VOLUME I Land - Sea Attractions Coastal and Marine Biology  Coastal and Marine Ecology  Coastal Dune Ecosystems  Environmental Remediation and Restoration  Coastal and Marine Pollution  Coastal Degradation  Environmental Impacts  Marine Litter  VOLUME II Conservation and Protected Areas  Tourism and Recreation  Coastal Management  Policy, Legislation and Economy  Training, Education and Public Awareness  Black Sea Workshop VOLUME III  Coastal Water Quality and Management  Sea Outfalls  Coastal Erosion and Shoreline Management  Beaches  Coastal Hydraulics, Oceanography and Engineering  Wınd Waves  Modelling  Remote Sensing  Marine Transportation  Coastal Geology

⁽¹⁾ University of the Agean, Greece

⁽²⁾ University of Durham, U.K.

⁽³⁾ Delft Hydraulics, Netherlands
 
 

 Abstract
 
 

Coasts and river basins contain important natural environments but they are also used intensively by mankind. Both systems support a variety of socio-economic functions as they provide space, produce resources and absorb unwanted products. With the expansion and increase in scale of human activities, functional linkages between coastal and riverine areas are ever more apparent. Economic activities in downstream areas benefit from upland resources, such as water, aggregates and wood. On the other hand, coastal areas provide space for settlement and industrial or tourist developments that have a positive benefit for the wider basin area. The two areas are linked through a number of natural and socio-economic processes: the cycle of water, sediment transport and human activities.

Conflicting demands on natural resources and land uses has brought the need for a comprehensive approach, involving multiple objectives and the need to account for a wider scale of interest in both space and time. Given this contemporary perspective, an integrated approach to the management of coastal zones and river basins is necessary.

 Integrated river basin and coastal zone management provides the opportunity to consider explicitly certain aspects of these systems that have previously been seen as outside the scope of interest. Such an approach leads to better co-ordination of policy making and action across sectors (water, forestry, agriculture, urban development, environmental protection, etc.) and geographically, ultimately leading to a more rational use of resources and more effective environmental protection.
 
 

^{(1) Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille C.N.R.S et Université de la Méditerranée,}

^{Service d'Observation et UMR-CNRS n°6540 Station Marine d'Endoume,}

^{13007 Marseille, France Tel +33-4-91041643 Fax +33-4-91041635}

^e-mail: romano@com.univ-mrs.fr

^{(2) University of Alexandria, Department of Oceanography, Egypt}
 
 

 Abstract
 
 

The interface between land and marine coastal waters are hard to study due to their high-frequency changes in time and space and variability of composition and extension of the dilution plume. Most of the strategies which are currently employed in classical oceanographic studies appear to be often unadapted, due either to their time and space limits (network of sampling stations), their resolution, or their cost. We present here a simple and relatively low-cost recording system which collects hydrological data of surface water layer, at high space frequency resolution (1min#250m), mesospace scale (10 to 30 km) and georeferenced by satellite positioning (GPS). This system was first deployed in France during four years, at a bimonthly periodicity, in the marine zone influenced by the Rhône River, on board of an 15m-oceanographic boat, and then employed in 98-99 in Egypt, at the vicinity of the Nile (from Abu-Quir Bay to the Rosetta branch), by using a smaller boat dedicated to fishery and leisure activities. Strategy and results are discussed here from an instrumental point of view and future application in coastal monitoring.
 
 

Laboratory of Marine Environment, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-0053, Japan

Tel +81-298-50 2338 Fax +81-258-50 2576 e-mail: masawata@nies.go.jp
 
 

 Abstract
 
 

In June ~ August 1998, second biggest flood occurred in history of Changjiang river. NOAA AVHRR data was used to evaluate the flood damage by using vegetation index, NDVI, together with the visible reflectance R and the value of Band 3. The inundated area and volume of flooded water were estimated to be 1.83 million-hectare and 179.4 billion m³, respectively. Large amount of flooded water was discharged from Changjiang River into East China Sea. NOAA AVHRR data was used to estimate the distribution of turbid water discharged from Changjiang river into East China Sea by calculating the ratio of the reflectance values of Band 2 and 1, C₂₁ = R₂ / R₁. It was clearly shown that high turbidity water crossed East China Sea and reached to Sea of Japan and the coast of Japan. This indicated that ecosystem in East China Sea and Sea of Japan has been strongly influenced by Changjiang River.
 
 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Habitat Conservation (F/HC), 1335 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, U.S.A. Tel +01-301-713-2325 Fax +01-301-713-1043 e-mail: James.Thomas@noaa.gov
 
 

 Abstract
 
 

Coastal ecosystems receive virtually all of the water flowing off the continental United States. As the human population increases, so do waste loads and use of the landed surface. Changes in land use result in change in land cover, which affects water quality and, subsequently, coastal and estuarine habitats and their living resources.

 The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has undertaken a program, the Coastal Change Analysis Program (C-CAP), to monitor change in land cover of the coastal region of the U.S. on a one-to-five year repetitive basis. The coastal region covered by C-CAP includes those land and water components of watersheds within the U.S. that most directly influence estuarine and coastal marine habitats utilized by living marine resources. The major land cover classes include Uplands, Wetlands, and Water and Submerged Land, which includes submerged rooted vascular plants. Satellite imagery is the primary data source for coastal Wetlands and Uplands.

 Data for the Chesapeake Bay and other regions in the U.S. (i.e., Alaska, Pacific Northwest, and New England) suggest changes in adjacent uplands may be of greater importance than heretofore thought relative to areal changes in coastal wetlands and potential effects on water quality, aquatic habitat, and living resources. For this reason, a holistic view of the coastal region, beyond just coastal wetlands, is extremely important for developing the understanding necessary for the protection, maintenance and restoration of estuarine and coastal habitats and the living marine resources dependent on them.
 
 

Anadolu University, Environmental Engineering Department,

İki Eylül Campus, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey

Tel +90-232-335 05 80 / 6510 Fax +90-232-323 95 01

e-mail: ealbek@anadolu.edu.tr
 
 

 Abstract
 
 

In this study seasonal and long-term trends in the sediment supply of major streams in Turkey have been studied by using nonparametric statistical methods. The majority of the streams are nourishing extensive and economically and environmentally important coastal areas comprising lagoons, marshes and beaches. It has been found that the sediment loads to all these coastal areas, with one exception, show statistically significant decreasing trends. Some trends are attributable to decreases in the stream flow as sediment is positively correlated with flow. Flow adjusted concentrations show no trend, suggesting that the decrease in the concentrations is attributable to decreases in flow. Regional patterns in the seasonal trends do not seem to exist.
 
 

Geography Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobyovy Gory, Moscow, 119899, Russia

Tel +7-095-9392152 Fax +7-095-9328836 e-mail: selivano@postman.ru
 
 

 Abstract
 
 

Coasts of the Sea of Azov are among the most economically developed in Russia and Ukraine. Therefore, they will be extremely vulnerable under the anticipated global changes including sea-level rise. On the basis of our integrated methodology of risk, or vulnerability, assessment for sea coasts we estimated the possible vulnerability of the Russian coasts of the Sea of Azov for the scenario of 1-meter global mean sea-level rise until 2100.

The methodology is based upon the concept of various types of resources (natural, economic, cultural) and probabilistic prediction of shoreline retreat values for different morphological types of sea coasts. Assessment of anticipated losses of natural resources includes estimation of natural vulnerability to sea-level rise and value of resources on a per unit area basis. Economic losses are presented as a sum of losses of national wealth, national income, and compensation costs. In the small-scale surveys, a per unit area population number and value of economic production may be used as integrated indices of economic resources. Graded scale is constructed to evaluate each type of resources and natural vulnerability in the comparable manner. The results allowed us to quantitatively estimate possible losses under sea-level rise and to present recommendations for choose between retreat, accommodation and protection response strategies.
 
 

Equipe « Ecosystèmes Littoraux », Faculté des Sciences, Université de Corse, 20250 Corte, France
 
 

 Abstract
 
 

Posidonia oceanica, an endemic Mediterranean marine phanerogam, constitutes the fundamental basis of coastal water richness. The use of bioindicators has been recognised as one of the most effective tools to investigate a vast array of applied ecological research fields, and in particular the coastal environment of the Mediterranean. Posidonia oceanica meadows, which are very widespread along the Mediterranean coast, are particularly sensitive to both pollution and the impact of human activities (and fixed to the bottom. As a result, their presence and vitality (or regression as shown by dead matte) are a good indication of the quality of the overlying waters. Several descriptors have already been proposed to characterize the vitality of a meadow and assess the impact of a variety of forms of degeneration. Other such descriptors still require further study in order to fully exploit their possible significance and/or to develop a standard method of investigation. The use of Posidonia oceanica as a biological indicator of chemical pollution has been developed progressively over the past twenty or so years. The technique of lepidochronology has made Posidonia oceanica a biological « recorder », capable of memorizing trace metal contents over several decades.
 
 

Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment,

1-6-29 minami-machi minami-ku hiroshima, 734-0007, Japan

Tel +81-82-255-7131 Fax +81-82-252-8642

e-mail: imamura@hiroshima-cdas.or.jp
 
 

 Abstract
 
 

The intertidal flora and fauna on the rocky shores in Hiroshima bay were investigated in 1995. 108 species had been listed to the fauna, and a further 43 species had been added to the flora. Then 10 species, from these 151 species, were selected which can be used as bioindicators.

A simple assessment of the marine water quality, using these species, was made. The technique (SAMB) gives guidelines to the general public to empower them to carry out such a survey on their own.

