Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment, MEDCOAST 95, October 24-27, 1995; Taragona, Spain, E.Özhan (Editor)
VOLUME 1
. C o a s t a l a n d M a r i n e E c o s y s t e m s .
"Ecomalaga": An ecosystem analysis of the SW Spanish Mediterranean coasts
J.A. Caminas1, N. Cano1, D. Cortes1, V. Diaz del Rio2, A. Garcia1 and J.P. Rubin1
1 Instituto Espanol de
Oceanografia, Centro Oceanografico de Malaga, Fuengirola, Spain
2 Instituto Espanol de
Oceanografia, Centro Oceanografico de Murcia, San Pedro del Pinatar, Spain
Abstract
From October 1992, the Oceanographic Center of Malaga of the IEO began a monitoring project, Ecomalaga, which collects physical, chemical, biological and sedimentological data from the Alboran Sea shelf. The project is coordinated with similar ones that are underway in the Atlantic and Mediterranean Centers of the IEO. The ultimate objective is to study the long-term changes of the essential marine environmental parameters. A total of nine quarterly surveys from October of 1992 and December, 1994 have been carried out. The following information has been registered: situation, temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll "a", nitrates, nitrites, phosphates and silicates, as well as, zooplanktonic biomass, species composition and ichthyoplankton. Moreover, the granulometric composition and organic matter of sediments has also been input into the data base.
The data input is in a computerized data base named Ecomalaga Data Base.
This interdisciplinary data base includes such research areas as: geology, physics,
plankton and marine chemistry. It offers the users outputs in the form of synthetic
records of each station sampled. The data base not only contains independent files for
each research area, but allows for communication among these files, resulting in a
synoptic data output. The data from the surveys are analyzed and indicate seasonal
influences and a inshore-offshore gradient , as well as, the Atlantic influence on the
stations located in the transect closest to the Gibraltar Strait.
Biodiversity in the fouling community
V.A. Grintsov
Institute of the Biology, South Seas of the National Academy Science of Ukraine, Sevastopol, Ukraine
Abstract
Relationship between diversity and the dynamics of structure of
correlations and correlation systems of community prevailing and mass in coastal waters of
the South Crimea was studied. In 1991-1992 the influence of species number on the dynamics
of correlation between parameters of macroorganism population was studied. Only pair
correlation coefficients from 0.4 to 1.0 between distribution density, biomass and size of
organism were taken into account. Communities were ranged according to the estimates of
temperature, collector exposuretime, depth, length of organism, biomass and distribution
density. In total, 15 variants were examined. For each it was determined the change of a
share of realized correlations in a number of possible correlations, a share of positive
and negative correlations in a number of the realized correlations with increase of the
species number. In each case the correlation systems were ranged according to their
complexity: simple were "Chain", complex-"Net". With the increase of
species number from 2 to 8 proportion of positive correlations also increased for 23% on
the average in all variants of the community. Almost in all cases a share of negative
correlations decreased for 24% on the average. The species number increase results in a
reduced share of the realized correlations for 15% on the average. The increase in species
diversity promotes increase of the share of the complex "Net"- type correlation
systems for 35% on the average and decrease in simple "Chain"- type systems for
35% on the average. Thus, species diversity optimizes the correlation relations in
communities and gives rise to the hierarchy between the parameters of populations.
Significance Of Parasites And Endocommensals In Biodiversity Of Marine Coastal Ecosystems
V.K. Machkevsky and A.V. Gaevskaja
Institute of Biology, Southern Seas, Sevastopol, Crimea, Ukraine
Abstract
Beginning to work out of this problem we have perfectly imagined that biodiversity is very interesting not only itself. It is very interesting as natural phenomenon influencing on activity of ecosystem and as a consequence of ecosystem function simultaneously. There are some standpoints on problem of complication of different systems including biological ones. One of them is: the complication of biosystem increases of its stability. The opposite opinion is: the complication of system decreases of its stability. Sharing the first point of view we would like to pay attention to contribution of endosymbionts (parasitic and endocommensal organisms) as more strictly interacting with their hosts on organism level in biodiversity and stabilization of marine coastal ecosystems.
Unfortunately not all hydrobiologists and ecologists regard the endosymbionts as natural component of ecosystems. Parasites and endocommensals are ignored in the common data of species structure of biocenosises and communities. As rule, they are expelled from calculation of energetic balance ecosystem. Although the founders of ecological parasitology V.A.Dogel (1962) and V.N.Beklemishev (1956) consider the parasites as normal members of biocenoses many scientists continue to consider them as "undesirable element". Developing of V.A.Dogel's and V.N.Beklemishev's ideas, we want to mean a problem of not only significance of endosymbionts in biodiversity of marine ecosystems but their necessity for normal development and activity of ones.
In first part of our paper we have tried to indicate a place and role of
endosymbionts in activity of marine community at whole. Then we will indicate a
significance of these organisms in biodiversity of coastal ecosystems using the results of
our investigations.
Meroplankton diversity of the Crimean waters
V.V. Murina
Biology of the South Seas of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Sevastopol, Ukraine
Abstract
The diversity of the meroplankton is one of the most important index of
the condition of the Black Sea ecosystem. The taxonomic composition and phenology of the
pelagic larvae of the benthic invertebrates of the South and East coastal waters have been
studied. About 700 zooplankton samples obtained have been treated. The meroplankton of the
South Crimea, adjacent the experimental mussel farming, has been studied for the first
time. The list of the neretic meroplancton of the South Crimea consist of 51 species of
the classes Polychaeta, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, orders Decapoda and Cirripedia. The
catalogue of meroplankton of the East Crimea, adjacent Karadag Reservation, is
replendished with 13 species.
Rare animals of Abrau Peninsula (the Black Sea Coast)
O.A. Leontyeva1 and S.L. Pereshkolnik2
1 Department of Biogeography, Moscow
State University, Moscow, Russia
2 Moscow Zoological Park,
Bolshaja Gruzinskaja, Moscow, Russia
Abstract
Nature of Abrau peninsula is very rich. Zonal forest cover is presented
there by two main associations: Pistaceo-Juniperus and Carpino-Quercus forests. The relict
ecosystems of dry subtropics of the Caucasus Black Sea coast include a great number of
relict and endemic species of invertebrate and vertebrate animals. A lot of them are
included into the Red Data Books of the USSR, Russia and Krasnodar skij kraj were found
during our researches at Abrau peninsula. Anthropogenous transformation of ecosystems at
the last years has the negative influence on the nature of the peninsula: reduction of the
forests, net of the roads and high quantity of hotel houses together with the growing of
abundance of transportation facilities and human population. All this causes violation of
the natural demographic structure of the populations of the most part of endemic and
relict animals.
Population parameters of anchovy in the eastern Black sea
E. Duzgunes, C. Mutlu and C. Sahin
Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Science, Camburnu, Trabzon, Turkey
Abstract
Some population parameters of the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus
L., 1758) from the Eastern Black Sea cost were estimated during the fishing season from
November 1993 to March 1994. The abundance by age groups was found to be 66 % of age 1+,
17 % of age 0+, 14 % of age 2+ and 3 % of age 3+ age. Mean total length and body weight
were calculated as 10.43 cm and 6.77 g, respectively. Sex ratio was 60 % female and 40 %
male. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were calculated as L ¥ = 15.82 cm, W¥ =23,07 g,
k=0,34 year-1 and to=-2.144 year. Parameters of exponential length-weight relationship
were derived as a=0,0051, b=3,048. The mean annual growth rates in length and weight were
16 % and 61 %. Catch data of the last fishing season showed that annual survival rate,
instantaneous total mortality rate and natural mortality rate were realized as S=0.2,
Z=1.61, M=0.53, respectively. All the parameters found in this study were compared with
the results of previous studies.
Anthropogenic impact on the planktonic communities
E.V. Pavlova and E.A. Kuftarkova
Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sevastopol, Ukraine
Abstract
The state of summer zooplankton have been observed in 6 regions having
various degree of pollution with domestic sewage. Abundance of the main zooplankton groups
had a tendency to decrease for three years (1988-90). Ecological mortality of both
constantly and periodically living in the plankton species has been considerably
increased. Oithona nana species (earlier being mass) disappeared in 1990. Hydrochemical
indices of the most polluted regions were some times higher than the same of the
relatively clear waters. Mortality was the largest in these regions, almost 100% of dead
adult individuals of Acartia clausi were found having a broken chitin integument on their
back. All these facts are the evidence of the critical situation in the coastal planktonic
communities in the studied regions and urgently require regular ecological monitoring and
improvement of purification for domestic sewage thrown out into the Black Sea.
Ecological characteristics of anadara cornea in the eastern Black Sea
E. Duzgunes
Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Science, Camburnu, Trabzon, Turkey
Abstract
Anadara cornea (Reeve, 1844) is a new species from bivalvia for the Black
Sea. It is going to be more abundant year by year. Population structure, some
morphological characteristics, relations between some parameters and its distribution in
the Eastern Black Sea were determined. Mean shell length, width and thickness of the
specimens were calculated as 36.62, 46.98 and 33.44 mm, respectively, while mean weight
was 37.43 g. Growth was found better in Giresun than those in Trabzon and Rize. Mean
condition index ranged between 3.23 % and 4.32 % and meat yield varied between the ranges
17.15- 18.35 percent. The average density of A.cornea for the entire research area was
estimated to be 0.022 ind. m-2 or 0.82 g.m-2 . The most abundant region was Trabzon
followed by Rize and Giresun. The shell length, width and thickness of the specimen from
Giresun were found to be bigger than those of Trabzon and Rize.
