MEDCOAST 99 – EMECS 99 Joint Conference, Land-Ocean Interactions: Managing Coastal Ecosystems

MEDCOAST 99 – EMECS 99 Joint Conference, Land-Ocean Interactions: Managing Coastal Ecosystems

9 – 13 November 1999; Antalya, Turkey, E. Özhan (Editor)

Coasts and river basins contain important natural environments but they are also used intensively by mankind. Both systems support a variety of socio-economic functions as they provide space, produce resources and absorb unwanted products. With the expansion and increase in scale of human activities, functional linkages between coastal and riverine areas are ever more apparent. Economic activities in downstream areas benefit from upland resources, such as water, aggregates and wood. On the other hand, coastal areas provide space for settlement and industrial or tourist developments that have a positive benefit for the wider basin area. The two areas are linked through a number of natural and socio-economic processes: the cycle of water, sediment transport and human activities.

Conflicting demands on natural resources and land uses has brought the need for a comprehensive approach, involving multiple objectives and the need to account for a wider scale of interest in both space and time. Given this contemporary perspective, an integrated approach to the management of coastal zones and river basins is necessary.

Integrated river basin and coastal zone management provides the opportunity to consider explicitly certain aspects of these systems that have previously been seen as outside the scope of interest. Such an approach leads to better co-ordination of policy making and action across sectors (water, forestry, agriculture, urban development, environmental protection, etc.) and geographically, ultimately leading to a more rational use of resources and more effective environmental protection.

^{(1) Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille
C.N.R.S et Université de la Méditerranée,}

The interface between land and marine coastal waters are hard to study due to their high-frequency changes in time and space and variability of composition and extension of the dilution plume. Most of the strategies which are currently employed in classical oceanographic studies appear to be often unadapted, due either to their time and space limits (network of sampling stations), their resolution, or their cost. We present here a simple and relatively low-cost recording system which collects hydrological data of surface water layer, at high space frequency resolution (1min#250m), mesospace scale (10 to 30 km) and georeferenced by satellite positioning (GPS). This system was first deployed in France during four years, at a bimonthly periodicity, in the marine zone influenced by the Rhône River, on board of an 15m-oceanographic boat, and then employed in 98-99 in Egypt, at the vicinity of the Nile (from Abu-Quir Bay to the Rosetta branch), by using a smaller boat dedicated to fishery and leisure activities. Strategy and results are discussed here from an instrumental point of view and future application in coastal monitoring.

Laboratory of Marine Environment, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-0053, Japan

In June ~ August 1998, second biggest flood occurred in history of Changjiang river. NOAA AVHRR data was used to evaluate the flood damage by using vegetation index, NDVI, together with the visible reflectance R and the value of Band 3. The inundated area and volume of flooded water were estimated to be 1.83 million-hectare and 179.4 billion m³, respectively. Large amount of flooded water was discharged from Changjiang River into East China Sea. NOAA AVHRR data was used to estimate the distribution of turbid water discharged from Changjiang river into East China Sea by calculating the ratio of the reflectance values of Band 2 and 1, C₂₁ = R₂/ R₁. It was clearly shown that high turbidity water crossed East China Sea and reached to Sea of Japan and the coast of Japan. This indicated that ecosystem in East China Sea and Sea of Japan has been strongly influenced by Changjiang River.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Habitat Conservation (F/HC), 1335 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, U.S.A. Tel +01-301-713-2325 Fax +01-301-713-1043 e-mail: James.Thomas@noaa.gov

Coastal ecosystems receive virtually all of the water flowing off the continental United States. As the human population increases, so do waste loads and use of the landed surface. Changes in land use result in change in land cover, which affects water quality and, subsequently, coastal and estuarine habitats and their living resources.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has undertaken a program, the Coastal Change Analysis Program (C-CAP), to monitor change in land cover of the coastal region of the U.S. on a one-to-five year repetitive basis. The coastal region covered by C-CAP includes those land and water components of watersheds within the U.S. that most directly influence estuarine and coastal marine habitats utilized by living marine resources. The major land cover classes include Uplands, Wetlands, and Water and Submerged Land, which includes submerged rooted vascular plants. Satellite imagery is the primary data source for coastal Wetlands and Uplands.