The marine environments in the Hiroshima prefectural regions were surveyed using this technique from 1996 to 1998. On the whole, the results found by the SAMB not only relate to COD levels but also water transparency levels. In high point areas of the SAMB, their COD levels were low (?2.0mg/l), and their water transparency levels were high (?5.0 m). Also their species diversity were found to be high, thus it was considered that their ecosystems were well balanced. But in low point area of the SAMB, their COD levels were high (>2.0mg/l), and their water transparency levels were low (<5.0m), also species diversity were comparatively low, thus it was judged that their ecosystems were unbalanced. An anomaly was found around Ikuchijima Is. and Innoshima Is. which had a COD level of <2.0mg/l, but a transparency level of <4.0m, which was probably caused by muddy water. Also, the biomass of the bioindicator Serpulorbis imbricatus was low. Considering this fact, the S.A.M.B. for this area is one rank lower than expected.
 
 

The SAMB is a very useful technique to find and assess some of the effects on the marine environment.
 
 

^{Fax +2128220100 Tel +2128220957}
 
 

 Abstract
 
 

The aim of this work is to study, as a biomarker of pollution, the glutathion S-transferases of three species of Mollusks living in the Moroccan coasts  (Atlantic and Mediterranean ones): Donax trunculus, representative of sandy beach, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Perna perna which characterize rocky substrate. Two types of sites were considered: a reference site (Cap Ghir) and a polluted one (Anza). GST characteristics were studied using CDNB as substrate. The optimal temperature occurred at 30 °C for the two species of mussels and at 25 °C for D. trunculus. The activity was sensitive to pH variation. The highest activity was found at pH 7.5, in all cases. Organ distribution of the enzyme was different in the organisms studied. In both Mytilidae species, the highest activity was noted in digestive gland, followed by mantle in M. galloprovincialis and muscle in P. perna. In D. trunculus, the maximal activity was recorded to visceral mass. The Michaelis constants were determined: Km values were 702.4, 403.4 and 660 µM; Vm values were 22.2, 21.2 and 333 nmoles/min/mg P respectively for M. galloprovincialis, P. perna and D. trunculus. Seasonal variations showed highest activity in summer and autumn and lowest ones in the winter and spring, in the two sites studied. These variations are in relation with the reproductive cycle: the periods of maximal and minimal activities coincide respectively with gametogenesis and spawning periods. These data demonstrate that seasonal variations must be considered in any monitoring programs using GST activity as a biomarker of pollution. A comparative study was conducted in the two sites studied in order to show link between seawater contamination and GST activity. Effectively, the activity was significantly induced in the contaminated site (Anza) compared to reference one (Cap Ghir), in the three species. These results indicate that GST activity is sensitive to pollutants in sea water and validate the enzyme in these species as biomarker of marine pollution ecosystems.
 
 

^{(1) Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275- 8588 Japan Tel +81-47-478 0452 Fax +81-47-478 0474}

^e-mail: QZF14776@nifty.ne.jp / sany3@ce.it-chiba.ac.jp

^{(2) Okayama Prefectural Institute for Environmental Science and Public Health, 739-1 Uchio, Okayama, Okayama 701-0298 Japan}

^{(3) Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environment Science, 39 Mukaido, Mukaisano, Dazaifu Fukuoka 818-0135 Japan}

^{(4) Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Science, 3-1-27 Yukihiracho, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0037 Japan}

^{(5) Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, 1-6-29}

^{Minamimachi, Minami-ku, Horishima 734-0007 Japan}
 
 

 Abstract
 
 

This study was conducted to obtain the data about the quantity of macrobenthos in the Seto Inland Sea and to assess the sediment condition by the change of macrobenthic fauna in recent 10 years. As results, 1) The macrobenthos mainly observed in sediment samples, were recognized as the organic pollution indicator, 2) The species composition, the individual numbers, and the value of the diversity index of macrobenthos tended to become poor in these 10 years, 3) The Seto Inland Sea was considered to be in the state which environmental condition is shifting from polluted condition to further polluted condition, 4) From the viewpoint of the environmental assessment by macrobenthic fauna, the sediment condition of the Seto Inland Sea was considered to be rather getting worse, were made clear.
 
 

^{(1)Department of Environmental Science, Hiroshima University,}

^{1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan}

^{Tel +81-824-247622 Fax +81-824-232406}

^e-mail: mokada@ipc.hiroshima-u.ac.jp

^{(2) IBID.}

^{(3) Seto Inland Sea National Fisheries Research Institute,}

^{2-17-5 Maruishi, Ohno-machi, Hiroshima 739-0452 Japan}

^{Tel +81-829-550666 Fax +81-829-541216}

^e-mail: terawaki@nnf.affrc.go.jp
 
 

 Abstract

Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) meadows are highly productive components of estuarine and coastal ecosystems and support large and diverse faunal assemblages. They are excellent habitats for many commercial fishes, especially as hatcheries and cradles for juvenile fishes. Eelgrass filters and retains nutrients from water column and provides a major component of biomass for the detrital food chain. However, there are many areas where eelgrass declined even with enough light underwater and little disturbances by waves in Seto Inland Sea. We studied historical changes in eelgrass meadows in Seto Inland Sea and estimated possible factors responsible for the deterioration of eelgrass.

In Seto Inland Sea, there were more than 23,600 ha of eelgrass meadows in 1960, whereas it decreased down to 6,409 ha in 1981 probably due to water pollution and/or coastal developments. Although many transplanting projects have attempted to restore eelgrass meadows either as mitigation for development losses or as enhancement of fishery production, many of them failed to maintain sustainable habitats, i.e. transplanted habitats disappeared within a few years.

We carried out a comparative study on water quality, bottom sediments, sedimentation, and flow regime in the center, edge, and at the outside of eelgrass meadow located in a eutrophic coastal zone in northern Hiroshima Bay, Seto Inland Sea, Japan.

The bottom sediments at the outside of the meadow were softer than that in the center. Also, silt content at the outside was higher than that in the center. The sediments were oxic from the surface to 2 cm deep in the center, whereas those at the edge and the outside were reductive almost from the surface. The sediment characteristics typical in eutrophic water seemed to be a factor responsible for the deterioration of eelgrass meadows.

Although suspended solids concentrations in the water column were the same, the amount of sediments deposited on leaves of eelgrass at the outside was higher than that in the center of the meadow. The deposition at the outside was enough to prevent photosynthesis; i.e. the light intensity available for eelgrass was only 36 % of that without any deposition. The deposition in the center, however, was small enough to secure 84 % of the original light intensity. Flow rates determined at 30 cm above the bottom, a half height of average eelgrass, suggested that the rate at the outside was not enough to remove deposited sediments from the surface of eelgrass leaves. Thus, the large amount of sediment deposition caused by water pollution and/or eutrophication seemed to be another limiting factor to inhibit the growth of eelgrass outside of the meadow.
 
 

BREMA Laboratory, Simferopol, Crimea, 333043, Ukraine

Tel +380-652-221389 Fax +380-652-253503

e-mail: AlexeiBirkun@home.cris.net
 
 

Abstract

Cyanobacteria and microalgae are important in forming of water quality and they are the most susceptible to environmental alteration among living organisms. Some water pollutants cause their elimination, but the others can be conductive to cyanobacterial and microalgal mass propagation and deterioration of water quality. The increase of water saturation with biogenic compounds leads to euthrophication and intensive growth of some microalgae stimulating red tides in coastal zone and cyanobacteria causing "water bloom" in saline lakes and estuaries. In these cases their poisonous action and transmission of toxic compounds by trophic chains correlate to reduction of water transparency and oxygen concentration. The results are displayed in elimination of seaweed and zooplanktonic organisms, mass mortality of fishes and human diseases in some situations. The rising anthropogenic load can extend a number of negative phenomenon stimuli in the future. There are many active products of toxic compounds among about 700 cyanobacterial and microalgal species known in Black Sea for today. Besides some of originally non-toxic species may produce toxins in unfavourable conditions. Moreover mass propagation of non-toxic species brings a damage to environment because decomposition and putrefaction of enormous biomass is attended with deterioration of water quality and mortality of marine inhabitants. There are no effective algicidal preparations in the Black Sea countries for decision of the problem without any damage for environment. Some specialists suggest a number of measures concerning general control of biogenic elements in sewage. But favourable results would be obtained even at the best case in tens of years later. They will be not comprehensive for removal from this threat because stipulated deficiency in phosphorus connected with surplus nitrogen can increase the toxicity of some species and provoke producing of toxins in others. So the main task in this sphere is to find alternative modes either to pure the coastal waters or to use toxic species in human interests. For example, one of the hopeful ways is development of biotechnological investigations in the Black Sea countries directed to employment of algal biocidal characteristics and design of algal bioindicative systems. It is possible to form a new approach to environmental monitoring on the base of algological criteria. In this way the examining of algae-vegetation in dolphin skin overgrowing, their environment and capture places has permitted to reveal correlation between distribution of some species and the status of animal health and water quality in the Black Sea dolphinaria and coastal area. The experimental data about biological activity of cyanobacteria and microalgae were obtained in relation to the organisms of different evolutional levels (bacteria, helminths, insects, rodents etc). So it is interesting to use the producents of active and toxic substances to obtain new biological preparations for pest control. The available results assume the existence of specific action of algal metabolites to the diverse test objects. It is necessary to take it into account for design of practical aspects of cyanobacterial and algal employment in agriculture and medicine. The technologies to produce indispensable cyanobacterial and microalgal material were examined in several aspects: using of the natural source by withdrawal of surplus biomass; employment of controlled methods of continuous cultivation; design of enclosed systems of sewage utilization as a nutrient substratum for growth of active species. There is an expediency to form the special Mediterranean Programme providing for joint combined investigations in biochemical ecology, biological indication and biotechnology of cyanobacteria and microalgae, the prognosis of their propagation, distribution and role in interspecific relations, for exchange of scientific information and creation of general data base.
 