Reef building worms in Iberian Mediterranean Coasts
R. Porras1, J.V. Bataller1, E. Murgui1 and M.T. Torregrosa2
1 Departamento de Ingenieria
Hidraulica y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
2 Instituto de Bachillerato Quart
de Poblet, Senda Senent S/N, Quart de Poblet, Valencia, Spain
Abstract
During 1994 summer, a survey was conducted along Valencia Gulf coasts to determine the
extension and abundance of Sabellaria alveolate reefs. A comparison of actual results with
those obtained by the authors from previous surveys shows a reduction in the number of
localities in which reefs were present, at least one time since 1989. Of a total of 23
stations, actually only persists in 13. Among these, in three of them, they show no
changes; other four show evident regression signals and only three exhibit a considerable
enlargement. Among destruction causes observed, the most frequent is sand level rise as a
consequence of man-made actuations such as seawalls and sportive harbors construction, and
beach nourishment projects. Al- though reef destruction may be also due to natural causes
as river floods or natural sand accumulation, in these cases, recovery after perturbation
events have been re-corded in many occasions between 1989 and 1994.
. E c o l o g i c a l I s s u e s .
Ecological state of Kerch Strait
N.V. Yesin1, R.D. Kos'yan1, A.A. Ivanov2 and L.A. Karnaukhova3
1 The Southern Branch of the P.P.
Shirskov Oceanology Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gelendzhik-7, Russia
2 The Kuban River Mouth Research
Station, 60, Roza Liuxemburg Str., Temryuk, Russia
3 Ecological Department of the
Krasnodar Region Administration, Krasnaya Str., Russia
Abstract
The Kerck Strait connects the Sea of Azov with the Black Sea. Water
exchange between these two seas takes place in it. Azov Sea water is more fresh and more
contaminated with pollutants than that of the Black Sea. Since there is a considerable
surplus of fresh water (about 19 cubic kilometers a year), a general stream in the strait
is directed from the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea. Pollutants are transported with the
water. The Sea of Azov has a substantial mechanic potential of self-purification. In this
paper, peculiarities of the pollutant transport through the Kerch Strait are described and
very approximate assess of oil-product and heavy metal amount washed out of the Sea of
Azov to the Black Sea is made.
An investigation of the unicellular alga, Rhinomonas reticulata var. reticulata for feeding the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in a marine hatchery
A. Vassallo
Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics, Foundation for International Studies, University of Malta, Valletta, Malta
Abstract
Feeding trials were conducted in order to observe the effect of Rhinomonas reticulata
var. reticulata, Novarino 1991, fed solely or in combination with baker's yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the population development of the rotifer Brachionus
plicatilis Mueller under laboratory conditions; control diets of Nannochloropsis oculata
(Droop) Hibberd and N. oculata and yeast were used. Growth rates and fecundity parameters
were studied for fifteen days. Rotifers fed on R. reticulata, alone or with yeast gave
good performances with the most promising results in all the parameters studied. Growth
rates were not significantly different for the diets tested but the highest rotifer
densities were attained by the population fed exclusively R. reticulata (>800 ind/ml).
The interaction between the diet given and the age of the culture was found to affect
population fecundity in a significant way.
. E c o s y s t e m M a n a g e m e n t .
Seagrass mortality due to oversedimentation: an experimental approach
M. Manzanera, M. Perez and J. Romero
Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Abstract
Mortality of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica due to
oversedimentation was experimentally evaluated by field manipulations of sediment level.
Increased sediment levels over the plant shoots and rhizomes induced significant shoot
mortality, even at moderate burial levels (ca. 5 cm). When sediment was added to reach
levels 15 cm higher than the original ones, a 100% mortality after 200-300 days was
observed. The response of the plant seemed to be species-specific, and thus can be used as
a tool to predict mortality if sedimentary conditions are modified, e.g. after activities
of beach nourishment.
Biotop mapping in Mediterranean type coastal ecosystems
G. Uzun, M. Yucel, K.T. Yilmaz and S. Berberoglu
Cukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Adana, Turkey
Abstract
This research project was financed by The Scientific and Technical Research Council of
Turkiye (TUBITAK) and numbered as TBAG-1164 by the Basic Sciences Research Group (Uzun et
all., 1995). The research method is based on classifying and mapping the biotopes in
coastal side of Cukurova Delta bordered by Berdan River and Davudi Mountains located in
the west of Yumurtalik Lagoon. Within the study such parameters as geology, soil groups,
inclination, exposition and altitude was determined and the surveys were done on the
vegetations in experimental transects which had been chosen in the research area. At the
end of above mentioned process, the natural biotop types such as, coastal sand dunes, salt
marshes, river beds, coastal woods, lakes and lagoons and main cultural biotopes have been
determined in the area by interpretation of Landsat -TM images and aerial photographs.
. I n t e g r a t e d E c o s y s t e
m M a n a g e m e n t a n d
C o n s e r v a t i o n .
Nature conservation and integrated coastal zone management in Europe: present and future
F. van der Meulen1 and H.A. Udo de Haes2
1 Department of Physical Geography and
Soil Science, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Prinsengracht, Amsterdam, Netherlands
2 Centre of Environmental
Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
Abstract
Present and future of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) in Europe
is discussed with an emphasis on nature conservation. The position of nature conservation
in physical planning and in legislation is discussed within the historical perspective of
the Netherlands. With regard to the present position of nature conservation in planning
and legislation, differences in Europe between the northwest, the south and the east are
discussed. The roles of various organizations (such as NGO's, GO's, Universities and the
European Union) in ICZM is briefly mentioned. The paper advocates a strong position for
nature conservation in integrated coastal zone management if to be developed on a
sustainable basis.
Recovering the Obidos Lagoon. An integrated management approach
J.R. Vieira and T. Foster
Danish Hydraulic Institute, Hoersholm, Denmark
Abstract
The characterization, protection and improvement of aquatic environments is nowadays an important engineering task due to the increased scarcity of natural resources, on which societies depend. We are dealing with competing demands and conflicting uses in highly sensitive areas where complex inter-actions of physical, chemical and biological processes take place. The traditional approach, that has been practiced in most cases, has an interventionist nature and is based on rigid solutions that cannot be adapted and reversed in an economical manner. At the other extreme, as a reaction to the negative impacts and non-negligible environmental degradation arising from many past interventions, we find a preservationist approach, which instead neglects the potential and capacity of nature for regeneration and for the provision of services of local, regional, and global importance.
It is clear that none of these approaches will be able to provide adequate solutions for a rational use of environmental resources, both regarding the present economic and social concerns and needs, and with respect to principles of redistribution and inter-generational fairness. A management approach is therefore required within which integrated solutions can evolve and adapt along with the social and environmental developments, in a continuous and iterative way, with due regard to considerations of risk and uncertainty, to the assimilative capacity of the environ- ment, to endogenous and trans-boundary interactions, and not least to evaluations based on sound cost-efficiency analysis.
This constitutes the background for a recent EIA study carried out for the
Obidos Lagoon, situated in the west coast of Portugal. The EIA showed that the water
quality and eutrophication problems of the lagoon can not be based uniquely on an
intervention at the inlet, which in turn would impose impacts on the adjacent littoral
barrier and require a large maintenance dredging that may not be eco- nomically feasible.
Given the environmental sensitivity of the lagoon system and the complexity of the
problems involved, a management and action programme has been proposed, in order to
provide an effective and integrated approach to the rehabilitation of the Obidos Lagoon
and its water basin.
Coastal landscapes management
T.A. Glushko
Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Novaya Basmannaya, Moscow, Russia
Abstract
Coastal management and coastal protection would be successful if they are based on an
understanding of the natural laws and processes of coastal landscapes or geosystems. One
of the most important characteristics of geosystems is their stability: ability to resist
to external influences or period of return to initial state of geosystems after influence.
Critical parameters and ways to quantitative assessment of geosystems stability are
discussed. Coastal management and coastal protection would be successful if they are based
on an understanding of the natural laws and processes of coastal landscapes. This is the
reason for a comprehensive study of the processes of formation of coastal geosystems,
their structure, dynamics and function. The landscape is a natural system of homogenous
genesis, with close vertical links between its components and with lateral links between
different geosystems which are included in the landscape as elementary natural-territorial
complexes. Each elementary geosystem has the same type of geological basis, ground water,
soil, vegetation and micro climate. The interaction between these components is stronger
than the horizontal processes in the geosystem. Based on their hypsometric level, surface
morphology and redistribution of substance between elementary geosystems they are divided
by B.B. Polynov (1952) into autonomous ones (located on watersheds with deep ground water
where the substance comes through the atmosphere), superaqueous ones (above water, with
shallow ground water and accumulation of matter from autonomous geosystems) and subaqueous
ones (under water, with income of substance as sediment carried by water flow). The
landscape usually is subjected to several transitional flows such as rivers, aeolian
transport of sediments, migration flows of animals and transit of air masses that play a
specific role in the formation and functioning of the landscape. Thus, fresh river flow
brings into the sea biogenic elements feeding plankton, and sediments supplying long shore
drift and consequently beaches and other coastal features. But river flow also brings many
pollutants into coastal waters. Aeolian transport of sediments is of great importance,
because it moves sand from the land into the sea and along the shore line, participating
in the building of the beaches. For example, in South Africa headland-bypass dune fields,
as defined by Tinley (Dunes'94, 1994), were observed in the form of transgressive
corridors of transverse dunes which crossed low-relief headlands, transporting sand from
an upwind sandy beach into the downwind bay. Over the past 50 years most of these active
dunes have been stabilized without due cognizance of the role that the dunes play in the
coastal sediment transport system, resulting in beach erosion in downtransport areas (
McLachlan et al., in press).
. C o a s t a l a n d M a r i n e C o n s e r v a t i o n .