Data for the Chesapeake Bay and other regions in the U.S. (i.e., Alaska, Pacific Northwest, and New England) suggest changes in adjacent uplands may be of greater importance than heretofore thought relative to areal changes in coastal wetlands and potential effects on water quality, aquatic habitat, and living resources. For this reason, a holistic view of the coastal region, beyond just coastal wetlands, is extremely important for developing the understanding necessary for the protection, maintenance and restoration of estuarine and coastal habitats and the living marine resources dependent on them.

In this study seasonal and long-term trends in the sediment supply of major streams in Turkey have been studied by using nonparametric statistical methods. The majority of the streams are nourishing extensive and economically and environmentally important coastal areas comprising lagoons, marshes and beaches. It has been found that the sediment loads to all these coastal areas, with one exception, show statistically significant decreasing trends. Some trends are attributable to decreases in the stream flow as sediment is positively correlated with flow. Flow adjusted concentrations show no trend, suggesting that the decrease in the concentrations is attributable to decreases in flow. Regional patterns in the seasonal trends do not seem to exist.

Geography Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobyovy Gory, Moscow, 119899, Russia

Coasts of the Sea of Azov are among the most economically developed in Russia and Ukraine. Therefore, they will be extremely vulnerable under the anticipated global changes including sea-level rise. On the basis of our integrated methodology of risk, or vulnerability, assessment for sea coasts we estimated the possible vulnerability of the Russian coasts of the Sea of Azov for the scenario of 1-meter global mean sea-level rise until 2100.

The methodology is based upon the concept of various types of resources (natural, economic, cultural) and probabilistic prediction of shoreline retreat values for different morphological types of sea coasts. Assessment of anticipated losses of natural resources includes estimation of natural vulnerability to sea-level rise and value of resources on a per unit area basis. Economic losses are presented as a sum of losses of national wealth, national income, and compensation costs. In the small-scale surveys, a per unit area population number and value of economic production may be used as integrated indices of economic resources. Graded scale is constructed to evaluate each type of resources and natural vulnerability in the comparable manner. The results allowed us to quantitatively estimate possible losses under sea-level rise and to present recommendations for choose between retreat, accommodation and protection response strategies.

Equipe « Ecosystèmes Littoraux », Faculté des Sciences, Université de Corse, 20250 Corte, France

Posidonia oceanica, an endemic Mediterranean marine phanerogam, constitutes the fundamental basis of coastal water richness. The use of bioindicators has been recognised as one of the most effective tools to investigate a vast array of applied ecological research fields, and in particular the coastal environment of the Mediterranean. Posidonia oceanica meadows, which are very widespread along the Mediterranean coast, are particularly sensitive to both pollution and the impact of human activities (and fixed to the bottom. As a result, their presence and vitality (or regression as shown by dead matte) are a good indication of the quality of the overlying waters. Several descriptors have already been proposed to characterize the vitality of a meadow and assess the impact of a variety of forms of degeneration. Other such descriptors still require further study in order to fully exploit their possible significance and/or to develop a standard method of investigation. The use of Posidonia oceanica as a biological indicator of chemical pollution has been developed progressively over the past twenty or so years. The technique of lepidochronology has made Posidonia oceanica a biological « recorder », capable of memorizing trace metal contents over several decades.

The intertidal flora and fauna on the rocky shores in Hiroshima bay were investigated in 1995. 108 species had been listed to the fauna, and a further 43 species had been added to the flora. Then 10 species, from these 151 species, were selected which can be used as bioindicators.

A simple assessment of the marine water quality, using these species, was made. The technique (SAMB) gives guidelines to the general public to empower them to carry out such a survey on their own.