 

Muğla University, 48000 Muğla, Turkey Tel +90-252-2238006

Fax +90-252-2149321 e-mail: abalci@bodrum.mu.edu.tr
 
 

 Abstract
 
 

In this paper the detailed in situ fluorescence and chlorophyll-a data for the Aegean Sea first time has been presented. The data were collected during cruises in July 1994, November 1994, and April 1995 in the framework of the national research programme for the Aegean Sea. In situ vertical fluorescence data showed a good correlation with chlorophyll-a values. The subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) usually coincided with the maximum of in situ fluorescence and was a common feature of the oligotrophic basin. SCM with relatively high chlorophyll concentrations formed at shallower depths in fall in northern Aegean sea while in summer SCM showed lower chlorophyll concentrations and were found as deep as 100 m in the southern Aegean. The depths of maximum fluorescence intensity varied in place and season, they remained within a range of density limits (28.3 - 29.1 sigma-t).
 
 

^{(1) Istituto di Ricerche sulle Risorse Marine e l’Ambiente (IRMA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via L. Vaccara, 61, 91026, Mazara del Vallo (TP), Italy Tel +39-0923-948966 Fax +39-0923-906634}

^e-mail: ragonese@irma.pa.cnr.it

^{(2) Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy Tel +39-091-6177159 Fax +39-091-6172009}

^e-mail: chemello@unipa.it

^{(3) Istituto Sperimentale Talassografico, CNR, Spianata S. Raineri, 86, 98100, Messina, Italy Tel +39-090-669003 Fax +39-090-669007}

^e-mail: rinelli@talas.ist.me.cnr.it
 
 

Abstract
 
 

The results of a research program launched in 1996 by Regione Siciliana (Italy), with the aim of evaluating the abundance of stocks of natural bivalves along the southern coasts of Sicily, are presented. The smooth bottoms lying within the coastal strip (0-10 m; about 210 km of coastline) formed the study area. A systematic design was adopted and about 100 lines were uniformly placed perpendicular to the coastline; up to five stations were located on each line at different depth levels. A fishing vessel (4.4 GRT), and a mechanical “dry” dredge (11 mm mesh side in the bag) were used to sample the stations (from September to November 1996). Beside the 51 samples collected on the beaches, 428 stations were explored, and 260 of these were dredged covering 6,175 m². Fifty-six species of living bivalves were identified, but the catch was everywhere poor and only Donaxtrunculus and Mactra stultorum were relatively well represented in the samples. Present results discourage the beginning of any significant exploitation of the bivalves of the southern coasts of Sicily although a future increment in the population abundance could not be excluded a priori.
 
 

⁽¹⁾ Marine Science Station, PO Box: 195, Fax +962 3 201 3674, Aqaba Jordan

⁽²⁾ University of Jordan, Jordan

⁽³⁾ Yarmouk University, Jordan

⁽⁴⁾ Center for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen
 
 

Abstract
 
 

Coral reefs are known to be sensitive to increased nutrient concentrations. On the other hand, evidence is progressively growing that nutrient concentrations within coral reefs are naturally elevated. In the present investigation we report on the quantitative modification of nutrient concentrations in reef waters from the northernmost part of Gulf of Aqaba. Coral reef waters from fixed depths between the surface and 30m and offshore reference waters were collected biweekly and analyzed for ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate and chlorophyll a. Nutrient concentrations both in the coral reef and offshore waters showed clear seasonality. Relatively high concentrations occurred in winter and extremely low concentrations in summer. Comparison between the concentrations in the coral reef waters and the reference offshore waters, using a specially devised mathematical technique to normalize the data, followed by two way analysis of variance with respect to season and depth showed that in summer all measured parameters in coral reef waters were significantly positively modified relative to the upper 25m offshore water. On annual basis, ammonia concentration was higher in reef waters in 91% of the samples, nitrate in 79%, nitrite in 70%, phosphate in 92%, silicate in 90% and chlorophyll a in 73%. Cases of lower nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations in coral reef water than in offshore waters occurred only in winter (November-May). Nitrite and chlorophyll a concentrations showed significant elevations only in summer. The observed modifications are attributed to efficient filtration, rapid recycling, and to differential rates of phototrophic uptake and heterotrophic fixation and release of nutrients in the coral reef. These processes are strongly light and temperature dependent and therefore seasonally variable.
 
 

Kagawa University, Miki, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 769-2101 Japan

Tel +81-87-8913148 Fax +81-87-8913021 e-mail: tada@ag.kagawa-u.ac.jp
 
 

Abstract
 
 

The nutrient concentrations and the changes in pH of rainwater have been monitored for three years in Kagawa prefecture, on Shikoku Island in the western part of Japan. The pH varied between 3.29 - 6.80 with a weighted mean value of 4.86. Weighted mean NO3^- + NO2^-, NH4⁺ and PO4^3- concentrations were 22.5, 35.5 and 0.25 µM, respectively. Particularly, the nitrogen concentration of rainwater was higher than that of surface seawater by one to three orders of magnitude, although phosphate concentration was at almost the same level. Furthermore, nutrient loading from precipitation to coastal sea was estimated in Harima-Nada, on Japan's Seto Inland Sea. It was estimated that nitrogen and phosphate loading due to rainfall were 13% and 1.5% of the nitrogen and phosphorus loadings from the land.

 Moreover, bioassay were performed for freshly collected seawater. By the addition of rainwater, chlorophyll a concentrations in the rainwater added bottles were increased to levels higher than those of bottles where no rainwater was added. These results suggested that nutrient loadings due to rainwater contribute to the enhancement of primary production of surface seawater in a coastal environment.
 
 

^{(1)Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Kyushu Environmental Evaluation Association, 1-10-1 Matsukadai, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 811-0004 Japan}

^{Tel +81-92-662 0410 Fax +81-92-662 0411 e-mail:} nakamasa@keea.or.jp

^{(2)Marine Environmental Science & Technology Division, Chugoku National Industrial Research Institute, 2-2-2 Hiro-Suehiro, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0197 Japan Tel +81-823-72 1932 Fax +81-823-72 1998}

^e-mail: ilee@cniri.go.jp

^{(3)Dept. of Civil Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan Tel +81-92-642 3301}

^{Fax +81-92-642 3322 e-mail:} kusuda@civil.kyushu-u.ac.jp
 
 

Abstract
 
 

The primary production of phytoplanktons produces organic matter in high concentrations at Hakata bay in Japan, a eutrophicated bay, even during the winter season in spite of low water temperatures. It is considered that phytoplanktons have any biological capabilities to keep activities of photosynthesis under the unfavorable conditions, and this fact affects the water quality of the bay. In this study, the characteristics of primary production were analyzed with a simple box-typed ecosystem model. We introduced the concept of efficiency for the absorption of sunlight energy to our simulation to explain the growth of phytoplanktons under the condition of low sunlight intensity. As a result of this simulation with a box model, we found that efficiency of primary production in winter is higher than that in summer. It was suggested that the organic pollution comes from the stable concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) throughout the year, DOC of which is originated from the primary production of phytoplanktons corresponding biologically to the seasonal change of ambient conditions.
 
 

(1) Central Research Institute Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Abiko 1646, Abiko-shi ,Chiba 270-1194, Japan Tel +81-471-82-1181

Fax +81-471-83-2966 e-mail: mima@criepi.denken.or.jp / shiro@criepi.denken.or.jp

^{(2) Tokyo University of Fisheries, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan}

^{Tel +81-3-5463-0531 Fax +81-3-5463-0494}

^e-mail: ad98203@cc.tokyo-u-fish.ac.jp/ am96204@cc.tokyo-u-fish.ac.jp/ isi@tokyo-u-fish.ac.jp
 
 

Abstract
 
 

In order to estimate water quality in Tokyo Bay, we observed DIN, DIP, Si, Chl a, POC and PON at seven stations monthly during 1997-98. DIN was high through water column in the period of vertical mixing. DIP and Si were low in the mixing period but very high in bottom depths showing dissolution from sediment in the thermal stratification period. Flagellates and diatoms bloomed reflecting the distribution pattern of nutrient in each period. PON/POC ratios were higher than the Redfield ratio during 1997-98 and lower during 1992-93 coincided with low and high percentages of ammonium concentrations in DIN in respective period. High PON/POC could be caused by favorable physical condition for phytoplankton growth in high DIN/DIP ratio in nutrients loaded to the bay, however, factors controlling low POC/PON during 1992-93 could not be defined.
 
 

National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries

Anfoushi, Kayet Bey, Alexandria, Egypt
 
 

Abstract

The levels of nutrients (NH₄, NO₂, NO₃, TN, PO₄, TP and SiO₄) as well as chlorophyll-a along the water column of 25 stations distributed in six sections perpendicular to the Egyptian coast line in belt area of depths reaches 200m, extending between El-Arish (north of Senai Peninsula) and Mersa Matruh sectors were investigated during late spring and early summer 1995. The obtained data indicated that the belt area can be classified into two main sides one is the eastern side (lies on the Nile Delta, east of Alexandria), harboured relatively higher NO₃, NO₂, DON, TN, SiO₄ and chl-a and lower NH₄, PO₄, OP and TP than the other western side (relatively, for from Nile effect and lies west of Alexandria). The abundance of the N -ions in the two sides is generally in the order NH₄ - N > NO₃ - N ³ NO₂ - N reflecting the preference of the phytoplankton organisms for uptake of NO₃ than NH₄ for their N - assimilation. Most nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in the study area are mainly present as organic forms. N:P:Si ratios indicated that the Egyptian Mediterranean coastal waters is N-limited and the water of the eastern side is originated from different sources. The levels of different nitrogen and phosphorus forms obtained in the present investigation postulated that the area under investigation can be classified under oligotrophic to mesotrophic state.
 