Strategies for the conservation of the coastal and shallow water ecosystems of the Maltese Islands
A. Mallia1 and P.J. Schembri2
1 Environmental Management Unit, Planning
Authority, Floriana, Malta
2 Department of Biology,
University of Malta, Msida, Malta
Abstract
The Maltese Islands, located in the Sicilian Channel, are among the smallest islands in the Mediterranean and the Republic of Malta is one of the smallest states of Europe. They have one of the highest population densities in the world and the local population is further inflated by the over 1,000,000 tourist arrivals each year. Although small in size, the Maltese Islands exhibit an interesting and diverse array of coastal habitats, some of which possess unique species or features. In general, the Maltese coastal ecosystems can be divided into littoral and adlittoral. The former are similar to those in other Mediterranean regions except for some variants. Adlittoral ecosystems include some of the rarest habitats in the Maltese Islands, for example: sand dunes, coastal wetlands and saline marshlands.
The coastline of the Maltese Islands is 190 km long, of which 144 km are inaccessible due to a variety of factors, both natural and anthropogenic. The remaining stretches of accessible coastline therefore come under intense pressure from development, especially from the tourist industry, which plays a vital role in the economy of the islands. Hence, any claims for the conservation of coastal habitats must compete with these economic considerations, especially since the price of land is comparatively low and there exist no disincentives such as environmental taxes.
Planning in the Maltese Islands was virtually inexistent between independence in 1964 and the late 1980s. The production of the Malta Structure Plan (1991), a twenty-year plan concerned with the future of Malta's natural and man-made environment, and the setting up of a local Planning Authority, started to rectify this situation.
The paper outlines past efforts by the government and by non-governmental organizations aimed at the protection of coastal habitats in the Maltese Islands. It also reviews existing legislation and policies concerned with the conservation of natural ecosystems and discusses their effectiveness and the way they are implemented.
The problems encountered in protecting a coastal habitat, formulating and
implementing a management plan are illustrated by means of a case study: that of the sandy
bay and dunes at Ramla, Gozo.
Ecology and conservation status of Juniperus Phoenicia ssp. Turbinata woodlands in the Huelva dune systems (SW Spain)
M.R. Garcia Mora, J.B. Gallego Fernandez, Y. Hernandez Gallego, J.C. Munoz Reinoso and D. Reyes Diaz
Dpto. Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
Abstract
A study of juniper woodlands conservation status at the coast of Huelva (SW Spain) was undertaken. Juniper woodlands represent the original coastal ecosystem of the area. Nowadays, due to human influence, Juniperus phoenicia ssp turbinata only occupy negligible areas.
Our aim was to relate juniper communities to human disturbance. Sample sites were selected according to different protection measures and use. At each location the structure and floristic composition were examined together with information about community diversity, persistence of populations, pressure of use and management strategies. A perturbation index was developed in order to relate juniper woodland status to disturbance regime.
Some differences were detected in juniper population status as well as in
shrub and sand macrolichen communities in relation to differences in human pressure and
protective measures.
Natural rock arches of the Orosei Gulf, Sardinia, Italy
S. Barca, F. di Gregorio and G. Mulas
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Caglari, Caglari, Italy
Abstract
In this work the natural rock arches located along the Orosei gulf(eastern Sardinia,
Italy) have been studied by means of a systematic inventory and specific investigations
recorded on survey cards, with relative geomorphological maps. The features of theses
natural arches (rock type, geological-structural conditions, erosional or concretion forms
etc.) have thus been defined. Based on the date collected, each form has been classified
according to its formation process, scientific interest and surrounding landscape. It has
emerged that the rock arches in this area can for the most part be attributed to karstic
morphogenetic processes, influenced to a greater or lesser extent by weathering and,
subordinately, by littoral processes. The structural arrangement of the Mesozoic carbonate
massif of the Orosei Gulf has also played a significant part in the evolution of these
arches. The results are summed up in a map, which shows the areal distribution of the
single forms, the degree of scientific or naturalistic interest, and suggestions for the
conservation and fruition of the sites in a proper regional planning context, also through
the organizations of the nature trails.
. B i o c h e m i c a l I s s u e s .
The investigation of metal pollution of algae in Eastern Mediterranean
I. Bildaci1, H. Evliya2 and Z. Kilic3
1 Hacettepe University, Environmental
Research and Application Center, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
2 Cukurova Univ., Centre for
Environmental Research, Balcali, Adana, Turkey 3 Turkish Atomic Energy Agency, Saray,
Ankara, Turkey
Abstract
In this study the metal contamination of green, brown and red algae
samples collected from Mersin and Ulucinar coasts of Mediterranean Sea were studied. The
tested algae were : Green - Enteromorpha linza, Enteromorpha intestinalis; Brown -
Cystoseira sp. Sargassum vulgare, Padina pavonia, Hypnea sp.; Red - Jania rubens. The
analyzed metals were : Ag, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn. The comparison among the algae
showed the highest contamination of Ag, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn in brown algae, whilst Hg, Ni
in red algae. The comparison of the Aegean, Black Sea and Mediterranean algae revealed
that the metal content of algae, excluding Cr, was lower in the Mediterranean Sea algae.
In addition, the results were compared with the other data of the world seas.
Algological factor in pest control and its horizons
E. B. Gol'din
BREMA Laboratory, R. Luxembourg, Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
Abstract
There is a conception of the using hydrobionts and their metabolites in
pest control. It's built on the base of analysis of the unfavorable situation existing in
the Black sea coastal zone and author's own investigations. The present suggestions
consist of a number of links. First of all, it's development and intensification of
research of biologically active metabolites of hydrobionts, specifically microalgae,
seaweeds, invertebrates, etc. The available facts prove the existence of microalgae, which
can be producents of compounds, oppressing the vital functions of herbivorous insects -
Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea), gypsy
moth (Lymantria dispar) and ring silkmoth (Malacosoma neustria). The action of algae can
inhibit nutrition, metamorphosis, fat synthesis, growth and reproduction of insects. There
are some morphological changes in the larvae, pupae and imago. As a result there is a
growth of insects mortality and reduction of their injury. The next step of investigations
will be technical elaboration of biological means and preparates, creation of their
manufacture and subsequent introduction and application in the integrated systems of plant
protection and pest control. This way is more preferable in comparison with the
traditional remedies of the pest control, because it's very difficult for pest organisms
to be resistant to the non-typical substances. Besides, it will be more economical and
profitable. There are vast horizons in the Black Sea coastal region and in the adjoining
area for the utilization of their resources of microalgea and the application of this
production in the intensive agriculture. The integrated investigations in the field of the
utilization of marine inhabitants for the pest control will be mark the beginning of a new
system of a plant protection.
Diatoms from the sewage discharge area on the shelf of the Black Sea
L.G. Senichkina
Plankton Department, Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Crimea, Ukraine
Abstract
The impact of urban sewage upon diatom algae has been studied for three years (February 1987-March 1990) at a testing area on the Black Sea shelf adjoining the western coast of the Crimea. Samples have been taken monthly from sea surface above the sewage discharge outlet, in waters polluted with sewage effluent and in unpolluted sea area regarded as a check (control site).
Diatoms totalled 60 species. 34-40 species have been recorded annually that averaged 42-43 % of the total number of phytoplankton species. Diatoms common to the northern shelf of the Black Sea prevailed, half of them were all - the year-round species. Only four mass species have been found any time of a year, the large-celled Rhizosolenia calcar avis Schultze and Cerataulina bergonii Perag. and the small-celled chain-like Sceletonema costatum (Grev.) Cl. and Pseudonitzschia delicatissima Cl. These diatoms induced phytoplankton blooms along the testing area at different seasons.
Absolute values of the numbers and biomass varying, the share contributed
by diatoms into the total numbers of phytoplankton averaged 38-44 % and into the total
biomass 43-56 %. The abundance of diatoms in general and of the mass species in particular
varied depending on season and the extend of pollution.
Geochemical peculiarities of submediterranean landscapes
M.N. Petrooshina
Department of Physical Geography and Landscapes, Geography Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Abstract
Geochemical studies were made to estimate the modern ecological state of the unique
submediterranean landscapes of the Black Sea north-eastern coast of Russia. A group of
simple and bioindicators. Different parts of typical trees and bushes (leafs, rind,
brunches, fruits), lichens, grass were chosen as bioindicators. It is ascertained that the
composition of vegetation and soils depends on various natural and anthropogenic factors:
the character of migration of elements, soil features, philogenetic and ontogenetic
biochemical specialization of plants, the exposition of the slopes, the type of
anthropogenic impact. The urban and industry areas are characterized by the formation of
anomalies in soils and vegetation. The concentration of Pb and Cd increases along the
motorways and parking areas, Cu - in the soils of vineyards. The trend of Cu high
concentration retains in ecosystems of former vineyards during some decades.
. P r o t e c t e d A r e a s .
Coastal study, recovery and management at the Ses Negres Integral Marine Reserve
M. Ventura1, N. Raventos2, F. Soley3 and M.P. Crespo4
1 Centre of Studies of the Sea
- CEM, Girona, Spain
2 Department of Research and
Education of the CEM, Girona, Spain
3 Department of Research and
Computers of the CEM, Girona, Spain
4 Graphics and Meteorology, CEM,
Girona, Spain
Abstract
The Ses Negres Integral Marine Reserve is an unprecedented endeavor in
Spain from the private initiative (NEREO - N.G.O.) in management and conservation of
coastal marine species and ecosystems, in an area of the Mediterranean strongly degraded
by human activity. Its main objective is to apply a management plan to the coast of Ses
Negres for a period of ten years, in an attempt to palliate, reduce or eliminate, wherever
possible, damage to the environment caused by human activity. The rhythm and degree of
environmental recovery in the area will also be studied. Conservation of these habitats
will be made compatible with balanced, stabilized use of the area. This document tries to
give a global view of the structure of the Ses Negres project: origin, objectives,
functioning and activities derived from the main project.
On the development for the marine parks in Turkey
A.C. Yalciner1 and M. Gokdalay2
1 Middle East Technical
University, Civil Engineering Department, Coastal and Harbor Engineering Laboratory,
Ankara, Turkey
2 Development Bank of Turkey,
Directorate of Tourism Incentives for Resource Usage, Kizilay, Ankara, Turkey
Abstract
Natural beauty, remnants of several ancient civilizations and a marine
life of rich diversity are the characteristics of Turkish coasts. Each of these factors
has been sufficient enough for the establishment of marine conservation areas and parks.