The marine environments in the Hiroshima prefectural regions were surveyed using this technique from 1996 to 1998. On the whole, the results found by the SAMB not only relate to COD levels but also water transparency levels. In high point areas of the SAMB, their COD levels were low (?2.0mg/l), and their water transparency levels were high (?5.0 m). Also their species diversity were found to be high, thus it was considered that their ecosystems were well balanced. But in low point area of the SAMB, their COD levels were high (>2.0mg/l), and their water transparency levels were low (<5.0m), also species diversity were comparatively low, thus it was judged that their ecosystems were unbalanced. An anomaly was found around Ikuchijima Is. and Innoshima Is. which had a COD level of <2.0mg/l, but a transparency level of <4.0m, which was probably caused by muddy water. Also, the biomass of the bioindicator Serpulorbis imbricatus was low. Considering this fact, the S.A.M.B. for this area is one rank lower than expected.

The SAMB is a very useful technique to find and assess some of the effects on the marine environment.

The aim of this work is to study, as a biomarker of pollution, the glutathion S-transferases of three species of Mollusks living in the Moroccan coasts (Atlantic and Mediterranean ones): Donax trunculus, representative of sandy beach, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Perna perna which characterize rocky substrate. Two types of sites were considered: a reference site (Cap Ghir) and a polluted one (Anza). GST characteristics were studied using CDNB as substrate. The optimal temperature occurred at 30 °C for the two species of mussels and at 25 °C for D. trunculus. The activity was sensitive to pH variation. The highest activity was found at pH 7.5, in all cases. Organ distribution of the enzyme was different in the organisms studied. In both Mytilidae species, the highest activity was noted in digestive gland, followed by mantle in M. galloprovincialis and muscle in P. perna. In D. trunculus, the maximal activity was recorded to visceral mass. The Michaelis constants were determined: Km values were 702.4, 403.4 and 660 µM; Vm values were 22.2, 21.2 and 333 nmoles/min/mg P respectively for M. galloprovincialis, P. perna and D. trunculus. Seasonal variations showed highest activity in summer and autumn and lowest ones in the winter and spring, in the two sites studied. These variations are in relation with the reproductive cycle: the periods of maximal and minimal activities coincide respectively with gametogenesis and spawning periods. These data demonstrate that seasonal variations must be considered in any monitoring programs using GST activity as a biomarker of pollution. A comparative study was conducted in the two sites studied in order to show link between seawater contamination and GST activity. Effectively, the activity was significantly induced in the contaminated site (Anza) compared to reference one (Cap Ghir), in the three species. These results indicate that GST activity is sensitive to pollutants in sea water and validate the enzyme in these species as biomarker of marine pollution ecosystems.

^{(1) Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1
Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275- 8588 Japan Tel +81-47-478 0452 Fax +81-47-478
0474}

^{(2) Okayama Prefectural Institute for
Environmental Science and Public Health, 739-1 Uchio, Okayama, Okayama
701-0298 Japan}

^{(3) Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environment Science,
39 Mukaido, Mukaisano, Dazaifu Fukuoka 818-0135 Japan}

^{(4) Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Science,
3-1-27 Yukihiracho, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0037 Japan}

This study was conducted to obtain the data about the quantity of macrobenthos in the Seto Inland Sea and to assess the sediment condition by the change of macrobenthic fauna in recent 10 years. As results, 1) The macrobenthos mainly observed in sediment samples, were recognized as the organic pollution indicator, 2) The species composition, the individual numbers, and the value of the diversity index of macrobenthos tended to become poor in these 10 years, 3) The Seto Inland Sea was considered to be in the state which environmental condition is shifting from polluted condition to further polluted condition, 4) From the viewpoint of the environmental assessment by macrobenthic fauna, the sediment condition of the Seto Inland Sea was considered to be rather getting worse, were made clear.

Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) meadows are highly productive components of estuarine and coastal ecosystems and support large and diverse faunal assemblages. They are excellent habitats for many commercial fishes, especially as hatcheries and cradles for juvenile fishes. Eelgrass filters and retains nutrients from water column and provides a major component of biomass for the detrital food chain. However, there are many areas where eelgrass declined even with enough light underwater and little disturbances by waves in Seto Inland Sea. We studied historical changes in eelgrass meadows in Seto Inland Sea and estimated possible factors responsible for the deterioration of eelgrass.

In Seto Inland Sea, there were more than 23,600 ha of eelgrass meadows in 1960, whereas it decreased down to 6,409 ha in 1981 probably due to water pollution and/or coastal developments. Although many transplanting projects have attempted to restore eelgrass meadows either as mitigation for development losses or as enhancement of fishery production, many of them failed to maintain sustainable habitats, i.e. transplanted habitats disappeared within a few years.

We carried out a comparative study on water quality, bottom sediments, sedimentation, and flow regime in the center, edge, and at the outside of eelgrass meadow located in a eutrophic coastal zone in northern Hiroshima Bay, Seto Inland Sea, Japan.

The bottom sediments at the outside of the meadow were softer than that in the center. Also, silt content at the outside was higher than that in the center. The sediments were oxic from the surface to 2 cm deep in the center, whereas those at the edge and the outside were reductive almost from the surface. The sediment characteristics typical in eutrophic water seemed to be a factor responsible for the deterioration of eelgrass meadows.

Although suspended solids concentrations in the water column were the same, the amount of sediments deposited on leaves of eelgrass at the outside was higher than that in the center of the meadow. The deposition at the outside was enough to prevent photosynthesis; i.e. the light intensity available for eelgrass was only 36 % of that without any deposition. The deposition in the center, however, was small enough to secure 84 % of the original light intensity. Flow rates determined at 30 cm above the bottom, a half height of average eelgrass, suggested that the rate at the outside was not enough to remove deposited sediments from the surface of eelgrass leaves. Thus, the large amount of sediment deposition caused by water pollution and/or eutrophication seemed to be another limiting factor to inhibit the growth of eelgrass outside of the meadow.

Cyanobacteria and microalgae are important in forming of water quality and they are the most susceptible to environmental alteration among living organisms. Some water pollutants cause their elimination, but the others can be conductive to cyanobacterial and microalgal mass propagation and deterioration of water quality. The increase of water saturation with biogenic compounds leads to euthrophication and intensive growth of some microalgae stimulating red tides in coastal zone and cyanobacteria causing "water bloom" in saline lakes and estuaries. In these cases their poisonous action and transmission of toxic compounds by trophic chains correlate to reduction of water transparency and oxygen concentration. The results are displayed in elimination of seaweed and zooplanktonic organisms, mass mortality of fishes and human diseases in some situations. The rising anthropogenic load can extend a number of negative phenomenon stimuli in the future. There are many active products of toxic compounds among about 700 cyanobacterial and microalgal species known in Black Sea for today. Besides some of originally non-toxic species may produce toxins in unfavourable conditions. Moreover mass propagation of non-toxic species brings a damage to environment because decomposition and putrefaction of enormous biomass is attended with deterioration of water quality and mortality of marine inhabitants. There are no effective algicidal preparations in the Black Sea countries for decision of the problem without any damage for environment. Some specialists suggest a number of measures concerning general control of biogenic elements in sewage. But favourable results would be obtained even at the best case in tens of years later. They will be not comprehensive for removal from this threat because stipulated deficiency in phosphorus connected with surplus nitrogen can increase the toxicity of some species and provoke producing of toxins in others. So the main task in this sphere is to find alternative modes either to pure the coastal waters or to use toxic species in human interests. For example, one of the hopeful ways is development of biotechnological investigations in the Black Sea countries directed to employment of algal biocidal characteristics and design of algal bioindicative systems. It is possible to form a new approach to environmental monitoring on the base of algological criteria. In this way the examining of algae-vegetation in dolphin skin overgrowing, their environment and capture places has permitted to reveal correlation between distribution of some species and the status of animal health and water quality in the Black Sea dolphinaria and coastal area. The experimental data about biological activity of cyanobacteria and microalgae were obtained in relation to the organisms of different evolutional levels (bacteria, helminths, insects, rodents etc). So it is interesting to use the producents of active and toxic substances to obtain new biological preparations for pest control. The available results assume the existence of specific action of algal metabolites to the diverse test objects. It is necessary to take it into account for design of practical aspects of cyanobacterial and algal employment in agriculture and medicine. The technologies to produce indispensable cyanobacterial and microalgal material were examined in several aspects: using of the natural source by withdrawal of surplus biomass; employment of controlled methods of continuous cultivation; design of enclosed systems of sewage utilization as a nutrient substratum for growth of active species. There is an expediency to form the special Mediterranean Programme providing for joint combined investigations in biochemical ecology, biological indication and biotechnology of cyanobacteria and microalgae, the prognosis of their propagation, distribution and role in interspecific relations, for exchange of scientific information and creation of general data base.