 

Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Science

Tel +90-462-752 28 05 Fax +90-462-752 21 58

e-mail: muzaffer@deniz .ktu.edu.tr
 
 

 Abstract

Monthly measurements of temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicate were taken for the period of January 1993 to August 1994. These parameters were measured at 12 stations and 3 different depths (surface, 10 m, 25 m).

 During the study, the phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicate concentrations changed in relation to depths between 0.01-0.77 mg/l, 0.1-1.4 mg/l, 0.001-0.007 mg/l and 0.100-3.760 mg/l respectively.

 Temporal fluctuations of phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicate concentrations were found to be significant. Differences in phosphate nitrate and nitrite concentrations were also significant among the stations.
 
 

^{(1) Kitakyushu-city Institute of Environmental Sciences, Tobata, Kitakyushu, 804-0082, Japan Tel +81-93-882 0333 Fax +81-93-871 2535 e-mail:} Khamada@interlink.or.jp

^{(2) Department of Life Sciences, Kagawa University, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan Tel and Fax +81-87-891 3143}

The vertical mass fluxes and chemical characteristics of sinking particles were investigated to assess the material circulation process in Dokai Bay. Sediment trap experiments were conducted 6 times from August 1995 to February 1998.

Total settling mass fluxes varied from 8.2g/m²/day to 307g/m²/day. The organic carbon and nitrogen contents in sinking particles were varied from 18.0 mgC/g to 107 mgC/g and 1.5 mgN/g to 11.7 mgN/g, respectively. The estimated carbon fluxes varied from 0.66 gC/m²/day to 25.6 gC/m²/day.

 The mean carbon flux was estimated 6.23 gC/m²/day in August, although primary productivity was estimated 2.44 gC/m²/day from July to September. Thus the carbon flux level was 2.5 times higher than that of the primary productivity. Moreover C/N ratio of sinking particles were estimated from 7.0 to 22.3 and C/Chla ratio varied from 121 to 4390. These results indicted that the sinking material was not mainly originated from phytoplankton products but the allochthonous products from the land.
 
 

^{(1)National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-0053, Japan
Tel +81-298-502505; Fax +81-298-502576
e-mail:} koshikaw@nies.go.jp

^{(2)Tokyo University of Fisheries, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 108-0075, Japan}

^{(3)First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, China}
 
 

Abstract
 
 

An oil enrichment experiment using the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of #0 diesel oil was conducted in mesocosms in the Changjiang Estuary, China, over 7 days, to investigate the acute impact of oil on the plankton ecosystem. The dominant grazers (ciliates, noctiluca and copepods) decreased in abundance after the addition of WSF. The decline of ciliates was particularly marked, suggesting that they were most sensitive to WSF. There was little difference in phytoplankton abundance between the control and oil-enriched mesocosms, because nutrients became deficient in both mesocosms. However, a batch experiment with ¹³C bicarbonate revealed that photosynthetic activity was strongly affected by the WSF addition. The study suggests that oil pollution may have a direct impact on productivity in marine ecosystems.
 
 

Marine Laboratory, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-0053 Japan

Tel +81-298-50 2440 Fax +81-298-50 2584 e-mail: noel@nies.go.jp
 
 

 Abstract
 
 

Modifications in the Changjiang River supply, land use changes, and industrial development in the catchment area are expected when China’s Three Gorges Dam is completed. Changes in nutrient supplies may influence primary production and the ability of the environment to biodegrade pollutants. To forecast the ecosystem’s response to the new conditions, it is essential to understand the processes and exchanges of nutrients at the sediment–water interface.

 The sediment appears to be in continuous interaction with the water column in the Changjiang estuary. Processes involved in nutrient transfer are reversible and quick, and differ with season and sediment type. The release of phosphorus from the sediment to the water column is highlighted by both direct sampling measurement and bottle experiments. These preliminary results can be used in the modelling of this ecosystem.
 
 

Tohoku University, 980-8579 Sendai, Japan Tel +81-22-217 7472

Fax +81-22-217 7471 e-mail: sakamaki@eco.civil.tohoku.ac.jp
 
 

Abstract
 
 

The sediment-water exchange flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen was investigated in an estuarine tidal flat. To estimate the fluxes at shorter time scale than tidal period, the changes in NH4-N and NO3-N concentration in about 2 hours incubation were measured with small light and dark chambers. In the result, NH4-N and NO3-N concentrations of influent to this tidal flat continually changed with the mixing ratio of river water to seawater, and controlled both benthic microalgal uptake and diffusion from sediment to water. In high tide time, at high salinity and low NH4-N and NO3-N concentrations, NH4-N and NO3-N rapidly transferred from sediment to water. In this case, the diffusion dominated the fluxes. In low tide time, at low salinity and high NO3-N concentration, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, especially NO3-N, rapidly transferred from water to sediment. It was indicated that uptake by benthic microalgae dominated the sediment-water exchange. Therefore, we considered that estuarine tidal flat was a source of nitrogen during high tide, then changed to a sink during low tide. This function at tidal flat delays the discharge of nitrogen from river to sea area and increases the potential of biological productivity.
 
 

^{(1) Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment center, 1- 6-29, Minami-machi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-0007, Japan.}

^{Tel +81-82-2557131 Fax +81-82-2528641}

^{(2) Korea Ocean Research &Development Institute, Ausan P O. Box29, Seoul, Korea. Tel +82-345-4085934 Fax +82-345-4006211}

^{(3) Hiroshima University, 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8528, Japan. Tel +81-824-247622 Fax +81-824-227192}

Physicochemical and biological characteristics in 19 tidal flats over areas of 5 ha in northern Hiroshima Bay were investigated and purification abilities for organic material were also examined in the three different types of tidal flats. Biomass of benthos in the 19 tidal flats were in the range of 0~34.0 g C · m^-2. Net purification rate (NPR) can be estimated from metabolism of organic material by microorganisms and benthos, assimilation by benthos and the primary productivity by benthic microalgae. The NPR by tidal flats were calculated to be 65-235 g-C · m^-2 · yr^-1 from material balance of this research. Total purification for organic material by tidal flats in the northern Hiroshima Bay corresponded to 4.7~12.7% of TOC external loadings.
 
 

Graduate School of Tohoku University, Aobayama 06, Aoba-ku, 980-8579 Sendai, Japan Tel +81-22-2177470 Fax +81-22-2177471

e-mail: osamura@eco.civil.tohoku.ac.jp
 
 

Abstract
 
 

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the influence of bivalve on the behaviour of organic matter and nutrients in a coastal area. Four experimental systems, a dark system, a light system, a polychaete introduced system and a bivalve introduced system, were designed and constructed in tanks with sediment and surface water, which were set near an estuary. Change in water quality, productivity of algae and fluxes of nutrients between surface water and sediment were investigated in these systems. Comparing between the bivalve system and the other systems, it was cleared that the reduction of organic matter in both surface water and sediment occurred due to the filter feeding of bivalve, and inorganic nutrients were rapidly released from sediment. Furthermore, it was suggested that filter feeding of bivalves led to increase the productivity of benthic algae because of the improvement of light condition and the increase of available nutrients.
 
 

^{(1) Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-}

^{Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan Tel +81-824-247945 Fax +81-824-247945}

^e-mail: osamuma@ipc.hiroshima-u.ac.jp

^{(2) Marine Shrimp Research and Development Center, Pawong Muang District, Songkhla 90100, Thailand}

Filtering of particulate material by oyster in northern Hiroshima Bay is estimated to be 41 ton C/day which amounts to about 25 % of net primary production. The removal of C, N and P from northern Hiroshima Bay by oyster harvesting is estimated to be 2.9, 1.3 and 0.19 ton/day, respectively. Algal biomass associated with oyster culture raft is estimated to be significantly larger than that of natural algal bed in Hiroshima Bay. Thus, oyster culture proved to play significant roles on the water purification, recycling of nutrient, and providing habitat for living resources. We propose new concept of oyster culture as an integrated functional role player which can be obtained only when appropriate management is carried out.
 
 

(1) Coastal Environment Research Team, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan Tel +81-298-502438 Fax +81-298-502570

e-mail: kohata@nies.go.jp, hiwatari.takehiko@nies.go.jp

^{(2) Environment Research Center Co. Ltd., 210-4 Saiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki}

^{305-0028, Japan Tel +81-298-55-8660 Fax +81-298-58-2668}

^{e-mail: erc_tanaka @ibm.net}
 
 

Abstract
 
 

To evaluate the biological efficiencies of shallow-water areas for use in preserving coastal ecosystems, we conducted field surveys from September 1996 to September 1997 at 4 sampling stations (1–4) in a shallow area at Sanbanze, at the head of Tokyo Bay, and 2 stations (5, 6) in a deeper adjacent area in the central part of the bay. Plenty of macrobenthos was observed in the shallow area (Stns. 1–3) during the summer, its biomass (wet weight) being 1.26–3.41 kg·m^–2. Dissolved oxygen at Stations 1–3 was > 3 mg·l^–1, even in summer, when the water is stratified. On the other hand, no living animals were observed at Stations 5 and 6, where water depth was 15–18 m and dissolved oxygen was < 1 mg·l^–1 during the summer. The distribution of bivalve species was also observed at 17 stations at Sanbanze in June 1998.

 Bivalves were the dominant animals in the shallow area, accounting for > 98% of the total biomass. Respiration and filtration rates of Mactra quadrangularis, a dominant clam species in the area, were measured at various temperatures in a static chamber. The rates were greater at higher temperatures. The respiration rate varied from 0.17 at 7°C to 2.88 mg O₂·g^–1·h^–1 at 25°C, and the filtration rate varied from 0.60 to 5.72 l·g^–1·h^–1 (bivalve mass expressed as grams dry weight of soft body). The in-situ clearance time by bivalves where water depth is about 2 m can be estimated to be 2–3 days on the basis of the product of the observed filtration rate and the biomass of the bivalve. This indicates an important role of bivalves in the biogeochemical cycle in shallow areas.
 
 

University of Tartu, Institute of Geography, 46 Vanemuise St., 51014 Tartu, Estonia

Tel +37-27-375819 Fax +37-27-375825 e-mail: valdo@ut.ee
 
 

Abstract
 
 

Ecological engineering measures allow using different natural and seminatural ecosystems to control nutrient losses from intensively used watersheds. The most effective means are buffer strips, buffer zones and constructed wetlands.

 In southern Estonia a 31 m wide buffer zone of wet meadow and grey alder forest removed 51 % nitrogen and 80 % phosphorus, while in a 51 m buffer zone, also containing a grassland strip in addition to wet meadow and alder forest, 86 % N and 84 % P was retained. The outflow of total-N was 4.9 and outflow of total – P was 4.8 lower in well-buffered watershed in comparison to similar watershed with lower buffering ability.

 Three constructed wetlands in southern Estonia were studied. The removal efficiency was 70-75% for BOD₅, 35-68% for total-N, and 73-82% for total-P. All results show that compared to other seasons the winter performance was not reduced.
 
 

Murmansk Marine biological Institute, 17, Vladimirskaya St., 183010, Murmansk, Russia

Tel +815-2-565232 Fax +47-78910288 e-mail: mmbi@online.ru
 
 

Abstract
 
 

The Present state and trends of the Azov Sea ecosystem are characterized. Natural fluctuations and the present state of the marine environment, the plankton and the fish fauna, the content of the artificial radionuclides in the bottom sediments are considered. The breach of the ecological equilibrium is connected with the changes of the freshwater input, the contamination, the excessive catch and the installation of the new species.
 
 

Department of Physical Geography and Landscapes, Faculty of Geography,

Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia

e-mail: golubev@geol.msu.ru
 
 

Abstract
 
 

Studies have been made to determine the main factors of formation, spatial organization and functionality of submediterranean landscapes. Factor model of landscape structure of Abrau peninsula based on the field investigations with use of different methods of multivariate analyses as well as ANOVA and some others has been completed. Particular attention was paid to vegetation as the most physiognomic nature component. Four hierarchical levels of plant systems have been determined. It is ascertained that the role of different physicogeographical factors in forming the plant systems structure increases from the lower to the higher levels of organization. The role of external factors essentially grows in plant communities living in the extreme environments. Factor model permit to characterize natural systems and reconstructs the original structure of similar territories with anthropogenic transformation.
 
 

Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200 Afyon, Turkey

Tel +90-272-2135711 Fax + 90-272- 213 34 72
 
 

Abstract
 
 

The relationship between coastal dunes, coastal halophytic vegetation and soil was investigated on Akyatan(ADANA) coast. Samples of soil such as Pseudorlayo pumilae-Silenetum kotschyi, Saccharo-Schoenetum nigricantisfrom coastal dunes and Suaedo maritimae-Salicornietum patulae, Cresso creticae-Hordeetum marinae from coastal salt marshes were picked up and analyzed.
 
 

^{(1) University of Çukurova, Department of Archaeometry, Adana, Turkey}

^{(2) USDA, Natural Resource Conservation Service, Washington DC, USA}

^{(3) University of Çukurova, Department of Soil Science, Adana, Turkey}

^{(4) University of Çukurova, Department of Plant Protection, Adana, Turkey}

^{(5) University of Çukurova, Department of Geology, Adana, Turkey}

^{(6) University of Çukurova, Department of Landscape Architecture, Adana, Turkey}

The determination of the present and ideal land use planning of the Mediterranean coastal sand dunes in Adana, S. Turkey has been undertaken by an interdisciplinary group with a holistic approach with the designation of a land management unit (LMU). Recent trends stress the importance of LMUs based on intrinsic qualities, and relative responses of land resources along with resilience characteristics being the scientific basis for managing land.

 There have been few attempts to determine the technical and scientific criteria for a holistic multidisciplinary optimal plan for the coastal dunes. Thus, the study aims to reveal present land cover types and also the ideal land use planning within LMU concepts considering the existing properties of the sand dunes and the surrounding areas. This LMU is expected to indicate the intricate relations and mandatory simultaneous existence of misuse with appropriate use in coastal sand dunes along with the betterment of the former.
 
 

School of Applied Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Wales,

CF37 1DL, UK Tel +44-1443-482454 Fax +44-1443 482285

e-mail: rbaker@glam.ac.uk
 
 

Abstract
 
 

Observations have been made to assess the rate of spread of the shrub Sea Buckthorn (Hippophäe rhamnoides L.) and the environmental effects it can have on vegetation in coastal dune systems in the UK, with particular reference to plants of high conservation value. Methods to eliminate or contain the spread of Buckthorn are examined and constraints in their application are reviewed. New approaches are considered and their merits and demerits evaluated. Issues which need to be addressed in future include the time for nutrient levels to approach those of dunes and stacks never colonized by Buckthorn, comparison of nutrient levels under different treatment regimes, depth of penetration by nutrient-rich water and the possibilities of harvesting ruderals or introducing grazing.
 
 
 
 
 
 

^{(1) Environmental Section, Mikuniya Corporation, 486, Kuji, Takatu-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 213-0001 Japan Tel +81-44-8223928}

^{Fax +81-44-8221661 e-mail:} ichimura@mikuniya.co.jp

^{(2) Tottori University, 4-101, Koyama minami Tottori-shi, Tottori, 680-0945, Japan Tel +81-857-315299 Fax +81-857-287899}

In this paper, two different approaches to assess the bottom material environments in the head of Tokyo Bay (TB) are proposed.

 The first method is to illustrate the present condition of load material environments with three axes; those are the sediment organism index, diversity index and bottom material factor.

 In this demonstration the concepts of environmental creation are analyzed and show the reasonable way of compensation and restoration. Moreover, the effectiveness of technique using neural network is shown by comparing estimated data with field data of bottom material of TB.
 
 

1. Department of Life Sciences, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795 Japan Tel and Fax +81-87-8913143
2. e-mail: montani@ag.kagawa-u.ac.jp

To improve the water quality in a hyper-eutrophic enclosed bay, we have established an interdisciplinary research project from 1995 to 1997. This study was conducted for development of new eco-technology to treat hyper-eutrophicated water. In this research project, we are aiming at promoting material circulation with activities of mussels in the bay ecosystem. The system, which consists of 50cm-long ropes to collect mussels, is settled from surface to 1.5m depth. Two ropes, which settled at upper layer (0-0.5m) and lower layer (1.0-1.5m), are collected for each month from February to September 1997. After retrieval of the rope, mussels were numbered, and their shell length and body weight were measured. Furthermore, we conducted some experiment in the laboratory to determine the clearance rate and the assimilation efficiency of mussel. Total settling mussels biomass are rapidly increased from April to September. The integrated values of settling Mytilus galloprovincialis biomass on each 50cm long rope increased from 0g in February to ca.7800g in August at upper layer, and 0g to ca.4700g at lower layer. In the experiment, the clearance rate of M.galloprovincialis increased with the magnitude of shell length, are expressed in (V) according to the following: V ?molC/h)=0.896 • SL+0.202 where SL is shell length. About the assimilation efficiency, it is expressed with 36% for nitrogen and 20% for phosphorus. Total nitrogen and phosphorus contents in M.galloprovincialis were 11.8 mgN/g (d.w.) and 1.1 mgP/g (d.w.), respectively. However, the role of mussels cultured on rope collector was estimated from biomass and individual activities, the clearance rate (gC/rope/d) of the whole rope collected in August was as same value as the 18m2 of primary productivity, when the red tide was occurred. Furthermore, assuming one rope collected in August was submerged into the water mass with the volume of 25m3 (5x5x1m), the relationship between the values of assimilation rates and loading rates indicate that 70.1% of DIN and 163% of DIP loaded to the 25m3 box were assimilated by them. Therefore, mussels can play good role as a N, P cleaner in hyper-eutrophic enclosed bay, such as Dokai Bay.
 
 

^{(1) Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Tsukide, Kumamoto 862, Japan}

^{Tel +81-96-3832929 Fax +81-96-3846765}

^e-mail: hiro@pu-kumamoto.ac.jp

^{(2) Graduate School of Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwakemachi, Kyoto,}

^Japan

^{(3) Aqua Research Center, Tobata, Kitakyushsu 804, Japan}

^{(4) Marine Bio, Inc., Sanraku, Yatsushiro, Japan}

^{(5) Kagawa University, Miki, Kita, Kagawa-ken, Japan}
 
 

Abstract
 
 

The environment of Dokai Bay in Kyushu, Japan, has been suffered from occurrence of dissolved oxygen depletion of the bottom water in the sea floor with organically enriched sediments which was accompanied with extreme eutrophicaion of the water. We have conducted the field experiments to treat the organically enriched sediments with biological activities of a deposit feeding polychaete, Capitella sp. I, aiming at further recovery of environmental conditions of the bay. Since the winter in 1996, we cultured dense colonies of Capitella in a factory, and put 1 to 3 kg WW of Capitella on the organically enriched sediments every winter. Due to the addition of the cultured colonies, the field population of Capitella increased more rapidly in early winter, and reached two to four times denser patches in the fields than before. The oxidation of the reduced sediments was enhanced by the increase of Capitella. This polychaete has a potential for biological agent to treat the organically enriched sediments.
 
 

Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Nippon Japan

Tel +81-88-864 5152 Fax +81-88-864 5197 e-mail: fukami@cc.kochi-u.ac.jp
 
 

Abstract
 
 

The effects of introducing irradiation by an optical fiber, and of adding psychrophilic bacteria, to the bottom water environments were assessed for supplying oxygen to the anoxic water in stratified season, and for accelerating the microbial activities in the water of low temperature season, respectively. Bottom seawater collected from a eutrophic enclosed inlet usually contained about 2 ug l-1 of chlorophyll a and 10 uM of dissolved inorganic nitrogen. When the in situ bottom waters were incubated in the dark condition, DO concentrations always decreased. However, the DO concentrations increased when water samples collected in the stratified seasons were incubated under light condition of 500 lux, indicating that such low irradiation of 500 lux was often over the critical light intensity and was effective for phytoplankton on stimulating photosynthesis. A bacterial strain CA(20)14 isolated from the Antarctic had the optimal growth temperature of 10 to 15 C. When this psychrophilic bacterium was added to the bottom water-sediment system and incubated at 10 C, the releasing rates of ammonia into water was accelerated as twice as greater than that without adding the strain. From the results of the present study, it was indicated that low activities of bacterial communities in the bottom environments were enhanced by introducing the light into the oxygen-depleted bottom water with optical fiber and supplying oxygen through plankton photosynthesis in the stratified season, and by the addition of some psychrophilic bacteria in the low temperature season. The combination using both optical fiber and psychrophilic bacteria is promising strategies of bioremediation for the eutrophic bottom environments.
 
 

1. DAR-German Environmental Consultants, Augustaanlage 59, D-68165 Mannheim, Germany, Marine Biologist, Head of the Department

 

 
 
 

Ecology & Environment Tel+49-621-41894/0 Fax +49-621-41894/40 e-mail: dar-international@t-online.de

2. MARILIM – Water Research, Wischhofstr. 1-3, Building 11, 24148 Kiel, Germany

Based on a series of scientific research projects in the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea a new technology has been developped for the submerse production of artificial reefs. In the years 1997 and 1998 ARCON® (Artificial Reef CONstruction) has been further refined under economic aspects in cooperation with marine engineers to a technique applicable for large scale projects also for integrated coastal zone management.

 The ARCON® technology uses a special DC-current regime fed by solar energy to produce a hard, nature like substrate in the sublittoral. Anodes (+ pol) of various shape made of an alloy (graphite, titan, synthetics) and cathodes (- pol) made of a simple iron mesh screen are placed into the sublittoral. Following the principle of electrolysis, pure, non-toxic minerals accrete at the cathode (- pol), embedding the iron mesh screen and thus forming whitish, hard coating.

 ARCON® substrates with an Aragonite volume of more than 45.0 % show an extremely high bending strength, which was tested for various samples from the Mediterranean Sea and the Carribean Sea. Bending strength values range between 3720.0 P.S.I. (257 kg/cm²) and 5350.0 P.S.I. (368 kg/cm²) for the ARCON® substrates with more than 45.0 % volume of Aragonite. The comparison with seawater impermeable concrete (e.g. BN 35), which ranges at 4978.0 P.S.I. (343 kg/cm²), perfectly demonstrates the suitability of the ARCON® technology for the purposes of submersed artificial reef construction in the sublittoral.

 The characteristics of the substrate produced by the ARCON® technology depict the multifold advantages for the production of artificial reefs :

1. the subtstrate for recolonization by marine biota is taken from the seawater itself, is pure and does not contain any hazardous substance
2. the iron mesh screen on which the substrate precipitates may be shaped in a large variety of forms from single artificial reef modules to large artificial reef complexes and thus many of the different marine habitats which naturally occur in the sublittoral like large caves, small caves, open areas, crypto-habitats, etc., may easily be designed for an entire artificial reef complex
3. since the necessary energy is taken from solar panels, the ARCON® technology is independent from any coastal source and artificial reefs may be produced even in remote areas or offshore
4. the application procedures are simple since no larger infrastructure (e.g. harbour) or machines (e.g. vessels) are necessary to construct ARCON® artificial reef complexes in the sublittoral

Research Institute for Applied Mechanics,

Kyushu University, Kasuga, 816­8580, Japan

Tel. 81­92­583­7932 Fax. 81­92­583­7492

e-mail: tyanagi@riam.kyushu­u.ac.jp
 
 

 Abstract
 
 

The concentrations of particulate PCB in the sea water and the historical sedimentation pattern were observed in 1993 and 1995 at Tokyo Bay, Japan. The simple numerical model is developed in order to reproduce the historical sedimentation pattern and the present distribution pattern of particulate PCB concentrations in the sea water of Tokyo Bay. The model can reproduce well the observed results. The numerical model can also forecast the future PCB pollution in Tokyo Bay. From the results of numerical calculation, the particulate PCB concentration in sea water and the PCB concentration of the surface sediment at the head of Tokyo Bay in 2050 will be 82.9 pg/l and 38.5 ng/dry­g, respectively.

 Such results suggest that PCB pollution will not be decreased in the next century at Tokyo Bay due to the supply of remnant PCB in the sediments of rivers and inner harbors. We have to dredge the bottom sediments at rivers and inner harbors to prevent the future PCB pollution in Tokyo Bay.
 
 

Institute of Limnology Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Sevastyanov Str., 196105, St.-Petersburg, Russia

Tel +7-812-2989157 Fax +7-812-2987327 e-mail: lake@spb.org.ru
 
 

Abstract
 
 

In order to evaluate the current state of the Eastern Gulf of Finland a comprehensive investigation of its pollution by harmful and toxic substances was carried out in 1994-1997. The results indicate a considerable pollution of the gulf waters by chlororganic substances (absorbable organic halogens), heavy metals, phenols and oil products. Our researches have shown that at the present time the water quality of surface layers of the gulf, as a rule, is characterized as contaminated, while layers of water near bottom can be characterized as very polluted. A new index is suggested for estimation of biochemical self-purification capacity of water. Values of the index obtained for different parts of the gulf led to the conclusion that the gulf’s capability for biochemical self-purification is relatively low.
 
 

^{(1)Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Univ. ofAlexandria,}

^{Moharrem Bek 21511, Alexandria, Egypt Tel / Fax +20-3-4258345}

^{Fax +20-3-4911794 e-mail:} elrayis@yahoo.com

^{(2) Senior Chemical Oceanographer, Meat Calf & Eddy Inc., USA}
 
 

Abstract
 
 

Waters, sediments and biota (vertebrate and invertebrate representative) samples were collected during the period from March to December 1996 from inshore and offshore areas of the Mediterranean Sea coast at Alexandria. The inshore study area included the area of Kaitbey sewage discharge and El Mex Bay where the discharge of agricultural drainage waters contaminated with industrial and sewage. For the first time the complete priority organic pollutants include (27) volatile organic compounds, VOCs, and (57) semi-VOCs as well as some (27) Pesticides /PCBs and herbicide compounds were measured in the abiotic samples. In the biotic samples only pesticides/PCBs and herbicides were measured. The obtained results reveal that the concentrations of the VOCs and semi-VOCs in the abiotic samples are extremely low or undetectable. The detectable ones in the water are far below the chronic water quality criterion standard or that of EPA’s human health protection level. While those in the sediments are far below Long and Morgan’s Effect Ranges. Surprisingly, some pesticide and PCBs compounds are detected in both the inshore and offshore abiotic and biotic samples. This suggests that atmospheric transport and deposition processes are most likely playing significant role for carrying pollutant compounds to much of the sea surface of the present study areas and probably to the other Mediterranean Sea surface.
 
 

^{(1) Alexandria University, 21511 Alexandria, Egypt}

^{Tel +20-3-4246485 Fax +20-3-4834381 e-mail:} Saad@internetalex.com

^{(2) National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt}

Edfina Barrage separates partially the Rosetta branch of the Nile from its estuary, which discharges into the Mediterranean Sea. The study area covers this Rosetta estuary and the adjacent seawater to investigate the distribution of suspended matter (SM), as well as dissolved and particulate iron and manganese in this estuary and to illustrate its effect on the distribution of these parameters in the inshore marine area.

The amounts of SM showed an obvious increase with depth, giving highest and lowest averages in January and July following maximum and minimum discharges. The marked increase in the annual mean SM value in the estuary reflects the direct effect of the Nile discharge.

 The values of iron forms increased mostly in the bottom waters, particularly for particulate iron (PFe). This coincided with sedimentation of the floccules containing iron, increase in SM with adsorbed iron and release of iron from SM. However, the increase in surface iron possibly reflects the turnover of iron within the aquatic biosphere. In the estuary, the maximal seasonal averages of iron forms in April might reflect the release of this metal during detrital decomposition by bacteria and the concentration of this metal by plankton abundant in spring. In the inshore water, however, these maxima in October reflect the minor effect of phytoplankton uptake and water circulation increasing suspended sediment transport. The highest regional averages of iron forms in the estuary were found at a location directly influenced by pollutants.

 Contrary to particulate manganese (PMn), the values of dissolved manganese (DMn) decreased with depth. Contrary to dissolved iron (DFe), the mean values of surface DMn were higher than the corresponding means of this form in the bottom water, suggesting that surface sources of DMn exceeded the bottom sources. In the estuary, the maximum and minimum seasonal averages of DMn and PMn in April suggest that desorption process was the possible factor affected transition of Mn between its phases. The minimum and maximum regional averages of DMn and PMn appeared at a location in the estuary affected by pollution mainly from land – based sources.
 