Parallel to this discussion many activities (except scientific activities) have been
prohibited for conservation of the cultural values in many coastal areas. On the other
hand 12 Specially Protected Areas (SPAs) have been declared in Turkey. 9 of them have
coastal components. The total area covered by these 9 SPAs is now larger than the total
area covered by all the similar areas in the Mediterranean coasts. In Turkey these areas
are managed by considering protection dominantly. Some other special areas (i.e. marine
parks) along the Turkish coasts should be declared and managed by balancing protection
(ecological benefits) and use (economical benefits). In this paper the marine protected
areas (MPAs) with special attention to the Mediterranean basin is discussed, the
conservation areas (National Parks, Nature Parks, Nature Conservation Areas, Specially
Protected Areas) in Turkey are presented. The developments for establishing marine parks
along Turkish coasts are discussed together with the suggestions on the priorities.
Use of protected areas for medicinal plant resource study: Karadag reservation as an example
P. Konkova1 and M. Pimenova2
1 Department of Biogeography,
Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
2 All-Russian Scientific
Institute of Medicinal Plants, Moscow, Russia
Abstract
It is convenient to explore the bioecological properties of medicinal plants under
reservational conditions. The Karadag reservation can serve as a base for stationary
resource study of the South-Eastern Crimea medicinal plants. The reservation flora is rich
in medicinal species, but only few of them could be of potentially producers' value. Rosa
canina L.S.l. is the most wide-spread medicinal plant in the reservation and adjacent
regions. Discussed here are the ecological peculiarities of Rosa canina L.S.l., quantity
and productivity of dog-thorn in the associations of its phytocenocomplex, age structure
and morphometric features of cenopopulations, vitality, age dynamics of production and
diseases. The obtained data could be extrapolated on the adjacent areas.
. H i s t o r i c a l a n d A r c h e o l o g i c a l I s s u e s .
Maritime engineering during the Roman Republic and the early empire
J.M.E. Prada and J.M.O. De la Pena
Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas, Cedex-Moptma, Calle Antonio Lopez, Madrid, Spain
Abstract
The paper briefly describes the wealth of knowledge concerning maritime engineering
achieved by the Roman curatores (engineers) up to the period of the Early Empire. This
knowledge was obtained because they knew how to bring together all the technologies of
previous civilizations. The study contemplates only three aspects of their knowledge and
maritime techniques which are not usually studied: the foundation of breakwaters,
topography and cartography and marine climate. The sources employed are: literary,
archaeological and other complementary works.
. T o u r i s m .
The Economic and Environmental Impacts
of Tourism on the Maltese Islands
Lino Briguglio1 and Marie Briguglio2
1 Lino Briguglio Ph.D (Exeter) Islands
and Small States Institute Foundation for International Studies Malta Tel. 0356 248218
Fax. 0356 230551
2 Marie Briguglio M.Sc. (Lond)
Environmental Management Unit Planning Directorate, Planning Authority Malta Tel. 0356
240976 Fax. 0356 224846
Abstract
In many small islands, expenditure by tourists generates considerable
income and employment throughout the economy. At the same time, however, tourism tends to
have undesirable side-effects on the natural environment and on the cultures of the host
countries, since tourist activity relies to a very large extent on environmental and
cultural services. The debate as to whether or not tourist related activity is beneficial
or detrimental to the host country is often discussed within the context of
"sustainability" where the emphasis is on carrying capacity, long run viability
(Butler 1993) and the general avoidance of "soiling one's own nest". In this
paper, the impact of tourism on the Maltese islands will be discussed with regard to these
concepts. It will be shown that, like many other small island developing states (SIDS),
Malta depends heavily on tourism and therefore the economic and environmental impacts of
tourism activity are relatively high. It will be argued that the objective of sustainable
tourism is therefore not very easy to attain, and it often involves walking on a very
tight rope. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2, which follows this introduction,
assesses the economic impact of tourism on the Maltese economy while section 3 deals with
environmental impact of tourism on the same islands. Section 4 discusses the issue of
sustainable tourism and proposes some pre-emptive and corrective measures for its
promotion in the Maltese Islands. Section 5 concludes the paper.
Environmental awareness and tourism in the Caparica Coast and Setubal Peninsul, Portugal
W.L. Filho
Bradford University, Department of Environmental Science, Bradford, UK
Abstract
Portugal is a country with a population of around 10 million and can be
regarded as one of Europe's poorest nations. Similarly to other Mediterranean countries,
tourism is an economic activity of prime relevance to Portugal and a vital aspect of its
economy. The relevance of tourism is particularly conspicuous in Caparica Coast and
Setubal Peninsul, an area located approximately 30 km south of Lisbon, the country's
capital. With a 40 km long coastline which extends itself from the City of Trafaira to
Setubal, the area of Setubal Peninsul is visited by hundreds of thousand of Portuguese and
foreign tourists. This paper presents the experience gathered through a survey on the
levels of awareness regarding the environmental impact of tourism seen in the areas of
Caparica Coast and Setubal Peninsul in Portugal. The study involved a sample of
schoolchildren from local schools. It identified the fact that there are significant
problems in the ways children perceive the local environment, and that the degree of
awareness and perception about some of the environmental problems caused by tourism is
sometimes relatively low. Recommendations on how to address the problems identified in the
study, including information materials prepared with a view to addressing the information
needs identified in the survey, are presented.
Nature tourism management
I. Pirnar
School of Tourism and Hotel Management, Bilkent Univ., Ankara, Turkey.
Abstract
This article is about the general definition of nature tourism, the
benefits and costs it brings with itself, marketing of nature tourism, guidelines for
integrating nature tourism properly. After the basic principles about nature tourism, the
article goes on about the alternative tourism types used in Turkey and the special project
studies related to nature tourism which are promoted in Turkey.
The effects of tourism on coastal settlements in Turkey from the view point of life quality
N. Senlier
Gazi University, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Department of City and Regional Planning, Ankara, Turkey
Abstract
Tourism activities in Turkey are being focused in the coastal regions in general quite
as it is the case for the other Mediterranean countries. The regional and local effects of
tourism on the coastal regions of the country is a topic being discussed in several
platforms in detail and these effects take place in a wide spectrum. Out of these, urban
environment shall be the subject of this paper and shall be discussed with its quality of
life dimension. In this context, in the paper, the Mediterranean and South Aegean coastal
settlements of Turkey are sampled and suggestions are made in line with the interaction
between tourism and urban life quality.
. B e a c h a n d D u n e M a n a g e m e n t .
Beach user opinions and beach ratings: A pilot study on the Turkish Aegean Coast
R. Morgan1, B. Bursalioglu2, L. Hapoglu-Balas2, T.C. Jones1, E. Ozhan2 and A.T. Williams1
1 Centre for Environmental
Science and Technology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd,
Mid Glamorgan, Wales, UK.
2 Department of Civil
Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
Abstract
At 5 Turkish beaches, socio-demographic parameters, preferences and priorities of 245
beach users were obtained and analyzed. Using a checklist weighted according to stated
preferences and priorities of beach users, 45 separate beach aspects were scored at the 5
important tourist beaches of Marmaris Municipality Beach, Dalyan, Fethiye-Calis,
Fethiye-Oludeniz, Fethiye-Belcegiz. Percentage rating scores were calculated which ranged
from 87% (Fethiye-Oludeniz) to 69% (Marmaris Municipality Beach). Female beach users (n =
130) placed higher priorities on good weather, bathing water temperature and a clean beach
environment (p = 0.037) than males (n = 125). A close association was observed between
priorities for water clarity, absence of litter, sewage debris, oil and water pollution,
and beach safety (p = 0.011). Those preferring to visit larger resorts placed higher
priority on provision of seating, lifeguards and refreshment facilities (p = 0.005). Those
preferring less commercialized beaches were more concerned about the proximity of
industry, commerce and road traffic detracting from their enjoyment of the beach
environment. This innovative Beach Quality Rating Scale is the first rating system capable
of taking into account and correctly weighing all aspects of beaches which are of
importance to beach users in a particular region/country. The Scale described, enables
beach users and coastal managers to rate beaches objectively and has implications for
Mediterranean tourism and Coastal Zone Management in general.
Passeig maritim de Gava, an urban coastal dune walkway.
Imma Jansana1, Josep Lascurain2
1 Av. Portal de L'Angel, 08002
Barcelona. Spain.
2 Museu de Gava.Placa Dolors, Gava, Spain.
Abstract
The construction of coastal walkways in recreational areas can be a way to protect dune
ecosystems mainly by reducing extensive trampling. Landscape architecture must deal with
the abiotic and biotic processes of the dune system; so a multidisciplinary approach is
needed. The Gava coastal walkway has been projected to achieve these goals.
. C o a s t a l P l a n n i n g .
Planning for the future of the national coast: the Albanian coastal area management project
J.A. Dobbin1 and I. Trumbic2
1 Dobbin Milus International, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
2 Priority Actions Programme, Kraj sv. Ivana
11, Split, Croatia
Abstract
The paper gives an overview of the Coastal Zone Management Action Plan for
the North and South Coastal Regions of Albania, which was prepared with the support of the
World Bank through EU and METAP. Plan was prepared in two phases. The first phase
consisted of a comprehensive survey and analysis of both regions, including the activities
towards the achievement of the sustainable development in the Albania's coastal zone. In
the second phase, priority coastal investment projects have been developed in greater
detail providing the potential investors with the solid platform for their interventions.
The plan has proven to be a very good example of the integrated approach to the coastal
zone management, which could be implemented in other parts of the Mediterranean as well as
in other regions of the world.