In this paper the detailed in situ fluorescence and chlorophyll-a data for the Aegean Sea first time has been presented. The data were collected during cruises in July 1994, November 1994, and April 1995 in the framework of the national research programme for the Aegean Sea. In situ vertical fluorescence data showed a good correlation with chlorophyll-a values. The subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) usually coincided with the maximum of in situ fluorescence and was a common feature of the oligotrophic basin. SCM with relatively high chlorophyll concentrations formed at shallower depths in fall in northern Aegean sea while in summer SCM showed lower chlorophyll concentrations and were found as deep as 100 m in the southern Aegean. The depths of maximum fluorescence intensity varied in place and season, they remained within a range of density limits (28.3 - 29.1 sigma-t).

^{(1) Istituto di Ricerche sulle Risorse
Marine e l’Ambiente (IRMA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via
L. Vaccara, 61, 91026, Mazara del Vallo (TP), Italy Tel +39-0923-948966
Fax +39-0923-906634}

^{(2) Dipartimento di Biologia Animale,
Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy Tel +39-091-6177159
Fax +39-091-6172009}

^{(3) Istituto Sperimentale Talassografico,
CNR, Spianata S. Raineri, 86, 98100, Messina, Italy Tel +39-090-669003
Fax +39-090-669007}

The results of a research program launched in 1996 by Regione Siciliana (Italy), with the aim of evaluating the abundance of stocks of natural bivalves along the southern coasts of Sicily, are presented. The smooth bottoms lying within the coastal strip (0-10 m; about 210 km of coastline) formed the study area. A systematic design was adopted and about 100 lines were uniformly placed perpendicular to the coastline; up to five stations were located on each line at different depth levels. A fishing vessel (4.4 GRT), and a mechanical “dry” dredge (11 mm mesh side in the bag) were used to sample the stations (from September to November 1996). Beside the 51 samples collected on the beaches, 428 stations were explored, and 260 of these were dredged covering 6,175 m². Fifty-six species of living bivalves were identified, but the catch was everywhere poor and only Donaxtrunculus and Mactra stultorum were relatively well represented in the samples. Present results discourage the beginning of any significant exploitation of the bivalves of the southern coasts of Sicily although a future increment in the population abundance could not be excluded a priori.