 

^{(1) Ondokuz Mayıs University, Environmental Eng. Dep., 55139, Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey Tel +90-362-4576000 / 2823 Fax +90-362-4576035}

^e-mail: gbakan@SAMSUN.omu.edu.tr

^{(2) Akdeniz University,Environmental Eng. Dep., 07050 Antalya}

Abstract

The Black Sea, 4.2x10⁵ km² in area and 2200 m. deep is largest enclosed sea in the world. It has suffered from extensive pollution over the last few years due to unmanaged fishing, unrestricted shipping, mineral exploitation, dumping of toxic wastes from coastal cities and pollutants carried by rivers.

 The main aim of this study is to determine the sediment quality by analyzing certain environmental pollutants such as water content, organic content and derivatives of certain pesticides at the surface sediment samples which are collected from the coastal side of the Middle Black Sea of Turkey. Sea water sample analyses are also going to be done at the corresponding sampling points of the sediment samples for routine and special pollutant parameters.

After collecting sediments with a Bridge-Ekman grab sampler, for certain organic pollutant analysis such as pesticides, the samples are prepared for soxhlet extraction by hexan and dichloromethane and then fractionated and analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Reference materials are also be analysed periodically to provide a check on the quality of analytical data.

 Finally, it is expected that althought in recent years, the use of persistent organic compounds has been limited or totally banned in most countries, including Turkey, due to their ecotoxicity, the illegal use of organic compounds such as DDT particularly in agriculture and the storage of pesticides residues in sediments biologically due to their long residence time may lead us to determine high levels of these pollutants in sediment samples of Black Sea coast. So, this study may be a start for special monitoring works of certain organic pollutants mainly in the sediment samples at the Black coast of Turkey.
 
 

^{(1) Chugoku National Industrial Research Institute, MITI, Kure, 737-0197,}

^{Japan Tel +81-823-721930 Fax +81-823-733284}

^e-mail: hoshika@cniri.go.jp

^{(2) Chugoku National Industrial Research Institute, MITI, Kure, 737-0197, Japan Tel +81-823-721932 Fax +81-823-721998}

^{e- mail:tanimoto@cniri.go.jp and} mishima@cniri.go.jp

^{(3) Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand Tel +66-662-9914569}

^{Fax +66-662-589-2235 e- mail:} ffisspm@nontri.ku.ac.th
 
 

Abstract
 
 

Osaka Bay is the semi-closed coastal bay in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan, which is surrounded by highly developed industrial areas and has been subjected to the effect of human activities since 1960’s. Tomogashima Strait is very important area for material transport because at least over 75% of nitrogen and phosphorus outflow from Osaka Bay are done through this strait. Trend of eutrophication and magnitude of marine-derived organic matter (MOM) contributing to organic pollution were investigated in Osaka Bay. We also have investigated cross sectional structures of current and material fluxes such as total suspended matter (TSM), particulate organic carbon (POC), and individual nitrogen and phosphorus compartments at Tomogashima Strait.

Average standing stocks of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the bay during the 1990’s were estimated to be 11,930ton and 1,620ton, respectively. These values decreased by 22% and 13% of those during the 1980’s, respectively. The eutrophic level during the 1990’s was approximately same as that during the mid 1970’s. This fact must be based on the effort of the load reduction by administration, enterprises, citizens, etc over recent twenty years. Results from carbon stable isotope ratio(? ¹³C) indicate that more than 80% of POC standing stock in Osaka Bay came from MOM in Osaka Bay. The deposition rate of TOC was 63,000 ton C/year. The deposition rates for terrestrial organic carbon and marine-derive organic carbon were 13,200 and 49,800 ton C/year, respectively. The deposition rate of marine-derived organic carbon occupies of 80% of that of TOC.

At Tomogashima Strait, TSM and POC, and individual nitrogen and phosphorus compartments in Osaka Bay always flowed out of the bay. The average outflow of TN and TP at Tomogashima Strait over a year were calculated to be 145 ton/d and 30 ton/d, respectively. The average outflow of DIN and DIP at Tomogashima Strait over a year were 95 ton/d and 13 ton/d (DIN/DIP=16), respectively. Residence times of both DIN and DIP in Osaka Bay were estimated to be about two months.
 
 

^{(1) Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Science, 3-1-27,Yukihiracho, Suma- ku,Kobe, 654-0037 Japan Tel +81-78-7356911 Fax +81-78- 7357817}

^{e-mail: komai@pref.hyogo.jp and} kobuke@pref.hyogo.jp

^{(2) Chugoku Industrial Research Institute, 2-2-2 Suehiro Hiro Kure, 737-0197 Japan Tel +81-823-721930 Fax +81-823-733284 e-mail:hoshika@cniri.go.jp}

⁽³⁾ Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Envrinment, 1-6-29 Minami- machi,Minami-ku,Hiroshima,734-0007 Japan

Tel +81-82-2557131 Fax +81-82-2541908 e-mail: seiki@sannet.ne.jp

^{(4) Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39, Mukaizono,}

^{Dazaifu,Fukuoka, 818-0135 Japan Tel +81-92-9219948 Fax +81-92-928-1203 e-mail:} onaga@rb3.so-net.or.jp

^{(5) Okayama Prefectural Institute for Environmental Science and Public Health, 739-1, Uchio, Okayama,701-0212 Japan Tel +81-86-2982681 Fax.Tel +81-86-2982088 e-mail:} QZF14776@niftyserve.or.jp

^{(6) Wakayama Prefectural Research Center of Environment and Public Health, 3-3-45, Sunayamaminami,Wakayama,640-8422 Japan Tel +81-734-23-9537 Fax +81-734-238798}

^{(7) Oita Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Yoshikawaradanchi,}

^{Magari, Oita, 870-0946 Japan Tel +81-975-690802 Fax +81-975-69-5150 e-mail:} kakibaya@eikan.oita-ri.go.jp
 
 

Abstract
 
 

The surface bottom sediment in the Seto Inland Sea taken at 425 sites in the period 1981-1985 and 1991-1994, and the sediment core samples of some sea areas taken in 1990 were investigated to evaluate the change of heavy metal concentrations of the elements, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, and manganese. The sea area where had higher concentrations of heavy metals in the first half of 1980's showed a decrease in some area in the first half of 1990's. The test of the difference on average values for cadmium, lead, zinc, and manganese at 425 sites indicated that it was significant at the 1% or 5% level in the entire Seto Inland Sea. The vertical distribution of heavy metal concentrations except for manganese in Osaka Bay and the Sea of Harima also showed that it increased upwardly from the lower layer. The highest concentrations of four elements were found at 20-30cm layer, then the values became lower values towards the surface layer. Sedimentation rates of two sea areas, determined by ²¹⁰Pb dating, were 0.29g/cm²/year and 0.32g/cm²/year, respectively. The ages of layers indicating the high concentrations were determined to be before 1960 in Osaka Bay and 1960’s in the Sea of Harima by the age of the ²¹⁰Pb. These results suggest that many environmental policies, which have been conducted, were related to the decrease of heavy metal concentrations in the bottom sediment of the entire Seto Inland Sea. In some sea areas, however, the concentrations of heavy metals in the bottom sediments were maintained at the same level, or became worse than in the first half of 1980's. This shows that it is necessary to make more of an effort to rehabilitate the condition of the bottom sediment.
 
 

Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Science 3-1-27, Yukihira-cho, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0037 Japan

Tel +81-78-7356911 Fax +81-78-7357817 e-mail: kobuke@pref.hyogo.jp
 
 

Abstract
 
 

In order to clarify the characteristics of nonylphenol (NP) concentration in urban stream and river waters of Hyogo Prefecture, west Japan, flowing into the Seto Inland Sea, field monitoring studies were performed at 56 sampling points by using GC/MS technique during 1998 and 1999. From the study of analytical process blank, the contamination of NP was found, which was considered to be the eluviation of NP from the plastic equipment for experimental. In stream and river waters of Hyogo Prefecture, NP distributed from ND (<0.5) to 5.0mg/l (total average; 0.54mg/l) and the sampling points over 1 mg/l occupied 14%. Relatively high concentrations of NP appeared in southwest areas of Hyogo Pref., where the sewerage diffusion rates were below 80%. This suggested the relation between NP concentrations in urban streams and the degree of pollution loads from catchment areas. From this study and several studies by other investigators, it was presumed that Japanese urban streams were contaminated by NP with the order of magnitude of 1mg/l in the case of higher pollution. River die-away experiments showed that the biodegradation rate of NP was 30% at experimental day 7 at low concentration level (initial conc.; 0.59mg/l). From this, the residual tendency of NP in the aquatic environment was presumed.
 
 

Institute of Limnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastyanov Str. 9,

St. Petersburg, 196105, Russia

Tel +7-812-298 91 57 Fax +7-812-210 73 27 e-mail: krylenkov@mail.ru
 
 

Abstract
 
 

The state of the aquatic system: Lake Ladoga - Neva River - Neva Bay - Eastern Gulf of Finland is of major importance for more than six million inhabitants of St. Petersburg and its province. The results of the researching carried out on Lake Ladoga from 1991 to 1998 and from 1994 to 1998 on the aquatic system indicated significant pollution of the surface waters by phenols.

The experimental data made possible to estimate phenol inflow to Lake Ladoga with the main tributaries of the lake, their outflow from the lake via the Neva River and inflow to the Neva Bay of Gulf of Finland. As a result we get phenols load into the lake compared with that of the Neva Bay and the Eastern Gulf of Finland.
 
 

^{(1)Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan Tel +81-92-921-9948 Fax +81-92-928-1203 e-mail:} onaga@rb3.so-net.ne.jp

⁽²⁾ Yamaguchi Prefectural Research Institute of Health, 535 Asada, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi 735-0821, Japan Tel +81-839-24-3670 Fax +81-839-24-3673

⁽³⁾ Hiroshima Prefectual Institute of Public Health and Environment, 1-6-29 Minami-cho, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 734-0007, Japan

Tel +81-82-255-7131 Fax. +81-82-254-1908

⁽⁴⁾ Okayama Prefectual Institute for Environmental Science and Public Health, 739-1 Uchio, Okayama-shi, Okayama 701-0298, Japan Tel +81-86-298-2681, Fax +81-86-298-2088 e-mail: sany3@ce.it-chiba.ac.jp

^{(5) Hyogo Prefectual Institute of Environmental Science, 3-1-27 Yukihira-cho, Suma, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 654-0037, Japan, Tel. +81-78-735-6911}

^{Fax. +81-78-735-7817 e-mail:} komai@pref.hyogo.jp
 
 

Abstract
 
 

The sediment condition of the St. A and the St. B seem to become worse during 1980s to1990s. Furthermore, the water quality around the St.A has shown a clear change during last ten years, particularly, Chl-a concentration has shown a typical change. St.A locates north of the offshore from Shimonoseki City, which is most western end of the Seto Inland Sea. The population of Shimonoseki City has not changed since the 1960s, however, population has been shifting from the old town to the new one that locates the northern part of Shimonoseki City. Recently, the water pollution of the river flowing through the new town has remarkably advanced. As a result, the nutrients concentration of around the St. A and the St. B increase and the production of algae become intense. Also, the concentration of Chl-a in this area has obviously rise since the middle of 1980s. It is conceivable that the pollution is a typical case caused by the increasing of domestic wastewater discharge.
 
 

^{(1) Chiba Prefectural Laboratory of Water Pollution, Mihama-ku,} Chiba 261-0005, Japan Tel +81-43-2432935 Fax +81-43-2432960

e-mail: VYL11027@nifty.ne.jp

^{(2) Chiba University, Faculty of Engineering, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522}

^{Tel +81-43-2903502 Fax +81-43-2903502}

^e-mail: oguma@j90.tg.chiba-u.ac.jp

Tokyo Bay suffers from red tide and Aoshio (the well-up of the oxygen-deficient bottom water). We found that the degree of the oxygen-deficient condition of the bottom water is closely related to the DO (dissolved oxygen) over the surface layer water, and that the oxygen-deficient water is formed more readily in the depressions where water is more liable to stay than that on the natural sea-bottom. We also confirmed that the northern wind is necessary for the occurrence of Aoshio in Tokyo Bay.
 
 

Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University

2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matuyama, Ehime 790, Japan

Tel +81-89-927-9643 Fax +81-89-927-9630

e-mail: ohmori@sci.ehime-u.ac.jp
 
 

Abstract
 
 

The overloading of organic matter that unbalances the rate of oxygen supply on the bottom sediment induces the depletion of dissolved oxygen in the bottom layer, which leads to the breakup of sustainable material cycle between the surface and bottom sediment layers. A one-dimensional mathematical model, which can predict a sustainable upper limit and/or an optimum of organic loading rate only from the exchange rate of water mass between organic loading area and its neighbouring waters.

 The sustainable upper limit of organic loading rate can be estimated as follows: Qp, max=D0/(A/E+Dz/kd), where E is a lateral exchange rate of water mass, and A is the surface area where organic matter is loaded. The kd is a diffusion coefficient and Dz is the depth of the bottom boundary layer between the bottom and sediment layers. The exchange rate of water mass per organic loading area and the diffusion rate of dissolved oxygen through the bottom boundary layer have a positive effect on Qp, max. Then, the optimum loading rate of organic matter, Qp, opt, that can be sustainable and keep the best condition of a coastal ecosystem whose oxygen decomposition rate must be the maximum will be between zero and the upper limit, Qp, max. The Qp, opt has been inevitably influenced by Qp, max, and additionally by the ratio of anaerobic decomposition rate to aerobic one.
 
 

^{(1)Ondokuz Mayıs University, Environmental Eng. Dep., 55139, Kurupelit Samsun, Turkey}

^{Tel +90-362-4576000 Fax +90-362-4576035}

^{(2)Akdeniz University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Eng. Dep., Antalya, Turkey}

^{Tel +90-242-3232364/235 Fax +90-242-3232362 e-mail:} perihankurt@usa.net

The aim of this study is to determine the pesticide and PCBs pollutions on the Middle Black Sea coast by sampling mussels. The Black Sea is situated between the latitudes 45⁰ 55’ and 46⁰ 32’ N and the longitudes 27⁰ 27’ and 41⁰ 42’ E. It is the largest land-locked inland sea of the world. The maximum depth of sea is 2200 m and average depth of sea is 1240 m. A depth of less than 200 m constitutes 27% of the total area and is mostly found in the north-western Black Sea. Two large rivers, Kızılırmak and Yeşilırmak, rise south of the mountains and flow through agricultural areas on their way to the Middle Black Sea and they transport various contaminants such as organic compunds, pesticides to the Black Sea.

 Pesticides are most important materials through the other input in agriculture to get more yield. Pesticides are transported to seas by atmospheric deposition, rivers which pass from the agricultural areas and by other ways. These compunds are not able to biodegradated easily, so these pollutants accumulate in environment. Mussels are lack of essential enzyme system which is necessary to degrade some organic compunds such as pesticides so cannot degrade organic compunds accumulated in the tissues from sea water and food. Because of this, the mussels are used as sentinel organisms to rapidly assess the status of the contamination of marine environment for a large number of pollutants. They offer the advantage of a wide geographic distribution, facilitating comparison of data, and of integrating chemical pollutants over long periods at the same site.

 In this study, a sampling program was prepared and according to this program, samples were collected. The samples were extracted by Soxhlet apparatus. After that, they were analyzed by gas chromotography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID). Also, the reference materials were analyzed for determination of the yield of recovery.

 The usage of pesticides in most countries that are on the Black Sea coast include Turkey is banned, but illegal usage of pesticides(especially DDTs) in most countries is documanted and also because of the atmospheric deposition, persistence half life (T_1/2) of pesticides in marine ecosystem, it is not surprising of determining the pesticides in mussels which are collected from the Middle Black Sea coast of Turkey at the end of this study.
 
 

⁽¹⁾ Department of Environmental Protection, Kyungnam University,

449 Wolyoungdong, Masan, Kyungnam, South Korea

Tel +551-249-2247 / 2970 Fax +551-249-2563

e-mail: water@kyungnam.ac.kr

^{(2) Coastal and Port Engineering Research Center, KORDI, 1270 Sadong, Ansan, Kyungki, South Korea}

Dredging of contaminated sediments is one option often considered for remediation in coastal waters. There is a need to determine hot spots, areas of concern, and areas of not polluted in terms of contaminants concerned. Dredging index was developed for the judgement of dredging by combining four numerical sets of sediment quality criteria into a quadrodiagram. Data were compared from studied areas to have decisive dredging index values for judgement of dredging and evaluation of ecological changes. Quadrodiagram and DI values give us a good graphical comparison and numerical values to distinguish the seriousness of sediments.
 
 

^{(2) Westlakes Scientific Consulting Ltd., Cumbria CA24 3JZ United Kingdom}

^e-mail: pmcd@westlakes.ac.uk

^{(3) Department of Geography, University of Liverpool L69 3BX United Kingdom e-mail:} gg07@liv.ac.uk

^{(4) Past Global Changes Project, CH-3011 Bern, Switzerland}

^e-mail: pages@ubeclu.unibe.ch
 
 

The relationship between Sellafield-derived radionuclide activity, particle size distribution and sediment composition is examined in saltmarshes and mudflats from the eastern Irish Sea. The particle size dependency of ²⁴¹Am and ¹³⁷Cs is utilised to identify a preferred grain size proxy for radionuclide monitoring purposes. Based upon these relationships, a predictive model is developed which will facilitate the identification of spatial and temporal trends in radionuclide activity in these environments.
 
 

^{(1) Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 80626, Maslak, Istanbul}, Turkey

Tel +90-212-285 65 46 Fax +90-212-285 37 81

e-mail: italinli@srv.ins.itu.edu.tr
 
 

Abstract
 
 

Hazardous material characteristics have been examined and oil characteristics have been discussed as a sub-categorisation of hazardous materials. Major inputs and removal processes of petroleum in marine environment, fallowed by history of oil spills and oil combating, have been given. The environmental risk assessment of hazardous materials has been defined and a model determining maximum disaster potential (DP) and the risk assessment rate (RAR) has been introduced. DP and RAR have been calculated as 1462 people and %82.6 respectively. The results have been placed in a scale evaluating the risks on the ecosystem.
 
 

⁽¹⁾ National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-0053 Japan

Tel +81-298-502440 Fax +81-298-502584 e-mail: mkanao@nies.go.jp

^{(2) Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori 590-0494 Japan}

⁽³⁾ First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Qingdao 266003 China
 
 

 Abstract
 
 

Suspended matter from the mouth of the Changjiang estuary in the East China Sea was analyzed to obtain concentrations of 35 elements. In order to examine the possible input of anthropogenic heavy metals from the river, the X/Al ratios (the concentration of each element X as a fraction of Al concentration) in the suspended matter werederived. The main sources of the elements in the suspended matter were natural particles such as soil particles or plankton in the Changjiang estuary mouth.
 
 

Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (IOF), P.O. Box 500, 21000 Split, Croatia

e-mail: vukadin@izor.hr
 
 

 Abstract
 
 

Sin