Planning problems of Turkish coastal touristic resorts
T. Taner and O. Unal
Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Izmir, Turkey
Abstract
Tourism is by far the most intense user of coastal land and many of the
negative environmental effects of the coastal resorts are created by this activity. In
order to bring such effects under control and to maintain a rational use of the littoral
there must be serious efforts in physical planning and its implementation. This, in turn ,
requires an imaginative approach in institutional organization. Above all, what is
required is a nation wide sincere belief in planning itself.
Coast renaturalization at
West Periphery Of Naples: Morphologic features and landscape design
Dr. Geol. Carlo Donadio 1 and Dr.
Arch. Renata Valente 2
1 Geomare Sud - Inst. of Marine
Geology,CNR & Earth Science Dept., 1st University of Naples 'Federico II', ITALY
2 Faculty of Architecture, Polytechnic of Milan
& 1st University of Naples 'Federico II', ITALY
Abstract
The study is concentrated on a limited area with complex geological
features, where there has been an industrial zone until five years ago; examining samples,
historical data and previous researches it has been possible to understand how different
environments (beach, dune, marsh) have succeeded in the place. The coast has evoluted
quite rapidly, both for natural and anthropogenic changes - man has acted strongly in last
two centuries - and still now it is possible to distinguish littoral sectors, with
different features. The study of evolution trends and vocations for the area has been
leaded to foresee a leisure artificial environment, referring to a wider exam of
coastlines typologies and relationships. Reflections on description, analysis and design
of the coast are above proposed, against addings and too careless removings in the future
coastal zone planning of Coroglio-Bagnoli: a little of refurbishment and reusing, a lot of
renaturalization are advised to preserve the signs of the history of a place.
Coastal development in Chilean Mediterranean climate, difficulties in territory use
H. Santis-Arenas and M. Gangas-Geisse
Institute of Geography, Pontifical Catholic of Chile University, Santiago, Chile
Abstract
The social and economic development in the Chilean coastal areas, characterized by
temperate climate of Mediterranean type, it has been seen limited by several difficulties
in use of the territory. A meaningful aspect in land use are five developments periods.
The knowledge and analysis of each stage permits to identify advantages and disadvantages
in the resources use that offers the nature and in the spatial organization assigned by
the inhabitants of area. To beginnings of the century, development of the area finds
explanation in the agricultural and cattle raising activities. The spatial organization
was explained by the road network and the port facilities of San Antonio. The city-port
was the point to reap wheat and dries meat for exports toward Peru and Ecuador, including
also regions of Chilean Northern part. In the second decade of the century, attending coal
needs of Santiago industries, national government impelled port facilities construction
and the installation of a railway to join San Antonio and state capital. Such project was
completed in the third decade of the century. The railway opened the are to tourism
development in summer period. Were organized resorts near railway stations, such those of
Llolleo, San Antonio and Cartagena. This meant to open this activities a coastal strip
fifty kilometers length. In the decade of '60s and '70s years, the permanent population
impelled development of road network connected to national and regional systems. The
permanent inhabitants thought in attracting more and more tourists during summer season.
The provincial roads network was connected to Santiago-Valparaiso Highway from Algarrobo.
During '80s years the provincial roads network was opened toward the Souhteast and the
South. Now the port of San Antonio offered its facilities to fruit export from Southern
O'Higgins and Maule regions. The purpose of the contribution is to identify activities and
resources in the area without breaking the balance among the several factors that explain
economic prosperity in the previous years. The sustainable development is the matter that
delineates the facilities and infrastructures qualification for a floating population of
1,5 million peoples during summer period, in front of a permanent population of 115,000
inhabitants in 1995.
. N a t i o n a l a n d R e g i o n a
l
C Z M P r a c t i
c e s .
Integrated coastal resources analysis, planning and management in South-East Sardinia
P. Castelli1 and F. Di Gregorio2
1 Town Planning, Dipartimento Ingegneria
del Territorio, Universita di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
2 Environmental Geology, Dipartimento
Scienze della Terra, Cagliari, Italy
Abstract
The results are presented of a study conducted in the territory of an
administrative unit representative of coastal environments in SE Sardinia and the
Mediterranean in general. Pressures induced by human activities over the past few decades
have in many cases led to consistent consumption of resources and have produced major
environmental impacts. The purpose of the study was to perform an integrated analysis both
of the environmental elements and resources as a whole, and of their state of conservation
and evolutionary trends. This is in fact a necessary basis for environmental planning as a
process leading to rational resources management, with the aim of using their potential to
the best advantage while making provision for the conservation of the natural environment
and cultural heritage. The analysis was based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) of
the area concerned coordinated with a GIS at the regional level. Input consisted of data
relating to inventories and basic thematic output constructed through the definition of
landscape units. These units are defined as portions of space characterized by a type of
array and repetitive combination of elements of the environment and correlated physical,
biological and anthropical factors, which make the landscape an indissoluble whole
evolving as a unit as the effect of natural processes or those induced by human
activities. From the taxonomic viewpoint, land units and geotopes or biogeotopes have also
been defined as elements or lower rank making up the landscape units.
Coastal zone management in Egypt: present status and response options
A.A. El-Sammak
Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
Abstract
The coastal zone of Egypt is now under forceful stress. These persuasions
are mostly due to the expansions of coastal activities during the last few years. CZM aims
to solve present and future problems in coastal zone by finding a sustainable balance
between economic welfare and environmental well-being. This paper aims to review the
present status of coastal usages and the problems as well as to find the solutions and
suggestions for the current and future problems in Egypt. The total coastline of Egypt is
about 3700 km. Coastal areas display wide variations in the coastal related activities
(e.g. agricultural, Land reclamation, Industry, Fishing, Communications and harbours,
tourist activities, secondary housing, Oil and Gas exploration). Some activities are more
developed in some areas than the others (e.g. tourist activities in the Red Sea; Oil and
Gas in the gulf of Suez; Industry at Alexandria; Fishing in coastal lagoons;). Accordingly
a CZM program should be developed for each province. Rapid urbanization of the coast;
pollution, hazard to underwater life; loss of wet land; overfishing and coastal erosion
are among the most serious problems affecting the coastal developments in the Egyptian
realm. Different projects had been developed in order to obtain the best purpose for each
local. The new environmental Law (number 4/1994) had been established in order to overcome
the conflicting and lack of laws before.
Some aspects of coastal zone management in Bulgaria during the transition period 1985- 1995
P. Borissova
Ministry of Regional Development, Sofia, Bulgaria
Abstract
This paper is focused on the aspects of coastal zone management in Bulgaria during the period 1985-1995 including: - Conservation of the biological diversity - Role of the wetlands as biodiversity incubators - Management of the protected areas - Development of tourism - Alternatives of the ecotourism - Cultural and historical heritage - NGO's participation in coastal zone management.
For each of the aspects mentioned above some details are given regarding:
- Existing problems , conclusions and comparison between the following three periods : to
1989, 1989-1991 and 1991-1995 and - Recommendations for future development and mechanisms
to apply solutions with respect to the existing technical and economic potential.
Coastal zone management for Cyprus
Nicos G. Iacovou (1), Xenia I. Loizidou (2), Cornelis H. Hulsbergen (3) and Frank M.J. Hoozemans
1 Executive Engineer I, Head of Coastal
Unit, Public Works Department, Ministry of Communications and Works, Nicosia, Cyprus
2 Coastal Engineer, Coastal Unit, Public
Works Department, Cyprus
3 Project Managers Coastal Zone Management
Group, delft hydraulics, PO Box 152, 8300 AD Emmeloord, The Netherlands
Abstract
The coastal zone is an area of vital economic importance for Cyprus. It covers only 13% of the island's area but it is the base of 90% of the tourist industry, which is the main economic activity of Cyprus. Nowadays, the coastlines of Cyprus are under increasing pressure of economic development, partly tourism development. Erosion of the coastline due to natural and man- made causes, and shortage of fine sandy beaches, have led to the construction of many (sometimes illegally implemented) structures such as groynes and breakwaters. There is a growing concern about the long term effects of these developments on the environment of the coastal zone.
Therefore, under the medspa program of the eu, the Government of Cyprus (Ministry of Communications and Works, Public Works Department) and delft hydraulics have jointly started a project "Coastal Zone Management for Cyprus" in 1992. The project has a duration of 30 months and is expected to finish by December 1995.
This paper discusses the set-up of the Project, its main objectives and
its targets, and its significance for Cyprus. The experience of the first two years of the
Project is also discussed, together with the prospective for the implementation of the
coastal policy guidelines which were formulated.
Best practice in CZM in UK: Lessons for the Mediterranean
G. King
National Coasts and Estuaries Advisory Group, High Newton, Newton, Swansea, W. Glamorgan, U.K.
Abstract
Two important UK initiatives concerning Coastal Zone Management include
the Directory of Coastal Planning and Management Initiatives in England (NCEAG, 1994) and
the best Practice Guide for the preparation of Coastal Zone Management Plans commissioned
by the Department of the Environmental (DoE, 1995). This paper describes both initiatives
and outlines some provisional principles for the practice of CZM, and considers their
relevance to the Mediterranean. Finally reference is made to a proposal for a European
demonstration project promoted by Esturiales.
A sample of approach to ICZM in the Spanish coast: 3 km. of coastal restoration in Cambrils (Tarragona)
F. Montoya and J. Galofre
Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and Environment, Spain.
Abstract
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) may be understood as a
comprehensive approach to the many actions addressed to a right management of the coastal
area, whichever extend has the meaning of last concept. This paper aims to show a sample
of an engineering action developed taking into account the principles of ICZM, although
only a few aspects concerning to the whole concept were actually tackled. Brief
descriptions of key concepts involved in the paper, such as coastal management and
integration in coastal management, as far as necessary to frame their meaning in this
paper, are firstly described. Physical and social conditions in this specific case
constitute previous knowledge to figure out the environment where the described actions
take place. Once previous situation is learned, the paper discusses why and how were
implemented the engineering actions, and until what extend they are meaningful with
respect to the desired integration in the coastal activity.
Mediterranean coastal zone management efforts and aspects
E.H. Tabet-Aoul
77 rue de L'eglise, 75 015, Paris, France
Abstract
The attraction to the Mediterranean coastal zone has always been
particularly important for the urban population as well as for the development of tourism
and industrial activities. Urbanization on the coastal zone is likely to increase
dramatically in the coming future; in particular in the southern part where the most part
of the population growth will be concentrated. This paper is dealing with various
initiatives calling for the development of coordinates strategies in view of allocating
resources for sustainable conservation of the Mediterranean coastal zone. The question is
one of integrated management of that zone which Rio Conference calls for and advises
states to implement as quickly as possible. Experiences in course around the Mediterranean
and few methodological aspects for the achievement of Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Programme.
Some coastal zone management issues in Morocco
A. El Hraiki
Institut Agronomique et Veterinaire Hassan II, Department of Pharmacie Toxicologie, Rabat, Morocco
Abstract
The geographical situation of Morocco provides the country with a large coastal zone (3500 km) on both the Atlantic and Mediterranean sides. This coastal zone is the most valuable economic and environmental assets of the country. The major economic growth centers in the country are located in these area which is putting a lot of pressure on the coastal environment. In recent years the liberalization of the economy and the adoption of Market-oriented economic program has led to an increase in industrial and agricultural production without putting the protection of the environment as a component of development in these programs. This increase in the production has been associated with an increase in the use of various toxic chemicals that found their way to the coastal waters resulting in deleterious effects to living resources, human activities and hazards to human health.
This paper will describes the major coastal uses in Morocco and will put emphasis on
some important issues interfering with an integrated coastal zone management.
. S o c i o - E c o n o m i c a l A s p e c t s .
The small islands of the Mediterranean: development issues and environmental management
F. Bandarin
Dipartimento di Analisi Economica e Sociale del Territorio Istituto Universitario di Architettura di Venezia, Venezia, Italy
Abstract
For centuries islands were the outposts of Mediterranean civilization.
They not only played a vital role in developing the original cultures, but were also the
indispensable footholds for subsequent great empires which for millennia came and went on
the shores of the internal sea. The islands' central political and economic position
lasted until the late 19th century, when changes in production modes, markets and, above
all, means of transport irreversibly altered their role within the economic and cultural
system of the Mediterranean region. Although stripped of their economic and political
importance, the islands have remained in the collective imagination of Mediterranean
people as mythical sites because of their history and beauty. These are the unique and
invaluable elements underlying the recent tourist development of the islands, mainly,
though not wholly, promoted by the tourist industry. Today the islands are almost
synonymous with tourism - with all the attendant beneficial and harmful consequences.
These consequences will be even more deeply felt as European and international tourism's
demand for leisure and environmental quality continues to grow. The complex nature of the
history, the cultural diversity and the varied environment of the Mediterranean islands
means that any general accounts are fraught with difficulties and prone to vagueness.
Nonetheless, this paper sets out to reconstruct some of the common features in ancient and
recent events in the hope that they may prove useful in identifying current trends in the
transformations shaping the future of the region.
Socio-economic aspects of insular coastal management
A. Micallef
Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics, Foundation for International Studies, University of Malta, Valletta, Malta
Abstract
Islands represent systems typified by isolation, fragility and an open
economy. Their sensitive coastal zones, rich in their isolation, are increasingly
threatened by aspects of mass tourism and pollution; the latter could either be the
unavoidable cross boundary types of pollutants and global impacts of climate change or
otherwise self imposed by the islanders themselves in a bid to further develop their
economy. The often weak economic and technological state of most small islands and often
poor local understanding of the intricate mechanisms at play in the coastal zone, prevents
them from applying known integrated coastal zone management practices, thus highlighting
the need for a concerted action by regional and international fora to approach this
question.
The Application of Economic Instruments in Coastal Zone Management in Turkey
Gulsun Yesilhuyuk
Ministry of Environment Eskisehir Yolu 8.KM ANKARA, TURKEY
Abstract
In Turkey, the economic instruments are widely applied, in order to
protect, rehabilitate and develop the environment within the frame of environmental
management. This paper deals with the economic instruments which are specifically used in
the coastal zone management by taking the Environmental Law, the Coastal Law and their
related Regulations in to consideration.
An economic evaluation of fishing vessels of the Black Sea
A.C. Dincer, E. Kose and H.F. Durukanoglu
Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Science, Trabzon, Turkey
Abstract
This paper deals with techno-economic evaluation of Turkish purse-seine vessels
operated in the Black Sea in anchovy fishing. A computer simulation model has been
developed to study the behaviour of this particular vessels under various designs and
operational conditions. The data used in this study have been obtained from oral
interviews with the local fishermen, local shipyards where vessels under investigation are
built, official statistics and the author's observations in fishing operations. The SLAM
II computer program has been used to run the model. To perform the economical evaluation a
'sensitivity analysis' has been carried out, using the 'internal rate of return' as a
measure of merit.
Territorial diagnosis and proposals for coastal planning and management: the role of participation as a new trend for sustainable development
F. Breton, A. Cebollada and R. Olle
CEM, Departament de Geografia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Abstract
The object of this communication is to present an on-going experience of
collaboration amongst the local administration, the inhabitants, the local associations
and the university. This experience is meant to promote a collective debate about which
environmental, economic and social factors may favor the transition to more sustainable
forms of development. Its aims consist of tackling the local environmental problems and
rationalizing the uses of the territory, making concrete methodological proposals for
highly vulnerable open coastal areas, taking into account the ecological, cultural and
social values. This project is being held in the coastal area of Catalonia, between the
municipalities of Cubelles and Sitges (Marina of Aiguadolc) and in the low basin of the
Foix river. Every step of the project involves the participation of the interested actors,
and the role of local administration is especially relevant. On-going contacts and
exchanges are necessary to make this participation work.
Population, basic resources
in the development of the coastal areas: province of San Antonio, Chile
M. Gangas-Geisse and H. Santis-Arenas
Institute of Geography, Pontificial Catholic of Chile University, Casilla, Santiago, Chile
Abstract
Is estimated that the population of the province of San Antonio, V Region of
Valparaiso, it is the basic resource to support its economic, social and cultural
development. This involves to know certain fundamental aspects, such as, its demographic
characteristics, its socioeconomic characteristics and its standard of life. Such variable
are represented and analyzed quantitative and cartographic way.
Integrated coastal zone management: Phare and Tacis Black Sea regional training programme
C. Paterson
Posford Duvivier Environment, Rightwell House, Bretton, Peterborough, England
Abstract
The European Union's Phare and Tacis Programmes have initiated a training programme in five of the Black Sea countries. Participants from Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine are receiving training in integrated coastal zone management, environmental impact assessment and environmental audit. Throughout the training programme the trainers and facilitators are helping participants develop an understanding of ICZM as a process. Coastal management tools such as conflict resolution, policy making, etc. will be highlighted. The role of individual scientific parameters and the need for and means of, their integration within the terms of sustainable resource use is also being identified and developed in a suitable manner for each country and the region as a whole.
Along side the training programme, a public awareness activity is being undertaken in each of the countries.
This paper identifies the key lessons learned from the capacity building
and development of ICZM suitable for the Black Sea countries in the contest of economic
change. As the author of this paper is the ICZM and Public Awareness specialist on the
Tacis/Phare funded project, the paper pays particular attention to these aspects as well
as the general design and management of the project. The paper concentrates less on the
specifics of the EIA and environmental audit component of the training. Existing and
developing situations will be contrasted and compared and evolving approaches towards ICZM
in the Black Sea region will be discussed.
MEDCOAST Institute: Med-Campus Certificate Program on coastal zone management in the Mediterranean / Black Sea - Two years experience
E. Ozhan and E.B. Culhaoglu
Medcoast Permanent Secretariat, Middle East Technical University, 06531, Ankara Turkey
Abstract
MEDCOAST Institute, which offers a condensed dynamic training program on
the theme of "Coastal Zone Management in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea",
has been organized by MEDCOAST Network twice at international level (in 1994 and 1995) by
utilizing generous financial support provided through the Med-Campus program of the EC.
The Institute which provides "hand-on" training to participants who are selected
based on their backgrounds and job positions, is the most important effort of the human
resource development component of MEDCOAST Initiative.
Environmental education applied to leisure and tourism in Bradford, UK
C.R. Williamson
Bradford University, Department of Environmental Science, Bradford, UK
Abstract
A study was carried out in Bradford, UK in 1993/1994 (see Appendix 1). The objective of the study was to investigate the environmental education opportunities available to adults in the City of Bradford Metropolitan Council District through non-formal leisure activities. Specifically, the study sought to determine the trends in, and examine the extent of, environmental interpretation in the region based on direct observation of a selection of green open spaces in the Bradford District. Following on from this, the study aimed to assess the potential for more facilities or the scope for an improved service for local people and visitors to the area.
The project investigated thirteen areas, including woodland, moorland and urban fringe habitats all of which are used to a greater or lesser extent for informal recreation activities by local people and visitors from further afield. The main conclusion drawn from the study was that the provision of environmental education materials in outdoor leisure areas in Bradford is currently low. It was also noted that information and publicity about the activities or facilities available in the area is fragmented to such an extent that it is not easily accessible to the general public or visitors to the area. This may also reflect a pattern seen elsewhere in the UK.
One recommendation emerging from the study was the need to provide greater
access to information in order to raise environmental awareness and catalyze sustainable
tourism. It is suggested that a guide to the environmental education facilities in the
region for local people and for visitors to the area should be produced.
A new training initiative in bay and estuary management
B. Needham
Coastal Resources Center University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, USA
Abstract
Integrated coastal management is stressed in Agenda 21, the strategy document produced by the 1992 U.N. Conference on Environment and Development. Although a non-binding agreement, efforts continue to be made to maintain the momentum and many coastal states and island nations are striving to introduce integrated coastal management (ICM). An outcome of this activity has been an increased demand for technical assistance and training to develop national policies and programs, and countries with a history of ICM are being looked to for assistance. The United States, with the introduction of the Coastal Zone Management Act in 1972, has a longer history of coastal, estuary and bay management than most, and is attempting to respond to this need, particularly in the field of training.
In 1985, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) initiated the Coastal Resources Management Project (CRMP) with an intention to make this experience available to developing countries. Through its CRMP, USAID became a global leader in advancing ICM and associated training in developing countries. Crucial to this process was USAID's unique knowledge of the socioeconomic and political context of its partnerships.
As the CRMP got underway, the United States began a new experiment in governance of coastal ecosystems, the National Estuary Program (NEP). Administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the NEP structure and process offered an alternate management model. The NEP approach complemented that employed by AID's CRMP since it was designed to make more effective use of existing laws, regulations and programs, a need which also exists in coastal developing nations, and included consensus building, public outreach and a phased approach to planning that integrates science and policy in public decision making.
In 1994, the USAID and the USEPA, recognized that by combining the experience gained through the NEP and CRMP, they were well placed to provide some of the experience needed to satisfy the growing demand for training in ICM, particularly as relating to bay and estuary management. As a consequence, the two agencies signed an Interagency Agreement in an initiative to assist developing countries by providing training activities for practitioners to help advance and accelerate the sound management and sustainable development of coastal and estuarine environments worldwide.
This paper will briefly describe the National Estuary Program and the Coastal Resources
Management Project, which provides the background for this initiative. It will then
describe the process leading up to the design of an international training workshop based
on the experience gained and lessons learned from these projects. In conclusion, the
results of that process will be described in a detailed overview of the first
International Training Workshop on Bay and Estuary Management to be held in April 1996.
. L e g i s l a t i o n a n d L e g a l I s s u e s .
Mediterranean sustainable development in international law
S. Marchisio
Institute of Legal Studies on the International Community, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
Abstract
The output of the 1992 Conference (UNCED) has underlined new trends in the
evolution of international environmental law at the regional and global level. Some
principles of international law on sustainable development have emerged and, among them,
the principle of common but differentiated responsibility of States, contained in
Principle 7 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. This principle
overturns Principle 24 of the Stockholm Declaration: States shall co-operate in
conserving, protecting, and restoring the environment not on an equal footing but taking
in due account the different levels of development, and the different (past, present, and
future) contributions to the global degradation of the Earth ecosystem. Developed
countries have, in this respect, the main responsibility in view of the pressure their
societies place on the environment and of the technologies and financial resources they
command. This principle has two main consequences from the legal point of view: it allows
a double regime of States rights and obligations in international conventions devoted to
sustainable development and it requires from developed countries the maximum effort in
financing the related activities. The emerging principles of international law on
sustainable development have been partially endorsed by the instruments adopted at the
Barcelona Conference of June 1995. The Resolution on Environment and Sustainable
Development contains only general commitments, while the third part of MAP Phase II,
concerning the institutional and financial arrangements, is rather inconsistent with the
Rio outcome. The legal instruments, mainly the amended Barcelona Convention and the
Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the
Mediterranean, present few novelties from the sustainable development point of view. In
conclusion, the author believes that the Region must make a more determined contribution
to this new objective of the international community in the next decade, in order to face
the challenge posed by the sustainable development of our common mediterranean heritage.
Protected areas and species: The Mediterranean Basin
V. Bou
University of Valencia, Department of Public International Law, Valencia, Spain
Abstract
This paper deals with the study of those international conventions concerning specially
protected areas and biological diversity that are applicable in the Mediterranean basin.
After an Introduction, those international treaties that are applicable to the
Mediterranean Basin, but are not expressly confined to it, are analyzed in section II.
Under section III, a special mention is made to the approach on and the evolution of these
matters contained in the Mediterranean political and legal tools.
. I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o o p e r a t i o n .
A comparative analysis and critical assessment of the regimes to manage the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea
Jens Sorensen
The Harbor and Coastal Center, The University of Massachusetts - Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Abstract
Twenty years elapsed between the creation of the Mediterranean Regional Sea Programme in 1973 and the initiation the Black Sea Environmental Programme (BSEP) in 1993. Although the two Seas are interconnected, each Sea -- and their associated drainage basins are very different in terms of geographic characteristics, the composition of the member nations, and the institutional design of the planning and management arrangement. Over a seventeen year time span, most aspects of the MAP have provided a rich experience in the planning and management of a regional sea. Much of this experience has and is being applied to the BSEP. Information is also flowing from the innovations in the institutional design of the BSEP back to MAP.
As the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) approaches its twentieth
anniversary, there is a growing concern among the ocean and coastal management community
for a critical evaluation of its accomplishments -- particularly measurable outcomes, such
as land based and non-land based pollution, coastal recreation and tourism, protected
areas, migratory wildlife, and international fisheries. The BSEP will also soon have to
assess the potential benefits and costs of program implementation. Next year the program
will apply for international support for its implementation stage. Given a number of
factors, it may be difficult for the BSEP to demonstrate to the international assistance
community, a net socio-economic benefit will derived from program implementation. In our
life time at least, it may not be possible to "save" the Black Sea.
The Mediterranean after the 1995 convention. The historical sense of a turnaround point
A. Vallega
International Centre for Coastal and Ocean Policy Studies, ICCOPS, Genoa, Italy.
Abstract
The objective of the paper is to focus on the current changing phase in the Mediterranean policy. In this context it is worthy of consideration that the Mediterranean co-operation has developed along two tracks: the Action Plan, adopted in 1975, and the Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution, adopted the year after. The spectrum of the objectives of the Action Plan was designed in wider terms than that of the Convention. As a consequence, during its two decades of development the Mediterranean co-operation was based not only on the pursuit of pollution-related goals, but also on that referring to the establishment of protected areas and coastal area management, which are concerned only with the 1975 Action Plan. In the meantime socio-economic investigations have been carried out and scenarios have been built.
According to the resolution adopted in 1993 by the Eighth Ordinary Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention again two tracks arose. On the one hand, the Convention and its related protocols were amended with the aim of designing a new convention consistent with the resolution from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. On the other hand, the Mediterranean Agenda 21 (Med Agenda 21), parallel to the UNCED Agenda 21, was formulated. The Ninth Ordinary Meeting of the Contracting Parties and the Plenipotentiaries Meeting to the Barcelona Convention adopted the amended Convention, entitled Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean.
The main innovations of the newly adopted Convention consist of : i) the claim that the environmental policy should aim at the preservation of biodiversity, so the ecosystem as a whole, especially its food webs, is expected to be regarded as a core subject of ongoing Mediterranean co-operation; ii) the inclusion of integrated coastal area management into the spectrum of actions, so strong collaboration, mainly concerned with Priority Action Programme/Regional Activity Centre (MAP/PAP/RAC), is expected to be developed.
When the mechanisms of the two Conventions are considered to their whole
extent their efficiency is to be evaluated. The main question which should be considered
by both the decision-making centres and the scientific community is whether the efficiency
of the first Convention was satisfactory and how much efficiency could be achieved by the
new one.
VOLUME 2
Budget Models for the Evolution of Deltas Definition of Processes and Scales
M. Capobianco1, Josa A. Jimenez2, Agustin Sanchez-Arcilla2 and Marcel Stive3
1 R&D, Environment, Tecnomare SpA,
San Marco 3584, 30124, Venezia, Italy. Tel: +39 41 796711, Fax: +39 41 796800, E-Mail: cpbncm01@cidoc.iuav.unive.it
2 ILIM, Catalonia Univ. of Technology, c
Gran Capita' s/n, 08034, Barcelona, Spain. Tel: +34 3 4016468, Fax: +34 3 4017357, E-Mail:
jimenez@etseccpb.upc.es
3 Delft Hydraulics, NCK, P.O. Box 152, 8300
AD Emmeloord, The Netherlands. Tel: +31 5274 2922, Fax: +31 5274 3573, E-Mail:
marcel.stive@wldelft.nl
Abstract
Global climatic change is taking place and it will likely affect
Mediterranean deltas and other low-lying coastal regions in terms of relative sea level
rise, salinity increase and changes in temperature and weather patterns and of river
discharge regime. This will have serious implications on the natural resources of the
deltaic areas and on the related economic activities. The MEDDELT project focuses on three
northwestern Mediterranean deltas, the Ebro Delta (Spain), the Rhone Delta (France) and
the Po Delta (Italy) in an attempt to cover the lack of understanding about their integral
functioning. The main objective is to determine the vulnerability and response of these
deltaic systems to large scale change phenomena, such that informed decision making can be
made. In order to do this we make combined use of existing and new field measurements
(accretion, sedimentation, soil formation, coastal fringe response) and of integrated
(physical/ecological) conceptual models of deltaic behaviour having socio- economics
scenarios as boundary conditions. The paper illustrates the methodological effort which is
being undertaken in order to organize a modelling system that can be used to conduct
budget computations at various scales with reference to the most significant processes.
The final objective that appears at the horizon is the implementation of a simulation
environment to handle the evaluation of different scenarios.
Impact of Climate Change on the Evolution of the Po Delta Plain. Framework for the Definition of Boundary Conditions
M. Capobianco1, G. Abrami2, and P. Ruol3
1 R&D, Environment Technomare SpA,
San Marco, Venezia, Italy
2 Instituto Universitario di Architettura di
Venezia , DSTR, Tolentini, Venezia, Italy
3 University of Padova, Instituto di
Costruzioni Marittime, Padova, Italy
Abstract
We briefly describe the main characters of the Po Delta and recall the main aspects of its morphological evolution. Then the paper presents the reference schemes that are being used to define scenarios for both the environmental forcings and the possible changes in land use and socio-economic conditions for the Po Delta area and having in mind both the definition of the medium and long term trends and changes in extremes.