⁽¹⁾Marine Science Station, PO Box: 195, Fax +962 3 201 3674, Aqaba Jordan

Coral reefs are known to be sensitive to increased nutrient concentrations. On the other hand, evidence is progressively growing that nutrient concentrations within coral reefs are naturally elevated. In the present investigation we report on the quantitative modification of nutrient concentrations in reef waters from the northernmost part of Gulf of Aqaba. Coral reef waters from fixed depths between the surface and 30m and offshore reference waters were collected biweekly and analyzed for ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate and chlorophyll a. Nutrient concentrations both in the coral reef and offshore waters showed clear seasonality. Relatively high concentrations occurred in winter and extremely low concentrations in summer. Comparison between the concentrations in the coral reef waters and the reference offshore waters, using a specially devised mathematical technique to normalize the data, followed by two way analysis of variance with respect to season and depth showed that in summer all measured parameters in coral reef waters were significantly positively modified relative to the upper 25m offshore water. On annual basis, ammonia concentration was higher in reef waters in 91% of the samples, nitrate in 79%, nitrite in 70%, phosphate in 92%, silicate in 90% and chlorophyll a in 73%. Cases of lower nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations in coral reef water than in offshore waters occurred only in winter (November-May). Nitrite and chlorophyll a concentrations showed significant elevations only in summer. The observed modifications are attributed to efficient filtration, rapid recycling, and to differential rates of phototrophic uptake and heterotrophic fixation and release of nutrients in the coral reef. These processes are strongly light and temperature dependent and therefore seasonally variable.

The nutrient concentrations and the changes in pH of rainwater have been monitored for three years in Kagawa prefecture, on Shikoku Island in the western part of Japan. The pH varied between 3.29 - 6.80 with a weighted mean value of 4.86. Weighted mean NO3^- + NO2^-, NH4⁺ and PO4^3- concentrations were 22.5, 35.5 and 0.25 µM, respectively. Particularly, the nitrogen concentration of rainwater was higher than that of surface seawater by one to three orders of magnitude, although phosphate concentration was at almost the same level. Furthermore, nutrient loading from precipitation to coastal sea was estimated in Harima-Nada, on Japan's Seto Inland Sea. It was estimated that nitrogen and phosphate loading due to rainfall were 13% and 1.5% of the nitrogen and phosphorus loadings from the land.

Moreover, bioassay were performed for freshly collected seawater. By the addition of rainwater, chlorophyll a concentrations in the rainwater added bottles were increased to levels higher than those of bottles where no rainwater was added. These results suggested that nutrient loadings due to rainwater contribute to the enhancement of primary production of surface seawater in a coastal environment.

^{(1)Dept. of Environmental Engineering,
Kyushu Environmental Evaluation Association, 1-10-1 Matsukadai, Higashiku,
Fukuoka, 811-0004 Japan}

^{(2)Marine Environmental Science &
Technology Division, Chugoku National Industrial Research Institute, 2-2-2
Hiro-Suehiro, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0197 Japan Tel +81-823-72 1932 Fax +81-823-72
1998}

^{(3)Dept. of Civil Engineering, Kyushu
University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan Tel +81-92-642
3301}

The primary production of phytoplanktons produces organic matter in high concentrations at Hakata bay in Japan, a eutrophicated bay, even during the winter season in spite of low water temperatures. It is considered that phytoplanktons have any biological capabilities to keep activities of photosynthesis under the unfavorable conditions, and this fact affects the water quality of the bay. In this study, the characteristics of primary production were analyzed with a simple box-typed ecosystem model. We introduced the concept of efficiency for the absorption of sunlight energy to our simulation to explain the growth of phytoplanktons under the condition of low sunlight intensity. As a result of this simulation with a box model, we found that efficiency of primary production in winter is higher than that in summer. It was suggested that the organic pollution comes from the stable concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) throughout the year, DOC of which is originated from the primary production of phytoplanktons corresponding biologically to the seasonal change of ambient conditions.

(1) Central Research Institute Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Abiko 1646, Abiko-shi ,Chiba 270-1194, Japan Tel +81-471-82-1181

In order to estimate water quality in Tokyo Bay, we observed DIN, DIP, Si, Chl a, POC and PON at seven stations monthly during 1997-98. DIN was high through water column in the period of vertical mixing. DIP and Si were low in the mixing period but very high in bottom depths showing dissolution from sediment in the thermal stratification period. Flagellates and diatoms bloomed reflecting the distribution pattern of nutrient in each period. PON/POC ratios were higher than the Redfield ratio during 1997-98 and lower during 1992-93 coincided with low and high percentages of ammonium concentrations in DIN in respective period. High PON/POC could be caused by favorable physical condition for phytoplankton growth in high DIN/DIP ratio in nutrients loaded to the bay, however, factors controlling low POC/PON during 1992-93 could not be defined.

The levels of nutrients (NH₄, NO₂, NO₃, TN, PO₄, TP and SiO₄) as well as chlorophyll-a along the water column of 25 stations distributed in six sections perpendicular to the Egyptian coast line in belt area of depths reaches 200m, extending between El-Arish (north of Senai Peninsula) and Mersa Matruh sectors were investigated during late spring and early summer 1995. The obtained data indicated that the belt area can be classified into two main sides one is the eastern side (lies on the Nile Delta, east of Alexandria), harboured relatively higher NO₃, NO₂, DON, TN, SiO₄ and chl-a and lower NH₄, PO₄, OP and TP than the other western side (relatively, for from Nile effect and lies west of Alexandria). The abundance of the N -ions in the two sides is generally in the order NH₄- N > NO₃- N ³ NO₂- N reflecting the preference of the phytoplankton organisms for uptake of NO₃ than NH₄ for their N - assimilation. Most nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in the study area are mainly present as organic forms. N:P:Si ratios indicated that the Egyptian Mediterranean coastal waters is N-limited and the water of the eastern side is originated from different sources. The levels of different nitrogen and phosphorus forms obtained in the present investigation postulated that the area under investigation can be classified under oligotrophic to mesotrophic state.

Monthly measurements of temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicate were taken for the period of January 1993 to August 1994. These parameters were measured at 12 stations and 3 different depths (surface, 10 m, 25 m).

During the study, the phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicate concentrations changed in relation to depths between 0.01-0.77 mg/l, 0.1-1.4 mg/l, 0.001-0.007 mg/l and 0.100-3.760 mg/l respectively.

Temporal fluctuations of phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicate concentrations were found to be significant. Differences in phosphate nitrate and nitrite concentrations were also significant among the stations.

^{(1) Kitakyushu-city Institute of Environmental
Sciences, Tobata, Kitakyushu, 804-0082, Japan Tel +81-93-882 0333 Fax +81-93-871
2535 e-mail:}Khamada@interlink.or.jp

^{(2) Department of Life Sciences, Kagawa
University, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan Tel and Fax +81-87-891
3143}

The vertical mass fluxes and chemical characteristics of sinking particles were investigated to assess the material circulation process in Dokai Bay. Sediment trap experiments were conducted 6 times from August 1995 to February 1998.

Total settling mass fluxes varied from 8.2g/m²/day to 307g/m²/day. The organic carbon and nitrogen contents in sinking particles were varied from 18.0 mgC/g to 107 mgC/g and 1.5 mgN/g to 11.7 mgN/g, respectively. The estimated carbon fluxes varied from 0.66 gC/m²/day to 25.6 gC/m²/day.

The mean carbon flux was estimated 6.23 gC/m²/day in August, although primary productivity was estimated 2.44 gC/m²/day from July to September. Thus the carbon flux level was 2.5 times higher than that of the primary productivity. Moreover C/N ratio of sinking particles were estimated from 7.0 to 22.3 and C/Chla ratio varied from 121 to 4390. These results indicted that the sinking material was not mainly originated from phytoplankton products but the allochthonous products from the land.

^{(1)National Institute for Environmental
Studies, Tsukuba 305-0053, Japan}
^{Tel +81-298-502505; Fax +81-298-502576}
^e-mail:koshikaw@nies.go.jp

^{(3)First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration,
Qingdao, China}

An oil enrichment experiment using the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of #0 diesel oil was conducted in mesocosms in the Changjiang Estuary, China, over 7 days, to investigate the acute impact of oil on the plankton ecosystem. The dominant grazers (ciliates, noctiluca and copepods) decreased in abundance after the addition of WSF. The decline of ciliates was particularly marked, suggesting that they were most sensitive to WSF. There was little difference in phytoplankton abundance between the control and oil-enriched mesocosms, because nutrients became deficient in both mesocosms. However, a batch experiment with ¹³C bicarbonate revealed that photosynthetic activity was strongly affected by the WSF addition. The study suggests that oil pollution may have a direct impact on productivity in marine ecosystems.

Marine Laboratory, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-0053 Japan

Modifications in the Changjiang River supply, land use changes, and industrial development in the catchment area are expected when China’s Three Gorges Dam is completed. Changes in nutrient supplies may influence primary production and the ability of the environment to biodegrade pollutants. To forecast the ecosystem’s response to the new conditions, it is essential to understand the processes and exchanges of nutrients at the sediment–water interface.

The sediment appears to be in continuous interaction with the water column in the Changjiang estuary. Processes involved in nutrient transfer are reversible and quick, and differ with season and sediment type. The release of phosphorus from the sediment to the water column is highlighted by both direct sampling measurement and bottle experiments. These preliminary results can be used in the modelling of this ecosystem.

The sediment-water exchange flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen was investigated in an estuarine tidal flat. To estimate the fluxes at shorter time scale than tidal period, the changes in NH4-N and NO3-N concentration in about 2 hours incubation were measured with small light and dark chambers. In the result, NH4-N and NO3-N concentrations of influent to this tidal flat continually changed with the mixing ratio of river water to seawater, and controlled both benthic microalgal uptake and diffusion from sediment to water. In high tide time, at high salinity and low NH4-N and NO3-N concentrations, NH4-N and NO3-N rapidly transferred from sediment to water. In this case, the diffusion dominated the fluxes. In low tide time, at low salinity and high NO3-N concentration, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, especially NO3-N, rapidly transferred from water to sediment. It was indicated that uptake by benthic microalgae dominated the sediment-water exchange. Therefore, we considered that estuarine tidal flat was a source of nitrogen during high tide, then changed to a sink during low tide. This function at tidal flat delays the discharge of nitrogen from river to sea area and increases the potential of biological productivity.

^{(1) Hiroshima Prefectural Institute
of Public Health and Environment center, 1- 6-29, Minami-machi, Minami-ku,
Hiroshima 734-0007, Japan.}

^{(2) Korea Ocean Research &Development Institute, Ausan
P O. Box29, Seoul, Korea. Tel +82-345-4085934 Fax +82-345-4006211}

^{(3) Hiroshima University, 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima
739-8528, Japan. Tel +81-824-247622 Fax +81-824-227192}

Physicochemical and biological characteristics in 19 tidal flats over areas of 5 ha in northern Hiroshima Bay were investigated and purification abilities for organic material were also examined in the three different types of tidal flats. Biomass of benthos in the 19 tidal flats were in the range of 0~34.0 g C · m^-2. Net purification rate (NPR) can be estimated from metabolism of organic material by microorganisms and benthos, assimilation by benthos and the primary productivity by benthic microalgae. The NPR by tidal flats were calculated to be 65-235 g-C · m^-2· yr^-1 from material balance of this research. Total purification for organic material by tidal flats in the northern Hiroshima Bay corresponded to 4.7~12.7% of TOC external loadings.

Graduate School of Tohoku University, Aobayama 06, Aoba-ku, 980-8579 Sendai, Japan Tel +81-22-2177470 Fax +81-22-2177471

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the influence of bivalve on the behaviour of organic matter and nutrients in a coastal area. Four experimental systems, a dark system, a light system, a polychaete introduced system and a bivalve introduced system, were designed and constructed in tanks with sediment and surface water, which were set near an estuary. Change in water quality, productivity of algae and fluxes of nutrients between surface water and sediment were investigated in these systems. Comparing between the bivalve system and the other systems, it was cleared that the reduction of organic matter in both surface water and sediment occurred due to the filter feeding of bivalve, and inorganic nutrients were rapidly released from sediment. Furthermore, it was suggested that filter feeding of bivalves led to increase the productivity of benthic algae because of the improvement of light condition and the increase of available nutrients.

^{(2) Marine Shrimp Research and Development
Center, Pawong Muang District, Songkhla 90100, