta front are wave dominated, while in the prodelta sediments deposit mainly through flocculation.

First results of systematic research of work in an interdisciplinary orientated quaternary-geomorphological context are presented by reference to field research conducted along the southern Bulgarian Black Sea coast. The work is based on field research, geochemical and sedimentological laboratory analyses, relative dating of from pollen and mollusk samples, absolut 14C data, aerial photographic interpretation and a comprehensive regional and transregional literature review.

Human interventions to the coastal zone of Hurghada, northern Red Sea, Egypt

¹ Coastal research Institute, 15 El Pharaana Street, Alexandria, Egypt
2 Cairo University, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Egypt

Hurghada is located on the western bank of the Red Sea at a distance of about 350km to the south of Suez. The shoreline of the city is extending for about 62km, and is fringed by a discontinuous series of extensive coral reef framework. The marketable fringing coral reef and the pleasant dry weather prevail during the whole year make Hurghada an attractive tourist site at the Red Sea of Egypt. During the last decade, over 40 recreational projects have been constructed at Hurghada, along part of the 60 km-long of the northern Red Sea of Egypt. With the increasing number of tourists and local residents, there is a great need for more tourist development projects. As a result, man's activities have made different interventions. These intervention have resulted in a series of responses that now threaten the coastal zone of Hurghada. Pressure on space for building has lead to reclamation of the reef surface extending seaward by around 700 meters. This reclamation include; dumping large amount of filling material on the reef flat to create extra space, excavations for creating artificial swimming pools, marinas as well as building solid embankments to be used as jetties and mooring areas. Additional, direct impacts related to tourism activities including anchor damage, kicking, trampling, collection of reef organisms and snorkeling. Accordingly, subsequent environmental hazards have been created and thereby impacted the coastline and the marine ecosystem. The living corals and the marine ecology in the reef system have suffered dramatic degradation. The depositional-hydrodynamic pattern has been affected as a result of blocking littoral currents by protruded constructions. Subsequently, some coastal segments have been subjected to local downdrift erosion. Appropriate recommendations have been formulated for restoring and alleviating threats to marine and coastal environments, considering compatibility with the regulations of environmental conservation, preference of beach owners, and the tourist development policy in Egypt.

The Cyprus experience in coastal zone monitoring as a basis for shoreline management and erosion control

1 Coastal Engineer, Coastal Unit, Public Works Department, Ministry of Communications and Works, Nicosia, Cyprus, tel. no: 00357 2 304106/304110, fax no: 00357 2 304430
2 Executive Engineer I, Head of Coastal Unit, Public Works Department, Cyprus

The coastal zone is an area of continuous morphological changes, due to its dynamic behaviour and its rapid response to any natural changes or human interventions. The monitoring of the coastal zone provides essential information on the understanding of the coastline dynamics, on the status and the trends of the shoreline and can be used as the basis for decision makers, concerning the implementation of protective or improving coastal works.

In 1992, Cyprus was involved in the European Union program medspa, with the Project "Coastal Zone Management for Cyprus". Within the framework of this Project, a detailed grid of 200 coastal profiles was established along the 350 km of the free coastline of the Republic of Cyprus. These profiles serve as permanent stations for annual bathymetric surveys and sediment samplings.

This paper discusses the setting-up, the experience and the results of the first two years of this coastal zone monitoring scheme. Certain examples are presented to indicate the importance of this monitoring on the understanding of coastal dynamic behaviour in Cyprus and its contribution to shoreline management and erosion control.

This paper gives some introductory information related to erosion problem of the Romanian coastal zone and it emphasizes the erosion control. Finally, authors make some comments concerning nowadays situation in this field.

Rosetta promontory is located on the eastern side of Abu Quir Bay coast and at about 60 km to the east of Alexandria city. This promontory is the result of the balance which has been set up between sediment- bearing water flowing through Rosetta branch of the Nile delta and the action of waves and currents.

During the period from 1500 to 1900 the eastern and western parts of the promontory were extended by about 11 and 8.5 km into the sea due to the large amount of sediments brought by Rosetta branch. The Rosetta Promontory, built up by solid inflow from the Nile in the past is undergoing erosion connected with the variation of flows induced by natural causes or by construction of control water flow along the river Nile. This erosion has been increased since the construction of the High Aswan Dam in 1964. The length of the promontory was reduced by about 5 km during the period from 1900 up to the present time.

The forces affecting the coastal changes of Rosetta Promontory have been monitored since 1972. A comprehensive program for field data collection started in 1982 comprising: survey of about 50 profiles covering the area, directional wave measurements, current measurements, sediment movement and characteristics.

This paper documents the long and short term changes as well as the dynamic forces causing these changes.

Coastal Research Institute, 15 El-Pharaana Street, El-Shallalat, Alexandria, Egypt

Burullus headland is located in the central northern part of the Nile delta between Rosetta and Damietta branches. It was built up by the sediments brought by the very active Sebennetic old Nile branch. This hump has been eroded from more than 1000 years when the feeding branch seems to have ceased its importance and died out. The problems of the area vary from serious erosion on both sides of the lake outlet to siltation and shoaling of the outlet itself which is important for fish and fry.

The dynamic processes and environmental forces affecting the coastal changes along Burullus area have been monitored for about 25 years. These measurements include the collection of wave data, daily measurements of longshore currents, beach profiles and bottom sediment samples. Water level variations and discharge through Burullus outlet are also being measured. Longshore sediment transport rates have been evaluated using standard formulae. The accumulated data, account for the processes responsible for the recession of Burullus hump, have been used in the design of shore protection structures and to improve the existing ones.

Beaches and dunes management of central part of Algeria: alternative for sand resources

The coastal zone of central part of Algeria face heavy erosion due to man made causes. One of these causes is sand mining on beaches and dunes. Regulations exist but implementation of the legislation is made difficult due to the huge demand of sand and gravel to feed ambitious programme of housing and industrial development. This paper describes the approach and methodology foreseen to exploit off shore sediment mining as an alternative to respond to this need. A case study on Tipasa site is included. First results related to survey, samples sediment and 2 D model tests are given.

1 P.P. Shirshov Oceanology Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
2 The Southern Branch of the P.P. Shirshov Oceanology Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gelendzhik-7, Russia

On the basis of field experiment conducted in 1993 in the Black Sea the time scales and mechanisms of sand suspending by irregular waves are discussed. Synchronous measurements of suspended sediment concentration in the water layer of 4-8 cm above the bottom and two horizontal velocity components at the depth of 30 cm were done near the top of the submerged bar for different wave regimes. The fluctuation of concentration of suspended sand in gravity and infragravity frequency bands are discussed in some cases: a) When the waves were slightly deformed and the bottom was covered with two dimensional vortex ripples; b) When nearbottom velocities increase and two-dimensional ripples are transformed into three-dimensional ones; c) When the breaking of the largest waves begins and ripples are in the phase of their obliteration; d) When there is a mass wave breaking and the bottom is smooth.

The riverine input of dissolved and suspended substances in to the Black Sea

Institute of Hydrobiology, National Academy of Sciences, Prs. Geroev Stalingrada, Kiev, Ukraine

Deterioration of the Black Sea ecosystem is determinated by the great number of abiotic and biotic factors. one of them is water flow of main rivers the Black Sea basin - the Danube, Dniester and Dnieper. Its summary average annual water flow reach at 260 km (Michailov, 1981). Water content, its distribution within a year and water quality influence on water quality of north-western part of the Black Sea. Content of organic matter and nutrient in riverine input are high and resulting loads find their way to the river delta and sea. Analyze of long-term investigations data show, that water flow of the Danube, Dniester and Dnieper river is important Source entering of organic matter and nutrients into the sea. Investigations and calculations show, that the riverine input to the Black Sea contain 8146 of organic matter, 366.3 total inorganic nitrogen and 358.5 thousand tons (tt) total phosphorus per year.

Sediment Drift Pattern in the Vicinity of Lake Burullus - Mediterranean Sea Communication Outlet: Relationship to Canal Siltation

* Coastal Research Institute, 15 EL Pharaana street, 21514, Alexandria, Egypt. Phone (0203) 5408710; Fax (0203) 4829582.
** Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Fax (002) (03) 4911794.

Lake Burullus is located on the arcuate coastal bulge of the north-central delta region. It is the second largest of the Nile Delta coastal lakes and is connected to the Mediterranean Sea through an outlet known as Boughaz El-Burullus. This outlet suffers from siltation and shoaling of its channel creating difficulties to the navigation and inhabitants who are mainly fishermen. The present work is aiming principally at the determination of the sediment transport pattern in the vicinity of Lake Burullus outlet and its adjacent nearshore area. The transport paths have been determined from bottom relief deformation which are reflected by the values of vertical shifts of depth contours that have defined from eleven beach profile survey data. Sand grain sizes and heavy mineral ratios beside the recognition of coastal processes affecting the study area were also helpful in the determination of transport paths. The profile types suggest maximum erosion which occurs beyond breaker zone at the extreme western (-1.6 m/yr.) and eastern (-0.8 m/yr.) parts of the outlet as well as in the surf-zone adjacent shoreline along the eastern barrier (-1.8 m/yr.). It is shown that the major areas of accretion are positioned to the east of the eroding ones, demonstrating that there are strong longshore gradients in the quantities of the eastward sand transport. Moreover, the areas of erosion provide sediments to areas of accretion (Sinks). The various transport indicators analyzed in this study are generally in agreement and have permitted us to indicate that the accumulated sediments in the outlet (+ 1.2m/yr.) are derived mainly from eroded sand coming mainly from the west, because the predominant littoral current is towards the east and partly from eroded sand coming from the east. The existing western jetty is too short and not suitable to prevent outlet channel siltation. The annual dredging at the narrowest part of the outlet should be considered.

Ministry of public works, Environment and Transportation, Plaza Imperial Tarraco, Tarragona, Spain

Urban beach is a specific case that involves Coastal Management. The beach roles must be guaranteed in order for the beach to be useful. In urban cities, near the coast, a lot of potential beach users are interested in sing this free space for recreational purposes. Beach behaviour is studied and beach uses are required for many people. The analysis of beach behaviour implies: morphological study area, historical evolution, coastal dynamics (waves, currents, sea water level), sediment distribution, morphodynamics (profile and plant form, longshore transport, morphodynamic beach states evolution and beach performance) and diagnosis and conclusion. After these the main coastal problems must be identified using coastal dynamic tools. When all of these studies are finished a face and back beach interaction is made in order to prevent future evolution and predict the future.

All of these studies will be applied in this paper to El Miracle beach located in Tarragona city 100 km south of Barcelona in the Catalonia Autonomy, Spain.

Nearshore profiles along the Ebro Delta coast Implications for coastal processes

Laboratori d'Enginyeria Maritima, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain

The Ebro delta coast is a multiple barred physiographic unit. Bars have experienced different cross-shore and longshore migrations. According to their position with respect to the shore, the cross-shore movement have been related to the pass of various storm events. The longshore growth is in agreement with the general longshore transport scheme. Bars located at the Trabucador beach show an onshore movement related to the overwash and breaching process that normally take place at this area during storm events.

Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Firenze, Italy

After a discussion on the major problems in applying the Bruun Rule and its more recent formulations, a modified model to predict shoreline retreat as a consequence of sea level rise is proposed. Offshore ramp and inland morphology are here considered to improve the accuracy of the prediction. Polynomial equations, instead of Dean's one, have been used to fit beach profiles and a dedicated software was created to simulate beach evolution under different models and scenarios. The proposed model was applied to predict shoreline retreat along the Tuscany coast, and results were compared with those produced by the original Buun's model.

Department of Civil Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University,Gazi Magusa, Mersin 10, Turkey, Fax:90-392-3661217 Tel:90-392-3666588-231

Most of the coastal structures along the Eastern Black Sea coasts of Turkey are confronted with serious erosion and siltation problems. In order to investigate one of the coastal sedimentation problems in this region, an existing breakwater of 360 m length and its close proximity at Efirli near Ordu province is considered, and a numerical shoreline model is applied. The equations of the shoreline model are solved by using an explicit finite difference method with the appropriate boundary conditions at both ends of the calculation domain. There exist a coastal cliff and a natural beach at the east and west boundaries of the domain under consideration, respectively. Shoreline processes are predicted for various possibilities in graphical forms. The results obtained from the execution of the model are compared with the field data. The findings of the model executed for NE direction are observed to be in fairly good agreement with the field data.

Beach First Response to Stabilization Works: A Case Study at the Cecina River Mouth (Italy)

Enrico Bartoletti¹, Luigi Enrico Cipriani², Anna Maria Dreoni³, Marzia Montelatici³ and Enzo Pranzini³

1 Dipartimento Ambiente - Provincia di Livorno - Piazza Civica - 57100 Livorno - Italia.
2 Department of Geography and Anthropology - Louisiana State University - Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 - USA.
3 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra - Universita degli Studi di Firenze - Via La Pira 4 - 50121 Firenze - Italia. Phone 55-2757522; Fax 55-218628.

Both beaches located north and south of the Cecina River mouth experienced severe erosion, reducing the recreational use which contributes a large part to the economy of the area. The main cause of beach erosion is river bed quarrying carried on up to 1978 along the Cecina River. Beach stabilization conducted from 1987 to 1992, has included a stretch of coast approximately 1.7 kilometers north and 1.1 kilometers south of the River mouth. Emerged and submerged groins were constructed, and approximately 92,500 cubic meters of sediment were used to nourish the beach during the period under study. In addition, a submerged breakwater was placed at the 2-meter isobath on the southern beach and on a very limited area of the northern beach. Surveys conducted before, during and after project completion indicate that the shoreline prograded for approximately 5.65 meters along the northern beach, and for approximately 5.50 meters along the southern beach. Bathymetric surveys show a sediment surplus of 140,000 cubic meters in the northern area, and of 220,000 cubic meters in the southern area. The actual volumetric gain is mainly due to the amount of sediment trapped by the groins, more than to beach nourishment, since it proceeded the latter and it is much larger than the borrow material volume. Grain-size comparison of beach sediments pre- and post-nourishment, indicates no significant change; borrow material was coarser than the natural beach sediment, however, the post-nourishment beach quality showed that the coarser fraction have been absorbed by finer sediments.

1 Dept.Fisica Aplicada, U.P.C. Campus Nord, Barcelona, Spain
2 Univ.Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil

Field measurements at an enclosed mediterranean beach have been made using a variety of techniques in order to obtain a comprehensive description of the flow and boundary conditions. San Gervasi beach in Vilanova i la Geltru, an enclosed beach, provides a good test case for the study of wave generated turbulence without the superposition of a large scale longshore current. Measurements performed during 1995 under a variety of atmospheric and oceanic conditions include: Salinity and Temperature profiles at selected sites as well as wind measurements and bottom sediment collection with a small vessel. Bathimetric measurements of the area and video recordings of the incident and breaking wave field as well as detailed measurements on the dispersion of blobs of dye and of floats. The spectra obtained from video measurements agree with those obtained from velocity recordings as shown by Redondo et.al.(1994). Other visualization techniques which allow the estimation of integral time and length scales are presented, Redondo et.al.(1994b). Eddy diffusivity measurements are lower than those often quoted in the literature, showing a marked anisotropy.

1 School of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Middlesex, Queensway, Enfield, Middlesex, U.K.
2 Delft Hydraulics, Emmeloord, The Netherlands

The results of 22 national vulnerability assessments which considered the implications of accelerated sea-level rise are reviewed and aggregated to identify common patterns and findings. The Global Vulnerability Analysis (GVA) which was developed to investigate regional and global patterns of vulnerability is also considered, and calibrated against the national assessments. These results are then considered with particular reference to the Mediterranean Region. The global scale of potential sea-level rise impacts is confirmed. For instance given a 1-m rise in sea level, 18 national studies suggest that at least 180 million people would be living in coastal areas vulnerable to increased flooding or land loss, assuming a no protection response. Certain settings appear particularly vulnerable, namely small islands, particularly coral atolls, deltaic settings, coastal wetlands, and developed sandy shorelines. The GVA estimates that 260 million people would live beneath the 1 in 1,000 year storm surge after a 1-m rise in sea level. Allowing for likely population growth further increases this vulnerable population to at least 400 million. Regionally, the Southern Mediterranean appears to be particularly vulnerable to sea- level rise. There is a continuing need for vulnerability assessment within the framework of improving coastal zone management.

Environmental and Economic Losses from the Anticipated Sea-level Rise in the Sea of Azov

Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novobasmannaya St., Moscow, Russia

An integrated methodology for assessment of possible environmental and economic losses on sea coasts under the possible accelerated sea level rise in the nearest future is presented. The methodology is based upon the concept of various types of resources (natural, economic, and cultural) and a probabilistic prediction of shoreline retreat values for different morphological types of sea coasts. Graded scale is constructed to evaluate each type of resources and natural vulnerability in the comparable manner. A case study analysis for the coasts of the Sea of Azov in the borders of Russia under the 1-meter global mean sea-level rise by 2100 is presented. In several segments of the coastal zone, total economic losses from the sea-level rise can be as high as US$ 3,000,000 per a kilometer of shoreline length.

Erosion and flooding as related to recent sea level rise, Nile Delta coast, Egypt

Marine Geology Department, Institute of Coastal Research, EL-Shalalaat, Alexandria, Egypt

The lower Nile Delta part, between 0-5m elevation, harbours 12 million inhabitants and the important industrial and communication centers. It is also the vital center of summer tourism and essential recreation outlets for the over crowded cities of the interior. The mean sea level at the Nile Delta has been rising 1.2 - 1.3 mm/yr Continued coastal subsidence, which increasing sea level, ranges between 1-5 mm/yr Therefore, the sum of the local and global estimates may lead to relative sea level rise at the Nile Delta coast which could be of 1 m by the year 2100. In fact, a considerable part of the delta coast lies below 1m elevation and some parts are below sea level. For these reasons, the implications of rising sea level on coastal erosion and flooding may lead to greater hazards to the coastal zone of the Nile Delta. Severe beach erosion is predominating along the coast and will continue and increase in future especially at the Rosetta and Damietta headlands. Coastal flooding is expected to increase due to rising sea level and storm surges in future. Surges and winter storms would also penetrate farther inland leaving a coastal area of at least 7000 km² more vulnerable.

Mean sea level rise acceleration on the Polish Coast during the last 48 years

An increase of mean sea level was obtained based on the analyze of the long annually mean sea level records from tide gauges along the Polish coast. Coefficients for linear trend equation as well as coefficients for parabolic trend equation were established. The first one indicate mean annually rise of sea level, but the second one shows the sea level rise acceleration (i.e. deviation from a purely linear rise) and indicate a predicted rapidity of future mean sea level rise. Seven complete tide gauges records for the 48-year period (1947-1994) (for Swinoujscie, Kolobrzeg, Ustka, Wladyslawowo, Hel, Gdansk and Gdynia) were analised and for all of them evidently positive values of linear trend coefficient are found, from 0.103 cm/yr for Kolobrzeg to 0.253 cm/yr for Gdansk. For this period non zero, positive values for parabolic trend coefficients are visible, from 0.003 cm/yr² for Ustka to 0.011 cm/yr² for Swinoujscie, which indicate an observed acceleration of mean sea level rise on the Polish coast. For comparison much longer record of yearly mean sea level values for Swinoujscie for the period of 182 years (1811-1993) was analyzed. When records of annually mean sea level values (for the periods: 1811-1845, 1846-1900 and 1901- 1946) were analised it was obtained that the values for acceleration coefficients of sea level rise are equal to 0.000 mm/yr² for all this cases. This show that the last half century a significant acceleration of mean sea level rise on the Polish coast is observed.

Coastal development: a suggested approach to environmental impact assessments

Environmental Assessment, Sciences International Inc., Alexandria, Virginia, USA.