Boundary conditions refers to modelling, and in particular to the needs to be satisfied by models that will be used in the framework of the MEDDELT project in order to quantitatively evaluate physical and ecological processes and qualitatively assess the role of anthropogenic factors.
The resulting framework hereby introduced allows for the definition of the boundary conditions and/or inputs which are needed for the computation of indicators and for the subsequent utilization of balance models which will be used to evaluate the deltaic behavior under the proposed scenarios.
The paper has the character of a discussion document and presents
reference considerations and preliminary evaluations that, as such, are subject to change
and adaptation.
Sediment Budget at the Ebro Delta Coast: a multi scale approach
A. Sanchez-Arcilla, J.A. Jimenez, V.Gracia, and H.I. Valdemoro
Abstract
The sediment budget for the Ebro Delta Coast is calculated at different
time and space scales: long-term (several years) and episodic (aperiodic). The
contribution of each component to the global sediment budget and the global coastal
response is identified and quantified.
Pulsing events and sustainability of Mediterranean deltas
J.W. Day1, D. Pont2, P.F. Hensel1 and C. Ibanez3
1 Department of Oceanography and Coastal
Sciences and Coastal Ecology Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
2 CNRS URA 1451, Equipe DESPID, Laboratoire
d'Ecologie, Arles, France
3 Dept. d'Ecologia, Universitat de
Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Abstract
In deltas, subsidence leads to a relative sea level rise (RSLR) which is
often much greater than eustatic rise alone. Because of high RSLR, deltaic wetlands will
be affected early by an acceleration of eustatic sea level rise. If there is sufficient
vertical accretion, wetlands can continue to exist with RSLR, however lack of sediment
input eventually leads to excessive water logging and plant death. Areas with low tidal
range such as the Mediterranean and Gulf of Mexico are especially vulnerable to rising
water levels because the elevation growth range of coastal vegetation is related to tide
range. Reduction of suspended sediments in rivers and prevention of wetland flooding by
river dikes and impoundments have reduced sediment input to Mediterranean and Gulf of
Mexico deltaic wetlands. This sediment deficit will become more important with an
acceleration in sea level rise from global warming. Most sediment input occurs during
strong pulsing events such as river floods and storms, and management policies and
decisions are especially designed to protect against such events. Management approaches
must be reoriented to take advantage of pulsing events to nourish marsh surfaces with
sediments. We hypothesize that deltas can be managed to withstand significant rates of sea
level rise by taking advantage of pulsing events which lead to high sediment input and
that this type of management approach will enhance ecosystem functioning.
Relative sea level rise and Venice Lagoon wetlands
J.W. Day Jr.1, D. Are2, A. Rismondo2, F. Scarton2 and G. Cecconi3
1 Department of Oceanography and Coastal
Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
2 Biotecnica, Viale Garibaldi,
Venezia-Mestre, Italy
3 Consorzio Venezia Nuova, Venice, Italy
Abstract
Over the past century, Venice Lagoon has experienced a high rate of
wetland loss and a strong net export of sediments; nowadays the local Authority
(Magistrato alle Acque di Venezia -MAV-) is running several projects for beneficial use of
dredging materials. From March 1993 until March 1995, the accretionary response of
wetlands in the lagoon to changing water levels was studied. Vertical accretion, short
term sedimentation, and surface elevation change were measured at six sites with varying
sediment availability and wave energy. Short term sedimentation averaged 6.85 g/m2/d
with a minimum of 0.06 g and a maximum of 72 g during periods of high tides and storms.
Over two years accretion ranged from 0.3 to 2.3 cm yr-1 and surface elevation change
ranged from +0.7 to -3.7 cm yr-1. The sites with highest accretion were near a river mouth
and a site with strong wave energy and rapid erosion of the marsh edge with a high
resuspended sediment availability. A marsh created with dredged spoil had a high rate of
elevation loss due mainly to compaction. The rate of accretion at three sites was clearly
sufficient to offset relative sea level rise, but a saline site with low sediment
availability had the lowest accretion. A sediment fence significantly increased accretion
at one site. The results suggest that reduction of turbulent motion or increasing sediment
availability are needed to offset wetland loss indifferent areas of the lagoon.
The Ebro Delta, Spain: water and sediment management in the context of relative sea level rise
C. Ibanez1, J.W. Day2, A. Canicio3, N. Prat1 and A. Curco4
1 Departament d'Ecologia, Facultat de
Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
2 Department of Oceanography and Coastal
sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
3 Consultat Geologist, Deltebre, Catalonia,
Spain 4 Depatament de Botanica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona,
Catalonia, Spain
Abstract
Deltas are particularly sensitive to sea level rise because most are
subsiding and this, in addition to eustatic sea level rise, leads to a relative sea level
rise (RSLR) rate which is often much greater than eustatic rise. If wetlands and
agricultural low lands in deltas do not accrete vertically at a rate equal to the rate of
RSLR, they will become stressed due to waterlogging and salinity increase, and ultimately
disappear. The Ebro Delta is one of the most important wetland areas in the western
Mediterranean. Between 40 and 50% of the delta is below 0.5 m and part of the southern
margin of the delta is at mean sea level in an area protected by dikes. Preliminary
estimates of mean rates of subsidence in the Ebro Delta ranges between 2 and 5 mm yr-1,
whereas eustatic sea level rise has been evaluated at 1-2 mm yr-1. Thus, the mean range of
RSLR rate in the Ebro Delta must range between 3 and 6 mm yr-1. Measured accretion rates
in the delta range from 4 mm yr-1 in the wetlands surrounding the river mouth to less than
0.1 mm yr-1 in impounded salt marshes and rice fields. The annual sediment deficit in the
deltaic plain to offset RSLR is close to 1 million m3 yr-1. Accretion rates in
the rice fields prior to the construction of large dams in the Ebro watershed where higher
than RSLR rates, ranging between 3 and 15 mm yr -1. Presently, more than 99 % of the
riverine sediments are retained in the reservoirs and rice fields are losing about 0.2 mm
yr-1. Future management plans in the Ebro Delta should take into account the problem of
RSLR, and include a comprehensive management of freshwater and sediment from the river in
order to offset negative effects such as waterlogging and salt intrusion. This is a
sustainable way to maintain land elevation in a RSLR scenario, simulating the supply of
sediment to the deltaic plain produced by river floods before the construction of dams and
dikes. In the case of the Ebro Delta, a management approach of diversions of river water
to the delta plain must include a partial removal of sediments trapped behind the dams of
Ribarroja and Mequinenca. The removal of sediments from these reservoirs is feasible for
several reasons. These dams which retain most of the sediment transported by the lower
reach of the river, are the last ones within the watershed, and its distance to the sea is
not large (about 100 km). Stocks and inputs of sediment within both reservoirs are large
enough to produce significant accretion rates in the whole deltaic plain. Present stocks
are equivalent to a sediment thickness over the deltaic plain (excluding spits and
lagoons) of about 50 cm. Technology to bypass and transport sediments is available.
Advantages of this solution include: new sediments to the delta to offset subsidence (via
rice fields) and coastal retreat, enhanced delta functioning (productivity and nutrient
processing), avoids the accumulation of sediments within the reservoirs, and is a solution
to offset negative environmental impacts due to the suppression of solid inputs. From this
point of view, it is very important to make a careful management of river discharges at
the dams, because nowadays only the hydropower and agricultural requirements are
considered. It is also crucial to maintain periods with high discharge, to have enough
river energy to transport as much sediments as possible. This issues should be considered
in future hydrological plans of the Spanish government.
Coastal Processes along the Ebro, Po and Rhone Deltas
J.A. Jimenez1, M. Capobianco2, S. Suanez3, P. Ruol4, P.Fraunie5, M.J.F. Stive6
1 Laboratorie d'Enginyeria Maritima,
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 2 R&D Environment, Tecnomare
SpA, Italy
3 Universite de Provence, France
4 Universita di Padova, Italy
5 Universite de Toulon et du Var, France
6 Netherlands Centre for Coastal Research ,
Delft Hydraulics, The Netherlands
Abstract
The physical functioning of the deltaic plains and of the coastal fringes
of the Ebro, Po and Rhone Deltas is known to be fundamentally based on the same kind of
constituent processes. This knowledge, however, is rather more qualitative than
quantitative specially as far as the complexity of the spatial distribution is concerned.
One of the objectives of the MEDDELT project is to define a methodology for the analysis
of the deltaic functioning and to give a first quantitative assessment of deltaic plain
processes on the one hand and to the coastal fringe processes on the other for these three
Mediterranean Deltas. The present work, by making reference to common aspects and to some
particularities of the three deltas, aims to introduce the approaches which are being
undertaken to assess coastal fringe processes from a quantitative perspective and focusing
on a hierarchy of scales.
A numerical approach to study hydrodynamics and morphological evolution of a lagoon inlet
L. D'Alpaos (*), A. Defina (*), B. Matticchio (+), P. Ruol (**), M. Sclavo (**)
(*) University of Padova, Istituto di
Idraulica, Via Loredan, 20 - 35131 Padova - Italy. tel:+39 49 8275428 ; fax:+39 49 8275446
(**) University of Padova, Istituto di
Costruzioni Marittime, Via Ognissanti, 39 - 35139 Padova - Italy. tel:+39 49 8071299;
fax:+39 49 8073467
(+) Ipros Ingegneria Ambientale, Corso
del Popolo, 8 - 35100 Padova - Italy. tel:+39 49 660647; fax:+39 49 660311
Abstract
In this paper a methodology for studying the complex situation represented by lagoon inlets is suggested. The outer conditions must be defined starting from the offshore wave conditions and can be based on the use of a suitable mathematical model able to propagating the deep water waves to the coastal zone. Such mo