The need for expanding economic development in the countries surrounding the Mediterranean and Black Sea (particularly North African states, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine) and the consequent influx of investments from private as well as international funding organizations, are factors contributing to an acceleration in the construction of power plants in coastal areas. The broad spectrum of anthropogenic environmental impacts already in existence around the Mediterranean basin will be increased by impacts related to the development of the energy sector. Based on the experience of the last 20 years, this process will thrust the scientific community, to reevaluate the current approach of conducting environmental impact assessments (EIAs), proposing mitigation alternatives, and conducting monitoring programs. An example of an environmental impact assessment with typical mitigation measures and monitoring programs in use today, for a project on the shores of the Arabian Sea, is presented in this work. The appropriateness of the approach used in this project rested on site location and the absence of other land-based sources of pollution. The information collected during this environmental impact assessment (e.g., aquatic biota, water quality,and hydrology) was used to propose modifications to the engineering plans as part of a general mitigation program. Mitigation measures during construction included dredging activities scheduled for off-peak spawning times of aquatic organisms, establishment of erosion control methods, design of intake structures to reduce entrainment, and discharge velocities designed to minimize speeds in order to reduce plume lengths. Operational measures included the use of minimal night illumination to avoid attraction of fishes and marine turtles, minimal use of biofouling chemical controls, continuous maintenance of fish-passage channels, and engineering structures to prevent resuspension of sediments deposited in the intake and discharge channels. The factors evaluated by the monitoring program developed for this project included the effects of cooling water systems, thermal, and chemical plumes. Post-construction monitoring information was compared to preconstruction monitoring data and historical information. However, in geographic areas like the Mediterranean Sea, where environmental problems already exist, cumulative effects from different sources can have broad impacts. In the case of coastal development of Mediterranean shores, environmental impact assessment programs, mitigation, and monitoring plans should not only address the localized effects; they should also forecast regional cumulative impacts through modeling, and the inclusion of ecological risk assessment methodologies as a way to estimate impacts prior to their detection. The combination of risk evaluations at the organism level, modeling of estimated impacts at the population level, and observed regional ecological changes through monitoring programs, could be effective tools for the evaluation of environmental impacts. Finally, adequate estimation of the potential risks to coastal habitats and human health associated with construction of power plants with full comprehension of the central role played by a healthy environment, rather than the use of simplistic cost/benefit equations, should be considered when proposing mitigation measures. This suggested approach will enhance the chances of inducing rational and sustainable development in coastal zones of the Mediterranean Sea.

ACER Environmental, Beacon House, William Brown Close, Llantarnam Park, Cwmbran, Gwent, UK

Infrastructure development, tourism, recreational and amenity use, aquaculture, industry, agriculture and fisheries are among the key sectoral interests competing for land and water use in the coastal zone. Conflicts arise among the various sectoral development strategies and in the areas of protection and conservation. Strong planning and control is essential to ensure that use of the coastal zone is environmentally sensitive. Fortunately, there is generally a high level of awareness of the need for environmentally sensitive use of, and strategic management planning for, the coastal zones of Europe. The timely introduction of European Union Directives relating to waste, waste water, water and air quality, habitats and EIA have already had a positive effect in protecting both the on and off- shore environments, and on evolving management practice in the coastal zone.

Whilst the Commission of the European Union encourages coastal zone management and cross-border and community co-operation, responsibilities are often dispersed through a variety of Central Government, Local Government and State Departments. Also, in addition to the wide range of user organizations, NGO's and local community pressure groups have vested interests and watching briefs relating to developments in the coastal zone, and their management.

This paper presents a framework for undertaking EIA's in the coastal zone. The framework is not intended to be exhaustive, but to provide a useful guide for the development of a methodological approach. Recognition is given to the potentially limiting effects of certain weaknesses in EIA implementation. The framework draws on the lessons learned in undertaking international studies over the last 5 years, with the commentary also discussing how the framework might usefully contribute to the evolution and development of coastal zone management philosophy and practice.

In an attempt to stimulate discussion on coastal EIA - integrated coastal zone management synergy, some of the typical challenges associated with implementing an EIA are discussed, with recommendations presented to minimize potential inhibition of the process.

The conclusions of the paper suggest that weaknesses in current coastal EIA implementation can be addressed by taking on many of the recommendations currently associated with integrated coastal zone management (ICZM). Notably, the following points are made: the need for improved awareness of social and cultural issues; integration of EIAs within current or evolving local, regional and national strategic management planning; regulatory and institutional strengthening; application of appropriate, not overly complex technical procedures; and the early recognition of the need to move away from development specific studies towards broader based assessments that positively incorporate public opinion.

Optical Remote Sensing of Coastal Plumes and Runoff in the Mediterranean Region

1 Institute for Remote Sensing Applications, Joint Research Center of the EC, Ispra, Italy
2 D.J.L. Software Consultancy Ltd., Jarrow, Tyne and Wear, Great Britain

A historical time series of sea surface color data derived from the Coastal Zone Colour Scanner(CZCS) archive, recently developed for the European Seas, has been used to assess the typical space/time variability of plumes and near coastal features in the Mediterranean Sea. Composite images of the Mediterranean basin were derived from 2645 individual scenes collected by the CZCS from 1979 to 1985. The image selection took into account geographical coverage and cloud cover, illumination conditions and instrument settings at the time of data collection, as well as intermediate data processing results. The data volume distribution over time reflects the higher collection rates during the early part of the CZCS lifetime, with a slight increase in the number of scenes collected during the spring/summer periods due to the climatic characteristics of the region. The raw data were processed to apply sensor calibration algorithms, to correct for atmospheric contamination, and to derive chlorophyll-like pigment concentration. Individual remapped images, with a 1 km pixel grid, were generated for each available day. These daily images were then averaged pixel by pixel, to generate monthly, seasonal, and annual composites. Typical patterns of coastal zone features were derived from the composite images of chlorophyll-like pigment. The results obtained should be considered with caution, due to the CZCS limitations in the quantitative assessment of bio-optical pigments when significant concentrations of dissolved organics or suspended sediments are present, e.g. along littorals or plumes. In general, however, marked differences appear in the distribution of water constituents between the coastal zone and the open sea. The mainly oligotrophic character of the basin contrasts with the areas of high concentration, influenced by river plumes (Ebro, Po, Rhone, Nile), widespread coastal runoff patterns, and persistent mesoscale dynamic features (e.g. coastal filaments and eddies). Further the difference between inshore and offshore domains is coupled to that between the northern and the southern near coastal areas, as well as that between the western and eastern sub-basins. Seasonal variability -together with a less pronounced, but evident, interannual variability- appears to be high. Enhanced patterns and higher concentrations occur over most of the basin in the cold season, when climatic conditions are most favorable to coastal runoff and vertical mixing at various sites. The observed range of coastal phenomena suggests a significant relationship between the resulting basin- wide seasonal patterns and the climatic cycle of the Mediterranean region. In particular, atmospheric forcing (wind and rainfall) over the Mediterranean continental margins could play an important role in establishing the observed spatial and temporal distribution of water constituents. Similarly, the impact of continental interactions such as fluvial and coastal runoff, or that of exchanges between coastal zone and open sea, may have paramount influence on the bio-geo-chemical fluxes in the entire basin.

The use of aerial teledection for the characterization of the Mediterranean coastal environment: Posidonia oceanica

The beds of Posidonia oceanica, a marine phanerogam plant endemic to the Mediterranean, form the major Mediterranean ecosystem. They are highly developed along the sandy east coast of Corsica, where the continental shelf is wide and extends for about a hundred kilometers. The upper limit of this biocenosis has been charted by means of a computer image processing technique using 1 / 20 000 scale colour photographs. One of the major problems for image processing in the marine environment is the impact of the water layer (of variable thickness and quality), which can result in variations of the spectral signature for a particular plant assemblage or bottom type. In an attempt to reduce the impact of this artefact, a processing technique that takes into account bathymetric factors has been tested. The cartographical data obtained for an area extending from Bastia to Solenzara are presented. In the vicinity of the mouths of coastal rivers, a systematic indentation of the upper limit of the seagrass beds has been evidenced. On the basis of these results, local variations in the quality of the marine environment can be detected, in particular with regard to salinity, turbidity and/or the impact of sedimentation. The overall surface area of the Posidonia oceanica bed coverage has also been calculated.

Nearshore water quality assessment at the Arno River mouth using Landsat TM data

1 Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Firenze, Italy
2 I.A.T.A.-CNR -Piazzale della Cascine, Firenze - Italia

Remote sensing is a cost effective technique to collect suspended sediment concentration (s.s.c.) data over large areas. In this study, a Landsat TM image of the Arno River mouth has been processed to obtain a s.s.c. map which has been related to the river discharge and wind data. The image was georeferenced and corrected for the atmospheric effect by a LOWTRAN based software. S.s.c. values were obtained using an algorithm that correlates this parameter with the water leaving energy. Since in nearshore waters a large part of the water-leaving radiation comes from the seabottom instead of from the suspended particles, a further correction was performed, using a digital terrain model (DTM) derived from bathymetric surveys. The procedure proved to be rapid and reliable as required to enter a long- lasting monitoring project.

Aquatic Ecosystem Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece

Spatial distribution of nutrient and/or phytoplankton variables is often illustrated using categorical mapping for each variable. However, the assessment of eutrophication cannot be derived from a single parameter since a synthesis of the environmental variables related to eutrophication is needed. In addition, there are difficulties to discriminate between distinct trophic levels along natural environmental gradients. In the present work a methodological procedure for quantitative eutrophication assessment at a spatial scale was examined in Saronicos Gulf, Greece, based on a thematic map generated from the synthesis of four variables characterizing eutrophication. The categorical map of each variable was developed using the Kriging interpolation method and four trophic levels were indicated, eutrophic, upper- mesotrophic, lower-mesotrophic and oligotrophic, based on nutrient and phytoplankton ordinal concentration scaling. Multicriteria choice method was applied to generate a final categorical map showing different trophic levels in the area. The contribution of this type of categorical mapping in coastal management studies is also discussed.

Geographic Information Systems (G.I.S.) are rapidly becoming an essential management tool for decision making processes which require the use of, or are referenced to spatial data. Similarly, the production of coastal sensitivity maps has become an important precursor stage for many industrial concerns preparing to undertake coastal or offshore developments. The Oil industry is one example currently commissioning coastal sensitivity maps to use in the event of a major pollution incident. The maps contain a variety of environmental information, including access points to beaches to aid a clean up operation. Recommendations are made as to the appropriate method of clean up i.e. use or non-use of dispersants. Sensitivity is determined using a variety of criteria including biodiversity, ecological complexity, spatial distribution of flora and fauna, sites of special scientific or natural interest, coastal 'energy' conditions. The end result has been production of a paper map with symbols representing the important criteria. A set of notes is normally included to aid the decision making process. This paper outlines development of a coastal sensitivity G.I.S., created within 'IDRISI', a P.C. based G.I.S. software package.The pilot area chosen was the Milford Haven Waterway, West Wales. This waterway is heavily utilized by the oil industry for refining. Any pollution incident would have potentially serious consequences for the natural environment A variety of data, ranging from coastal geomorphology, wave energy conditions, areas of sensitivity, geology, habitat classification, littoral flora and fauna and tourist/recreation areas, were included in a series of databases. From this a variety of computer generated maps were created, combining the various sensitivity parameters. The advantage of this system over conventional maps is the ability to 'interrogate' the G.I.S. database and display new relationships i.e. between coastal geomorpholgy and geology, flora distributions and wave exposure, or prioritizing more sensitive areas for immediate clean-up operations. New maps can be created rapidly, and easily updated when new information becomes available. While paper maps are also limited over the amount of information that can be displayed, within a G.I.S. environment, the level of information displayed on each map can be user specified. The overall result is a much more powerful tool for use in a pollution incident.

The Mediterranean oceanic database scope is to gather on a single support (CD-ROM) satellite-derived data (from NOAA/AVHRR, METEOSAT, TOPEX/POSEIDON, ERS¹ ) and meteorological model outputs (ARPEGE and VAG models from METEO-FRANCE) over the Mediterranean basin and the Black sea. A friendly interface is provided with the database so that users may extract data according to various criteria: type of data and geophysical parameters, time period, and geographical area. This database will provide a common dataset for scientist involved in Mediterranean studies, to facilitate joint experiments and promote the use of multisensor and model output data sets.

N. Soussi¹, P. Ennet², J. Koponen³, J. Sarkkula⁴, S. Ben Mustapha⁵, A. Ben Mammou¹ and T. Kokkila³

1 Faculty of Sciences, Department of Geology, Camous University, Tunis, Tunisia
2 ICSC - World Laboratory, Project Land-3, Erice, Italy
3 EIA Centre of Finland, Tekniikantie, Espoo, Finland
4 Ministry of Environment, NBWE, Helsinki, Finland
5 National Centre of Teledetection, Tunis, Tunisia

The water current and quality model has been applied in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia. The objective of this study was to calculate the effect of the pollution using the currents and water quality measurements data. The EIA model has been used. The remote sensing data combined with field measurements are used to describe the actual and historical states of pollution.

The Gulf of Gabes acts as receptacle of the wastes of the chemical industries complex in existence for twenty years. The various factories produce enormous quantity of phosphogyps damped in the sea. Some heavy metals (Cd and Zn), compounds of phosphogyps, are used in this study as tracers to quantify the rate of sedimentation and to estimate the extension of the contaminated area.

Modelling the nitrogen cycle in a eutrophic coastal marine environment influenced by sewage effluents

Aquatic Ecosystems Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Aegean, Lesvos, Greece

A simulation model was developed for the quantitative description of the dynamics in a coastal marine environment influenced by eutrophication, caused by sewage effluents. The emphasis was placed on the nitrogen flow through the microbial food-chain. The calibration and evaluation of the model have been carried out using data selected from the coastal area of Mytilini, island of Lesvos, Greece. The phytoplanktonic growth was nutrient-limited in summer, due to shortage of ammonium, while in winter-time the system seemed to be light-limited, perhaps because of the self-shading effect. The regenerated production was over 70% of the total during the whole year and almost 100% of the total during the winter. Ammonium also seemed to be the limiting nutrient for bacterial growth. Bacterial biomass showed seasonality with high numbers in summer. The mineralization of nitrogenous organic compounds seemed to be a remarkable source of ammonium, especially after the phytoplanktonic blooms. The ammonium concentration resulting from the above process was 50 to 60% of the total during periods of high productivity. The goodness-of-fit of the data to the model supports the view that this kind of models can be powerful tools for the quantitative assessment of eutrophication in coastal areas.

Integrating environmental issues into the coastal zone management of Turkey: Land based sources of pollution

Middle East Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, Ankara, Turkey

The Turkish practice on coastal zone management has been briefly studied including short term and long term strategies, policy instruments, legislation, identification of major problems and a case study. Results of the study comprise the natural application of the Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution; an evaluation of the land based pollution sources on the Turkish coasts. Land based sources has been investigated into three parts as, domestic, riverine and industrial. Annual suspended solids load from domestic sources has been determined as 0.38 x 106 tonnes, those of BOD⁵ and Total Nitrogen, on the other hand, are 272 500 69 700 tonnes, respectively. Total annual waste water discharge from domestic sources is about 0.61 km³. Seventy-four percent of total SS, 42 % of total BOD⁵ and 43 % of total Nitrogen have been determined as to be discharged from the Black Sea rivers, discharges of which comprises about 50 % of total river discharge in Turkey. Pollution load carried by Mediterranean rivers, on the other hand, are significantly lower than the other regions. When riverine and domestic discharges are compared, it has been seen that, domestic sources are more important than riverine sources for total nitrogen and BOD, however it is not true for suspended solids. A case study is also presented within the context of the study, which is about the determination of the pollutional loads of selected parameters of the land based sources along the Turkish Black Sea coast.

1 Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation, Environmental Planning Directorate, The Palestinian National Authority, Palestine

Groundwater resources are the main source of water supply in the Gaza Strip. Water demand exceeds the available resource which results in a strong depletion of the groundwater reserve and an increase in the salinity. Groundwater contamination with sewage, leachate of solid waste dumps, and agro-chemicals highly deteriorates the groundwater quality. Water from only five percent of the public water supply wells complies with drinking water quality standards. Salinization and pollution of the groundwater degrade the groundwater reservoir as a whole. The damage to the reservoir is almost irreversible as it may take hundreds of years to restore fresh water conditions without any abstraction of water. As the aquifer is so vulnerable to pollution, proper land use planning and allocation of water resources are necessary.

Irrigational water derivation and disposal as a factor of anthropogenic load on the coastal environment

The irrigational water derivation and disposal pollute natural water resources and change the salinity dynamics in coastal zones. These are factors of anthropogenic load on coastal environment. Irrigation leads to the formation of a new type of water bodies - non-terminal (still) storage reservoirs - accumulators of collector-drainage waters. The paper develops the modeling methods of salts storage in the reservoirs, depending on variability of their hydrological and hydrochemical regimes and rate of salinity. The theoretical, experimental and natural study of these problems is illustrated by the example of lake Manych -Gydilo (the South Russia), the hydrological regime and ecological situation of which is under the impact of water derivation from irrigation.

Impact of a Sewage Treatment Plant on the Posidonia Oceanica Meadow: Assessment Criteria

Eq.E.L., EP CNRS 0075, University of Corsica, B.P. 52, 20250 CORTE, FRANCE. Tel : 95 45 00 55, Fax : 95 46 24 41.

It is often difficult to assess changes (positive or negative) in the dynamics of Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds under the impact of alterations in the physical, chemical and environmental characteristics of the environment. The opening of the City of Marseilles' sewage treatment plant (Bouches du Rhone, France) in November 1987 provided an opportunity to monitor these changes directly. Various parameters were examined over a seven-year period (e.g. : meadow expansion, phenology, lepidochronology... ). On the basis of these criteria, it has been possible to distinguish between local phenomena linked to the opening of the sewage treatment plant, fluctuations occurring naturally in Posidonia oceanica and general phenomena affecting extensive geographical areas.

Designing of a biological effects monitoring programme for pollution assessment and control in the Mediterranean

Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics, Foundation for International Studies, University of Malta, Valletta, Malta

One of the most important issues defined on the basis of UNCED's Agenda 21, of relevance to the marine environment, is the unrelenting search for the scientific knowledge and understanding to combat and prevent marine pollution and the degradation of the marine ecosystem. The only way to be done is through a comprehensive management of the resources available, by collecting together fragmented approaches and initiatives into a harmonized effort.

This is particularly true for the Mediterranean region. As stated during the first meeting of 'MED 21' (Tunis, 1994) amongst other things, common action for the protection of the Mediterranean environment should be highly encouraged and a balanced development should be sought between the developed ad developing countries bordering the common sea. For this to take place there is first the need to establish a good communication link between the various initiators and then coordinate them together into a common programme that would complement this common objective i.e. to sustain the living coastal and marine resources of the Mediterranean.

Since the adoption of the Mediterranean Action Plan in 1975, individual Mediterranean countries and the Mediterranean region as a whole have made considerable progress in protecting the Mediterranean marine environment against chronic or accidental pollution. Pollution assessment started in the Mediterranean several decades ago in MAP, through its MEDPOL programme., in which a Mediterranean network of over 150 institutions participated in research and monitoring of marine pollution. The results of these activities have been used by the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention as a basis for legal action and common measures to combat marine pollution.

Despite such progress, however, the coastal region of the Mediterranean is still under continuing pollution threat. In addition, there is still a lack of understanding when coming to assess the impact of pollution on living coastal resources which is still allowing uncertainties in the assessment of pollution-related problems and related management practices. Even though many data has been accumulated on the main pollutants, their sources, and basic pathways as well as on their fate in the environment, gaps in knowledge still exists (UNEP, 1995). Among them are:

It is now becoming more and more evident that the solution to this problem lies in the sole promotion of a coordinated action in the regional assessment, prevention and elimination of marine pollution which at the sane time is oriented towards the region's economic and social development. In effect, the aim of my proposal is to fulfill this objective as well as to address a major issue identified during the ninth ordinary meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Convention for the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution and its protocols (UNEP (OCA)/MED Annex IX), in that 'it will try to boost the completeness of the existing network of national programmes for monitoring of pollution, which is to be based on adequate observation and monitoring techniques and incorporate mandatory data quality assurance programmes'. Apart from bringing together the existing initiatives and ongoing biological effects monitoring activities within this region, the proposal will also promote the much desired north-south technology transfer and participation.

Qualitative and quantitative estimate of solid waste in the channel of Sicily

Istituto di Tecnologia della Pesca e del Pescato, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Mazara del Vallo, Italy

Material of anthropogenic origin found during 18 trawl surveys carried out in the Italian waters of the Sicilian Channel was classified and catalogued according to its presumed source. Distribution maps were drawn up for the various groupings of solid pollutants. Total abundance of some kinds of waste uniformly spread over the study area was estimated.

Samsun, a city of more than 500 000 in habitants is located at the middle part of the Black Sea coast of Turkey. Black Sea coastal waters around the city center of Samsun have been heavily polluted by urbanization, industrial and agricultural activities. Among others, municipal wastewaters are of special interest because wastewaters of the Metropolitan area and it's vicinity are discharged to coastal environmental of Black sea without any treatment. In recent years, untreated sewerage volume from municipal sources has enlarged with cities unplanned extensions due to a fast rate of population increase. In addition to direct pollution by Metropolitan areas, the inland activities contribute indirectly to the coastal pollution by means of rivers. The aim of this study is to investigate the biological, physical and chemical pollution levels of shallow marine environment along the Samsun coast and effects of municipal wastewaters on pollution.

Persistent marine debris in the summer tourist season along the west coast of Evia, Greece

Centre of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Glamorgan, Wales, UK.

Twelve beaches located in the vicinity of Eritrea on the large Greek island of Evia, were investigated for persistent marine debris. Six were Blue Flag beaches. The influence of physical factors on abundance and debris distribution on all beaches was negligible. Climatic conditions during the survey were constant (blue skies, hot temperatures) and currents in the beach vicinities were non-existent. The surveys were related to the low, mid and high summer tourist season. No significant percentage differences were apparent in both quality and quantity of litter at each individual season. Cigarette ends were the dominant category of litter found, (some 70%) with a maximum number of 4,531 being found on a high season weekend, followed by plastics (some 13%) and this percentage was very constant for weekend and weekday counts per individual season. For example, during the high season, 72% to 71% for cigarette ends and 12% to 18% for plastics at non Blue Flag beaches; and 74% to 70% for cigarette ends and 12% to 13% for plastics respectively at Blue Flag beaches. Quantities of paper containers varied from a weekday high of 67 to a weekend high of 229 at Blue Flag beaches, and 161 to 261 respectively at non Blue Flag beaches. Quantities of metal containers varied during the same period from 99 to 281 at Blue Flag beaches and 67 to 164 for non Blue Flag beaches. However, large variations were found in the number of litter items found between weekday and weekend surveys; for example, 95 to 370 cigarette ends in the low season at the Island of Dreams beach. Bags and refreshment containers formed the bulk of the plastics. Greek coastal managers have to face a complex problem, world wide in extent. Increased legislation and improved public awareness might be a possible solution to this problem.

The Mediterranean Action Plan (Med-Plan) was a collective effort to co-ordinate the marine pollution control practices of all eighteen Mediterranean littoral countries. Mediterranean governments sought to co-ordinate their pollution control practices in a communal effort to reduce pollution. Being a common resource, different countries wished to use the Mediterranean for different purposes, and hence disagreed about the need for immediate action and the pollutants to control. Governments were also concerned about the effect that the control of marine pollution would have on industry and population lying near the coast together with the retardation of further industrialization. Although some progress has been made, the co-operative principle did not overcome sovereignty and governments were only willing to pursue new goals, or only learned as much as that which did not severely interfere with their traditional responsibilities. But this is not a new phenomena. We only have to look at E.C. directives on marine water quality and the responses of member countries to find parallels. Britain is one of the worse offenders, and this paper compares the British Government's response to E.C. initiatives to those of Mediterranean countries to the Med.Plan.

National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Kayet Bey, Alexandria, Egypt

Sea water samples, collected from the Eastern Harbour (EH) and El-Mex Bay of Alexandria City during the period from November 1987 to January 1989, showed that the variations of the concentration of metals, especially Co, Ni and Cr in El-Mex Bay as well as Ni and Cr in EH are obviously related to seasonal variations of the sea-water density ('sigma't). During colder months, the water column of the EH is concentrated with Ni and Cr. Manganese, iron and zinc showed analogous behaviour to Ni and Cr but with a decrease in concentration during November 1988 instead of the increase. At El-Mex Bay, where the density of water is lower by 6.9 than the average values of EH, the peaks of metals Co, Ni and Cr as well as 'sigma't were shifted to April. Phosphate showed similar behaviour to 'sigma't but with two peaks in February and June. During Warmer months (August-September) the metal content in both areas decreased to minimum. The normal relationship between micronutrients and trace metals Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cr holds well for the sea water of the Eh and to a less extent El-Mex Bay and it is obvious that there is a trace metals-phosphate co-variations and a linear regression equations were estimated. Organic phosphorus also showed significant good correlation with Fe, Mn, Co and Cr, as well as Fe and Cu. Concentration of trace metals versus salinity showed a decrease of Fe and Mn when moving from low to higher salinities. In contrast, Cd and Pb showed higher concentrations at higher salinities which may be attributed to the release of these elements from bottom or suspended sediments. Phosphate and nitrate reflect higher levels at low and intermediate salinities. The daily contribution of trace metals and nutrients in kilograms that fluxes to the sea at El-Mex Bay were estimated as: 867, 376, 107, 38, 10, 2.8, 2.6, 2.5, 1.3, 9140, 26308, 878 for Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co, phosphate, organic phosphorus and nitrate, respectively.

This paper is a coherent appreciation of the concentration factors (CF) from the radioactivity data of the RMRI Constantza for 1983-1991 on the Romanian Black Sea littoral between the Danube mouths and Mangalia. The results are indications on the relative multiyearly average level of the radionuclides K-40, Ac-228, Ra-226, Cs-134, Cs-137 etc. Maximum probability intervals of values are identified and extremes of the CF are defined. The radionuclides are classified according to the level of the CF in a component and the components- according to the concentration capacity of a nuclid. The results of using the two criteria are as follows: by components Submerged sediment: Cs > Ra, Ac, Ru > K Macroalgae Ra, Ac > Cs > K Mollusca soft part: Co > Cs > Ac, Ra, Ag, Ru > K shell: Co > Ac > Cs > K and by radionuclidesK: Submerged sediment > Macroalgae > Fish > Mollusca - soft > Mollusca - shell Ac, Ra: Bryopsis > Submerged sediment > Macroalgea > Mollusca > Fish Cs: Submerged sediment > Fish > Macroalgae > Mollusca > Shell

Radiocesium is mainly found in substratum (CF of the order of 1000), the vegetal and animal organisms have a moderate behaviour (CF of the order of tens)

Geochemical and granulometric normalization for heavy metals in bottom sediments off Alexandria, Egypt

Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Department of Environmental Studies, Alexandria, Egypt

Heavy metal analysis as well as organic matter content, total carbonate and mean grain size have been determined for the bottom sediments off the area covers the coastal strip of Alexandria recreational waters. In the present study, granulometric and geochemical normalization procedure is used for identifying anomalous metal concentrations as well as factors that control the heavy metals, variability in the investigated bottom sediments. Application of normalization procedure revealed that considerable portions of the heavy metals of Alexandria bottom sediments are of anthropogenic origin.

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Environmental Engineering Department, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey

Petroleum industry has resulted in the release of large quantities of waste containing a variety of organic and inorganic pollutants. During the petroleum production, petroleum contaminated drilling muds and cuttings were disposed of in open pits called ' mud-pit '. So, there has been large quantities of petroleum contaminated wastes which present high risks to the environment. Therefore, environmental protection is needed against pollutants.

This study progressed in the field to demonstrate construction feasibility and effectiveness in the site environment which was appropriate. The field study was conducted as a joint effort by researchers at Anadolu University and Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO). Petroleum drilling wastes were collected from the mud-pit and mixed with pozzolanic materials such as lime, fly ash and bentonite clay in order to stabilize the petroleum drilling wastes. The stabilized waste was deposited into boxes constructed in the field. After stabilization, the end product was chemically and physically stable and durable and also easy to handle and work with. In this study, physical and chemical properties of stabilized materials were investigated.

The laboratory study showed that a mixture of petroleum drilling waste and 15 percent of lime and a mixture of petroleum drilling waste and 10 percent of lime and 10 percent of fly ash gave best results with respect to the pH, oil content, total metals and workability.

1 Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena, Roma, Italy
2 Lega Ambiente, Via Salaria, Roma, Italy

In summer 1994 sediments from marine areas have been examined for hydrocarbon pollution. Chemical analyses were addressed to reveal alkane fraction. The highest value was registered at Fiumicino (near Rome) (55,68 mg/Kg d.w.). Microbial population able to degradate alkanes, reached 104-105 Units/mL of suspended sediment. Microtox only in few cases showed low levels of toxicity; however a generalized biostimulation could be interpreted as metabolic distress.

Institute of Chemical Technology, Environmental Sector, Blloku Vasil Shanto, Tirana, Albania

Albania is a small country, bordered by Adriatic and Ionian sea, that has its contribute in affecting the Mediterranean sea water quality. This paper gives an overview of industrial and urban pollution. Some significant figures are given on industrial hazardous wastes, urban waste water and urban solid wastes.

Marine pollution by municipal wastewaters of Samsun along the Black Sea shoreline, Turkey

Ondokuz Mayis University, Environmental Engineering Department, Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey

Greece monitors systematically the quality of bathing waters; this is one of the requirements of the European Blue Flag award. Every year samples are taken fortnightly from May to October and are analyzed in the laboratory for microbiological parameters while there is a visual evaluation of physicochemical parameters. Comparing the results of the years 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993 we can see a trend of increase of the consistent with the directive points. Also comparing the waters of Greece with the waters of other Mediterranean countries we can see that the first are superior.

Department of Environmental Engineering, Tallinn Technical University, Tallinn, Estonia

Environmental protection strategy including water protection is coordinated by governmental authorities, and, as a rule, the long- and short-term planning is based on it. Estonia, as a state which has regained independence, was opposed by two alternatives in the beginning of the 90-s: either to continue the former strategy of the Soviet Union based on control of the environment or go to pollution sources control. Estonia decided to stop this strategy as it did not guarantee water quality improvement.

After re-gaining independence, significant structural changes have been undergone in Estonian economy. The pollution loads into the environment have decreased and the first sings of improving quality of coastal sea can be noticed. But the change in Estonian water protection strategy should also be considered important. Standardization of water outlets based on best available technology and strict control over emissions has become the basis of long-term planning of Estonian coastal water quality. Adoption of Estonian Water Low, in May 1994 abolished all the previous environmental protection legislation and standards of Soviet origin and complementary governmental orders on requirements on waste water discharges into the waterbodies were made more similar to the international ones.

Water preservation policy in Japan is introduced along with various preventative measures against sea water pollution especially within the Seto Inland Sea (Setonaikai) of Japan. Integrated policies among local governments, the private sector, and the Government are stated as well. The author intends to introduce the relation between sea water pollution and ocean resources (in this paper principally living resources) that sustains the reproductive food system. Aquaculture in this sense is the most important ocean resource that we may foster to produce reproduction in marine resources. Some examples are shown along with the problems and countermeasures for aquaculture practice.

Operation and control of sewage treatment plants of hotels in Rhodes - sea water quality

Rhodes is one of the main tourist destinations in Greece and the whole Mediterranean. The impact of tourism on the environment and vice versa are well understood and established. The hotels need to treat their effluents to minimize pollution, and conform with the laws. The tourists need clean environment, clean bathing water, and nature in general, safe drinking water. The competition between tourist resorts makes proofs of conformity with tourists environmental expectations a necessity. In Rhodes, Greece, several hotels perform private controls of their swage treatment plants aiming at enhancing operation, minimizing pollution and achieving conformity with standards set by authorities. These controls in recent years, revealed satisfactory or better performance in the 75% and over of cases, compared to 55% conformity to limits set found in early checks (1983-85). Break downs were also reduced in frequency. Potable water shortages suggest the need for extended use of treated effluents for irrigation purposes after tertiary treatment. The sea water quality around Rhodes is conforming to the micro biological parameters set by the EU directives as the findings are well below the higher limits set. Approximately 25 - 30 beaches of the island each year are awarded the "Blue Flag of Europe" for clean organized beaches. A relation is found between microbiological findings and advancement of tourist season.

Ph.D. Director Environmental Research Laboratories Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Ocean Acoustics Division 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, Florida 33149, USA

Through the use of advanced acoustical technology significant improvements in monitoring anthropogenic discharges in coastal waters can be obtained. In particular, acoustical systems may be used to accurately define the water volume occupied by sewage effluent and dredged material discharges as a function of three- dimensional space and time. With such accurate definitions of the location and distribution of wastes, accurate acoustically guided, chemical and biological sampling can be carried out. In combination with other technologies, design optimization and discharge procedure optimization can be addressed through the use of research results and real-time monitoring, respectively. Two case studies will be discussed: the first will be a study of four wastewater outfalls discharging in the near-coastal water and the second will be dredged material discharged in near-coastal waters. Formation of both sub-water-surface and surface discharge plumes together with the dilution observed as a function of distance and time from the site of discharge will be discussed. A much slower rate of dilution with time and with distance is observed for subsurface plumes and far less variation in concentration of constituents is seen. Coefficients of variation, determined via acoustical backscattering, computed over 50 meter plume segments with range, are typically less than one for subsurface plumes and larger than one for near-surface plumes. Some implications for outfall design arising from plume dispersion will also be presented

Marmara University, Environmental Engineering Department, Goztepe, Istanbul, Turkey

In most of the Mediterranean countries municipal wastewater is discharged to the sea environment without any secondary treatment, causing serious amounts of bacterial pollution. The fate of bacteria in the sea environment has been a topic of intensive research. The parameters affecting coliform decay have been analyzed and impatience of solar radiation has been proved to be the major factor. The bacterial die-off rate due to solar radiation is required in the design of sea outfalls as an important parameter. In this research , coliform bacteria tests were used to determine the effect of solar radiation and temperature on bacterial decay rates in the Marmara Sea. The aim of the research is to supply data for sea outfall designs in the Marmara Sea. The solar radiations varied between 20 cal/cm²hr and 70 cal/cm²hr. Experiments were conducted in beakers filled with sea water samples to simulate the decay rates in sea environment. To investigate the effect of temperature on bacterial decay rate, different temperatures between 10-30° C at a constant solar intensity were used. Experiments in the dark were also conducted to isolate the effect of the solar radiation from other factors. T90 values in the Marmara Sea were found to be ranging between 40 - 130 minutes depending on the solar intensity.

Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

Among the environmental protection activities marine outfalls are one of the alternatives that conveys wastewaters far from the coastline and discharge them where the satisfactory diffusion, dispersion and die off processes take place. They are generally used to dispose municipal wastewaters after full, pre or without treatment stage. They are widely applied and constructed to the countries which have establishments along their coastlines. In this paper, design considerations of marine outfall systems are reviewed briefly and examples from Turkey are presented. Collected data from such places in Turkey are evaluated and compared with the land-based treatment plants.

Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica i Metallurgia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

In this paper a combined treatment for domestic sewage is presented. The treatment consists of a pre-anaerobic process, carried out by an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) followed by an aerobic process carried out by two consecutive Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC's). This configuration is very appropriate for mediterranean coastal areas, because tourism makes the load of the process to increase during Summer, when the temperature is higher and the efficiency of the process is higher too. In Winter the trend is reversed. Experiments show that overall BOD removal efficiencies are very similar in both seasons.

1 Istituto di Fisica dell'Atmosfera, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Romai Italy
2 Istituto di Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Istituto Universitario Navale, Corso Umberto, Napoli, Italy

A shallow water model is applied to the lagoon of Lesina (Southern Italy) with the aim of analyzing the dynamics forced by both the winds and the tide of the adjacent Adriatic Sea, to which the lagoon is connected through two channels. The lagoon response to the predominant westerly winds directed along the longitudinal axis of the basin is characterized by flows in the same wind direction along the lateral boundaries, and by an inverse circulation in the central part of the basin. The tidal forcing is taken into account by means of tide gauge records collected in the Adriatic Sea, near Vieste. The tidal phases derived from the model agree very well with theoretical considerations and the tidal range results attenuated with respect to the sea tide. Of particular interest is the situation when wind and tide act together because the induced setup changes the tidal fluxes at the mouths of the two channels. Finally the seiches in the lagoon are investigated. The fundamental period is found to be about 5 h and, due to the very small depth involved, the decay time is of 3-5 cycles only.

Dpto.de Anaisis Matemaico, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain

A multilayer shallow-water model taking into account Coriolis force, wind and bottom drag effects, interaction between two adjacent layers, etc...has been developed. The practical application of this model has been reduced to a two-layer model for the Alboran Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar. That should suffice to well simulate the dynamics in this area due to its characteristic two layer vertical structure. In this model, the upper layer represents the Atlantic input water that enters through the Strait of Gibraltar and exits into the western Mediterranean basin, while the lower layer contains the Mediterranean water pouring out from the Eastern Mediterranean through Alboran into the Strait and then into the Atlantic. The experience provided by this study shows that the choice of suitable boundary conditions for the Atlantic and Mediterranean borders of the domain is crucial. The obtainment of valid and realistic results by means of this model will strongly depend on this choice.

Hydrodynamic simulation of storm surge in Azov Sea and pollution transport between Azov and Black Seas

Efficient approach to economic and ecological problems related to natural resources operation and protection of environment in the shelf and coastal sea zones requires characteristics of main elements of hydrometeorological regime. A non- linear hydrodynamic two-dimensional model, which was constructed within framework of the shallow water theory, allowed one to obtain level and current fields in the shelf and coastal sea zones. This model was developed in the State Oceanographic Institute of Russia. Approximation of non-linear advective terms in this model is done using a new difference method. This model was applied for simulation of the catastrophic storm surge that took place in the Azov Sea in October 1969 and for simulation of pollution dispersion between Azov and Black seas.

Venice flood protection implementation of an operational flood warning system

The risk of flooding in Venice has increased strongly since the beginning of the century. To reduce the damage to the city and the negative impact on the activities in the lagoon, a flood warning system composed of statistical and hydrodynamic models has been developed for the Ministry of Public Works, Magistrato Alle Acque, under the direction of Consorzio Venezia Nuova (CVN). In the future this warning system will also be fundamental during the construction and for the efficient operation of storm surge barriers covering the three existing inlets of the lagoon.

Following a management strategy for the integration and coordination of the project, the implementation of a first phase of operation was initiated at the beginning of 1995. In this initial phase only statistical models are being used operationally. These models, which are based on a multiple regression technique, extend the forecasting range, with respect to the previous system, from 3 to 24 hours. The meteorological forecasts used till now are transmitted on-line every 12 hours from the Danish Meteorological Institute to Centro Previsioni e Segnalazioni Maree del Commune di Venezia where the warning system is run.

For longer forecasts (>24 hours) a complex of hydrodynamic models, composed of a general model of the Adriatic Sea (6 km grid), a regional North Adriatic model (700 m grid) and two local models of the Venice Gulf and Lagoon (300 and 75 m grid), have also been developed. At the time of writing this modelling complex constitutes a prototype system, which is expected to be put into operation in 1996 following a new development phase. One of the problems to address will be the specification of long term water level variations at the entrance of the Adriatic due to external meteorological effects.

The operational system is fully automatized and provided with an ad-hoc interface for the operator's expeditious intervention when necessary.

Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Department, Coastal and Harbor Engineering Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey

Coastal lagoons are sensitive and fragile ecosystems. Therefore, as the level of management practices in these systems increases, there is a concomitant need for reliable water quality models. The models are used to examine responses of the environment to various pollutant loadings and can simulate various scenarios in a very short time.

This paper presents a three dimensional mathematical model to compute wind induced currents and water level elevations by solving the complete Navier-Stokes equations (except the terms including vertical velocity). The model simulates the transport and diffusion of temperature and salinity by solving three dimensional convective-diffusion equations. So, the model is a baroclinic model which considers thermohaline forcing. In horizontal plane finite difference approximations and in vertical plane finite element shape functions are used. Equations are solved implicitly allowing relatively large time steps, Courant Number being of the order of 30. The model is applied to Goksu Lagoon System which is located at the Mediterranean coast of Turkey.

1 National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Kayet Bay, Alexandria, Egypt
2 ICSC- World Laboratory, Project Land-3, Erice, Italy
3 EIA Centre of Finland, Tekniikantie, Espoo, Finland
4 Ministry of Environment, NBWE, Helsinki, Finland

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) model is used in conjunction with available observations to determine the fate and transport of contaminants and nutrients in Abu Qir Bay area. The influence of external load from different sources is taken into account. The EIA model is based on 3D (three-dimensional: longitude*latitude*depth) calculation of the water currents, their variation with time and on 3D description of release, transport, degradation, settling and other processes affecting water quality and the bottom. Results from the model are presented and compared with the field observations.

The present work is done in the framework of the LAND-3 Project " Protection of the Coastal Marine Environment in the South Mediterranean Sea: Sub-Project 5: Effect of the water circulation on pollutants transport along the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast", In Erice (Italy), founded by the ICSC World Laboratory.

The Abu Qir bay is excellently suited for the purposes of this study because the circulation in this area is a complicated function of winds, river, El-Tabia pumping Station (TPS) and lake inflows, and because its environmental problems caused by the introduction of wastes over many years. There exist good observation data about chemical and biological components of water quality which help to apply the model.

Anti-cyclonic circulation driven by estuarine circulation and its role in the ecosystem of an estuary

1 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan

Minute current-structure measurements using ADCPs ( Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler ) and intensive hydrographic observations have been conducted in the regions of freshwater influences in Japan. The fields of observation are Osaka, Ise and Tokyo Bays. For these highly populated bays, water quality management is now an important social issue. From these observations, it was revealed that fairly simple rules explain these complex baloclinic flows in above bays. Namely, (1) potential vorticity is conserved, (2) residual currents are quasi-geostrophic, and (3) waters in the bays are classified into three water masses: the river plume, the upper and lower layer waters. Then, the estuarine circulation drives an anti-cyclonic circulation in the upper layer under the effect of the Earth's rotation. This anti-cyclonic circulation governs the flow structure in the vicinity of the bay heads and also deflects the direction of the river plume. This circulation is seen in all research fields and in many other sea areas of the world dominated by estuarine circulation. We developed a three dimensional numerical model simulating these phenomena and studied hydrodynamically dominated marine ecosystems. This model gives us much information, when considering plans for management of water quality in such semi-enclosed seas.

An investigation on effects of wave breaking on the ecology of the nearshore zone

1 Yildiz Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul, Yildiz, Turkey
2 Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Ayazaga, Istanbul, Turkey

The conservation of the nature in marine environment has been getting one of the most important environmental issue. That is why, scientists and engineers have spend continuous efforts in order to develop the knowledge about the hydrodynamic, ecological and morphologic characteristics of the coastal area specifically of the nearshore zone. In this study, an experimental work has been done in order to obtain oxygen rates along a shoaling region and it has been obtained that great amount of oxygen has been transferred especially in the vicinity of breaking conditions.

1 KTU Surmene Faculty of Marine Sciences, Camburnu, Trabzon, Turkey
2 Kafkas University, Faculty of Forestry, Artvin, Turkey

Monthly averages of temperature, precipitation, pressure and wind speed for long and short term data observed in two coastal (Hopa, Trabzon) and terrestrial (Gumushane,Artvin) stations have been investigated. The main purpose of this study is to define the small and large scale (local and synoptic) fluctuations on the meteorological parameters. Some meteorological data (pressure, wind velocity, precipitation, relative humidity and temperature) observed in these stations at the Northeastern Black-Sea Region have been considered. Meteorological data for long - term (1960-1990) and short-term (1991-1994) have been analyzed in statistically. Analysis of first to sixth order harmonic amplitudes and phases have been calculated by using the Fourier Transformation. The first and sixth order harmonic amplitudes and phases provide a useful source to understand the local and large scale effects on these parameters. As a result of this study the precipitation and relative humidity observed in Trabzon and Hopa are mostly effected by the synoptic circulations. The influence of micro scale phenomena on wind speed is similar at all stations. The phase angle can be used to determine the time of year the maximum or minimum of a given harmonic occurs. This paper is a pilot study for the climatological changing investigations in this region.

Low-frequency change of the Black Sea river discharges associated with the coupled ocean- atmosphere variability in the North Atlantic Ocean

Marine Hydrophysical Institute of Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Sevastopol, Crimea, Ukraine

Interannual and interdecadal variability of discharges of four Black Sea rivers in 1921 to 1992 is examined. It is shown that a typical magnitude of low-frequency fluctuations of these discharges is the same as a typical amplitude of the seasonal cycle.They are mainly due to natural changes in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. Predictability of the interannual and interdecadal fluctuations of the river discharges associated with sea surface temperature and atmosphere circulation anomalies in the North/Tropical Atlantic is discussed.

Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea; exchange of water and nutrients on the Palagruza sill (Middle Adriatic)

Owing to its specific topographic properties, the Palagruza Sill acts as a natural barrier to both incoming and outgoing branches of the Adriatic cyclonic circulation. These conditions cause intensive mixing of waters of different origin, like those from the northern Adriatic and those from the southern Adriatic and Ionian Sea. Exchange between the Mediterranean and Adriatic waters is well manifested by the variations in the concentrations of nutrient salts. Bottom Ionian waters are considerably richer in nitrate (occasionally phosphate), thus enriching the Adriatic (McGill, 1963). At the same time, cooler and denser northern Adriatic water, or the Jabuka Pit water, carries large quantities of nutrients into this area.

This has strong implications on the chemical and biological properties of the central Adriatic waters. Surface layers of these waters are poor in nutrients, which is indicative of the high primary production, or better to say of an intensive consumption of these salts. Bottom layer concentrations of nutrients are much higher, with reduced oxygen content pointing to regenerative processes of these salts there. This is confirmed by a number of heterotrophic organisms recorded there recently, which are considerably higher than previous recordings. The mentioned factors point to some signs of eutrophication of the open central Adriatic waters.

Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Science, Trabzon, Turkey

South Eastern Black Sea coasts are considered as study area. The purpose of study is to determine the wind induced upwelling in the region . Mean monthly (1930- 1990) wind speed data was used to calculate the surface current which are suitable upwelling events. The results show that the wind stress is not suitable to occurrence of upwelling in the region.

1 Irrigation and Hydraulic Dept., Faculty of Engg, Cairo Univ., Giza, Egypt
2 Water Structure Dept., Faculty of Engg, Zagazig Univ., Zagazig, Egypt

This paper presents a comparison between the results of a physical and a theoretical models to estimate the wave heights behind a detached breakwater. The breakwater system is planned for Marabella village, west of Alexandria city. The physical model runs were made in the laboratory of Suez Canal Research Center (SCRC). The theoretical model for wave transformation behind the structure assumes linear and oblique waves incident on the detached breakwater. The method of solution to estimate the wave diffraction behind the breakwater uses an eigen-function expansion technique, which is essentially that of Dalrymple and Martin (1990), and the potentials were corrected to include the oblique wave effects, Abul-Azm and Williams (1994). The breakwater is assumed to be thin, impermeable, infinite and located in a uniform water depth, and the fluid is incompressible, inviscid, undergoing irrotational linear oblique waves. Effects of a slowly varying depth behind the breakwater is accounted for in the wave transformation model by considering a refraction and shoaling coefficients. Numerical comparisons show a fair and good agreement between the theoretical and physical results for the wave heights behind the breakwater.

Comparison of the reliability-based and deterministic design procedures for rubble mound breakwaters

1 Ondokuz Mayis University, Civil Engineering Department, Samsun, Turkey.
2 Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Department, Ankara, Turkey.

In this paper, deterministic and reliability-based approaches developed for the design of armor layers of rubble-mound breakwaters are presented. In the reliability-based approach, the design variables are modeled as random variables. The limit state equation is generated from the Hudson equation which is the most widely used deterministic design equation for armor layers. For the evaluation of safety levels, the First Order Second Moment (FOSM) method is utilized.

The implementation of the reliability-based design approach is illustrated by using the data available for the Mersin Yacht Harbor which is constructed near the city of Mersin located on the Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey. The optimum design of main breakwater is determined from design curves which show the probability of exceedance of different damage levels during the lifetime of the structure. The results of the reliability-based design are compared with the deterministic design approach and the hydraulic model tests. This work is the first application of the reliability-based design for a harbor project in Turkey. It is concluded from these systematic comparisons that, the reliability-based design should be preferred to the conventional methods, since it enables random variations associated with the resistance and load parameters to be taken into account and permits optimization analyses to be performed for several safety levels.

Institute of Harbour and Marine Technology, Wu-Chi, Taichung Country, Taiwan

The purpose of this study is to develop a numerical coastal model which can be applied in this study area. The coastal model was established by use of the meteorological and ocean data which was measured in Yunchia coast. Of course, all the effect factors such as the beach topography, the extreme level of sea water that was induced by the storm surge, the combination of wind and swell waves as well as the transport and energy loss of the wave energy flux was considered. Results are used for the planning and design of the shore protection work and the improvement of the seawall which was constructed along the coast line in this study area.

In numerical calculation, the prediction method of the wind and swell waves which was developed by Liang(1991), the computation of typhoon wave in moving fetch method which presented by Bretschneider (1984) was quoted. In addition, the concept of ray method which suggested by Jonsson (1984) was to apply. Results shows that the characteristics of the nearshore wave in this coast area is quite different from the other place. It is found that the nearshore wave was variety considerably due to the combination of wind wave and the swell which was generated and propagated from the typhoon that even occur hundred miles away in the South China Sea. Besides, during the time that typhoon assailing, the storm surge will occur very often. At that time, lots of wave overtopping make dike destroyed frequently. Therefore, how to decrease the height of wave run up at the dike surface was the main subject and the application of a rough and composite sloping dike was suggested.

Environmental conservation and enhancement of the Seto Inland Sea - tidal flow control as a mitigation measure -

Chugoku National Industrial Research Institute, AIST, MITI, Hiroshima, Japan.

Using a hydraulic model of the Seto Inland Sea (SIS), we carried out case studies on flow control methods for tidal basins. We have found that dike construction and resultant changes in topography at a basin mouth affect periodic changes in position and scale of vortices. These in turn consequently alter the balance and patterns of basin-wide circulation needed to help enhance water movements in stagnant regions. We have also confirmed the effectiveness of those methods on water mass exchange in stagnant regions and on mixing and advection of river water discharged there. The methods discussed here can also be used in partnership with the concept of sustainable development to construct elemental technology for environmental conservation and enhancement of coastal waters. This is suggested because although there exist the needs of urban development on the sea to solve land problems and so forth, Japanese coastal waters still encounter outbreaks of red tide and water mass anoxia on a large scale, despite some success in reducing waste discharge from the hinterlands.

1 Prof., Dr., Ecology Institute, Vice-Rector, 4-84, Maiakovskogo street, Zheleznodorozhny, Moscow Region, 143980, Russia Phone: +(095) 522 23 84 (h) Fax:+(095) 257 77 92 EMail: ikantar@patience.msk.ru
2 D.Sc., Institute of Recreation and Tourism, Assoc.Prof. 26a, Sovetskaia street, Sochi, 354000, Russia Phone: +(8 622) 936 257, +(8 662) 970 317 (h) Fax: +(8 662) 790 Email: postmast@elite.sochi.su

The modelling of the marina near Anapa city, Black Sea coast have been carried out. The configuration of the marina protected breakwaters is chose to protect the marina area of the incoming wave impact, to guarantee the need water exchange and to preserve the existing sand beach in the neighbour bay "Malaya". The breaking wave- induced currents are considered as a main factor of water exchange. Moreover, the forced flushing of the marina is tested. The whole shoreline duration of the study area is about 760 m. Physical modelling have been carried out in the wave basin (41x³3.5x¹.7 m) with scale 1:40. The several variants of the mole configuration are tested, the whole duration of the protected moles is about 500 m. The best results both for wave damping and marina flushing are obtained with the permeability of the root part of the western mole. The 105 flushing ports with diameter 32 cm and with whole area 7.42 m², placed with the distance 2 m from each other give the need permeability of the mole. The last value was computed before physical testing by the numerical modelling of the wave transmission through the permeable structures. The using of the shutters at the each port gives the possibility to control the direction of the flushing flow -to the marina, only. Additionally, the construction of the caisson with duration 100 m in the front of the western marina mole from the sea side is tested. Due the wave set-up, the strong flow inside the marina is generated in this case. The combine using of the permeable mole and caisson gives the best conditions for water exchange. The forced pumping is considered as an alternative variant of the marina flushing. The sea water is pumped to the marina through the system of the permeable pipes, placed in the marina along the perimeter of the moles. The propagation of the inflows to the marina is studied by the numerical modelling. also. The comparison of the measured and calculated flow velocities shows the good correlation.

Office National de Signalization Maritime, Boulevard Amirouche, Alger, Algeria

Algeria, as a country located on the Southern border of the Mediterranean Sea, has a coastline of about 1200 km that sees heavy vessel traffic sailing offshore. International Vessels cruising along the coast compose 90% of this traffic, half of which is hydrocarbon transport.

This situation makes Algeria vulnerable to any oil spill or such incident that can cause irreversible damage to the environment, the fishing and tourist industries as well as put the human population into a dramatic situation.

These reasons have led Algeria to look into Coastal Vessel Traffic Systems and Networks as means to supervise traffic and prevent accidents through permanent information update broadcasting and vessel to land two way communications.

Algeria's project under study includes the implementation of traffic separation schemes, and the introduction onboard ships of something similar to 'interactive black boxes ' that give information about the ship (name, origin, destination, type, cargo, speed, heading, position, etc.) with access only to government authorities through its land based VTS centers.

1 Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering Istanbul, Turkey
2 Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Maritime Transport and Management, Istanbul, Turkey

The 2000s will have to catch new and more structured approaches having environmental priorities in port management. As a consequence of this new approaches, port managers of the modern world may be personally liable to prosecution as a result of environmental damage. But, a new management approach that produces solutions without damaging environment over reasonable limits is more important than previous ones. Main goal of this approach is to select a port where operation and management system which includes more integrated methods of environmental planning and management.

A model including port objectives in general to be able to reach to main target is introduced in this paper. The model is developed for selection of ports that have environmental sensitivity and sustainable development principles by using Analytic Hierarchy Process.

Review of planning and management of fishing harbours in Turkey from aspect of coastal zone management

In this study, to use effectively geographical, physical, social and economic potential of the region where the harbor is located is aimed to develop regionally land and marine resources. Planning and management of a fishing harbor require evaluating many factors such as geographical, physical and economical factors related to the coastal zone management and engineering investigations. Geographical and physical factors can be classified into two group; site selection and layout of harbor. Factors such as water depth, soil condition, sheltering, wave and current condition, and littoral drift in the scope of site selection, elements such as quay,basin,entrance and breakwaters also in layout of harbors are dealt with.

The present situation of fishery and harbours in Turkey and the relevant statistics are given and future development of fisheries and fishing harbors are expressed. Governmental and local responsibility and marketing are considered by administration and management scheme of Turkish fishing harbors.

University of Plymouth, Institute of Marine Studies Drake Circus,Plymouth PL⁴ 8AA U.K.

The leisure time spent at coasts for recreation has been increasing in recent years. The range and number of facilities for yachtsmen has grown as a consequence. There is an underlying trend of continued increase in demand for coastal leisure facilities. Therefore, marina industry, as a leisure industry at coasts, continues to have great importance.

The impact of coastal development brings the great role of environmental factors at coasts. The environment is fragile, important, easily damaged and impossible to replace. As a result of the expansion of boating, various environmental problems have occurred in marinas when crowded with small craft. The purpose of this paper is to present the pollution and environmental problems caused by various reasons in marinas.

An advanced third generation wind wave model for engineering use: Application to the Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean

This paper describes an advanced third generation wind wave model for engineering applications. The model is an enhanced version of the simplified third-generation wind wave model, METUS³. The model incorporates all third generation model properties. The wave propagation (including refraction) in the model is treated using a first- generation discrete decoupled model. This treatment does not degrade the physical structure of the whole model to a lower generation, but removes the main restrictions imposed on the original version of the model. The model is applicable for any water body with any bottom topography and for any wind field. The model has been used for the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea, and wave predictions for several months were obtained. The model predictions are generally in good agreement with the complete third generation wave model METU³ especially for the stormy periods. In cases of reliable wind fields, the model predictions are in good agreement with the buoy measurements.

State Oceanographical Institute, St. Petersburg Branch, St. Petersburg, Russia

The hydrodynamics model of wind wave calculation both in a deep and shallow water in the Black Sea is proposed. The model is verified by the great number of field data of Russian expeditions. The calculation of wind waves is made by means of differential equations with respect to wave variance and mean direction. The ratio between nondimensional fetch and zero spectral moment is based on the dynamic velocity instead of the speed at 10m level. The homogeneous energy balance equation is used for swell calculations. The algorithm of energy redistribution between wind waves and swell is proposed. For shallow water the integration of spectral wave energy balance equation along the characteristics is used. The calculations are made on IBM PC - computer. The results of calculations are presented. The long-term distributions of wave height for the coastal zone of the East Mediterranean and part of the Black sea are calculated. These distributions are compared with previously published distributions for the open parts of the Seas. For the comparison of coastal and open seas wave climate, the multidimensional discriminant analyses is used. Seven quantiles of each distribution of both open seas and coastal zones are used. The measure of similarity and differences between the coastal and open sea distributions showed up some specific features of coastal zone wave climate. The obtained results are used for different practical purposes.

Measurements and modelling of wind-waves along the Turkish Mediterranean Coasts and the Black Sea

A major project, called the NATO TU-WAVES Project, which aims to find out the wave climate affecting the Turkish coastline as well as the whole Black Sea coasts, is being carried out since the beginning of 1994 within the framework of the NATO SfS Program - Phase III. The main objectives of this project are to obtain detailed knowledge on and to establish a reliable data bank of wind waves affecting the Turkish coasts and the whole Black Sea, to implement an advanced (third generation) wave model for the seas surrounding Turkey, and to construct a wave atlas for the Turkish and the Black Sea coasts. In addition to METU-KLARE, the lead organization, three other Turkish organizations and four institutes from four Black Sea riparian countries (Bulgaria, Rumania, Russia and Ukraine) are collaborating over the Black Sea component of the NATO TU-WAVES Project. This paper discusses briefly this project and the progress of its activities.

Experience of wind waves calculation for extremely dangerous storms in the Black Sea

Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sevastopol, Ukraine

Calculation of a wind waves state during a storm is very important from many practical points of view. The using of numerical model of wind waves permits to find the following features of storm waves: a) the time of developing of the most dangerous waves; b) the size of dangerous domains and their location and moving; c) the duration of existence of dangerous waves in the course of a storm; d) the features of swell spreading and dissipation. These and some other features of the real storm situations have been analyzed on the basis of the using of a third generation spectral model for real storms in the Black Sea on 09.11.80 (S-1) and on 28.10.87 (S-2). The wind field have been taken from Meteorological office of Sevastopol. The first storm (S-1) had a form of a strong cyclone with the eye located near the point (29 degrees W, 45 degrees N) and maximum wind speed about 25 m/s. The radius of the zone with a maximum winds was about 300 km. The second storm (S-2) had a feature of a very large cyclone with a quasy uniform wind field in the western part of Black Sea with velocity about 20 m/s. The duration of the second storm was 16 hours. For both cases all feature of storm waves mentioned above were found. The main of them are: a) the time of developing of the most highest waves is 5-8 hours; b) the dangerous domain is located in 200 km further of a maximum wind in its direction; c) the dangerous waves with heights more than 2 meters exist for the 5-6 hours after the storm decay; d) the swell is spreading with the group velocity of the peak component and dissipating linearly with time. All other details are analyzed.

Marine Hydrophysical Institute of Ukranian Academy of Sciences, Sevastopol, Crimea, Ukraine

Observations of wave breaking have been carried out in special field experiments from both research field platforms and research vessels as well as in a laboratory wave tank. Most of field data were obtained in the Black and Mediterranean Seas, laboratory data were obtained in the Ocean University of Qingdao (China). In case of measurements carried out from a fixed platform and in the laboratory, staff wave gauges were used as a frame device; accelerometer wave buoys were used for measurements conducted from research vessels. Breaking events were marked by means of parallel visual observations. Profiles of acceleration and elevation as well as statistical properties of breaking waves were considered. Breakings of small waves related to equilibrium interval of the wave spectrum and energy carrying waves related to the spectrum peak were distinguished and, finally, they were split during registration and analysis for their statistical features to be considered separately. Breaking process has apparently intermittent character. Significant values of correlation of wind-generated wave breaking intensity with spectrum parameters, local wind speed, wave development stage were found. Correlation of the breaking intensity with integral level of spectrum of wind wave groups and wave age were not clearly revealed. Results on breaking criteria and breaking frequency alterations are discussed.

Directional wave simulations by a time dependent nonlinear mild slope equation

1 Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
2 Department of Civil Engineering, tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan

A nonlinear directional wave model recently developed by the authors is used for simulating the combined effects of nonlinear refraction-diffraction over gently varying depths. Nearshore wave transformations such as shift in characteristic wave-number for varying depths and nonlinear modifications are emphasized and the ability of the proposed wave model to predict these transformations is indicated. The performance of directional wave model is tested for linear wave propagation over a circular shoal and for nonlinear wave propagation over a topographical lens. The unidirectional version of the model for right-going waves is also introduced and used for simulating the conoidal and Stokes waves as a demonstration of the superiority of the present wave equation over a Boussinesq model.

An analysis of wind wave experimental data in order to investigate the transformation of the wave height distribution in shallow water is done. Different approaches are compared with experimental data. The wind wave distribution and spectral width parameters are calculated for 130 recordings of sea surface elevation. Wave measurements were made at eleven fixed points with a depth from 18m to 1.3m. The experimental histograms of wave heights have been grouped in dependence of the depth and spectral peak frequency. In deep water the best fit of experimental data is theoretical distribution proposed by Tayfun (1990). The pick of experimental histograms tilts to greater values and the shapes of the experimental distribution smoothly become two picked with decreasing the depth. The second mode corresponds to low values of height and rises with decreasing of the depth. The observed wave height distribution in the coastal zone is more complicated than wave height density functions, described by variety of theories.

This paper describes the methodology implemented in the establishment of the most representative incident waves conditions in Portman Bay in order to evaluate the behavior of a project beach, after calibration of the mobile bed physical model.

The procedure involves a statistical analysis using the available wave information- directional visual observations and scalar waverider buoy records- and the performance of several propagation tests with a parabolic water wave propagation numerical model.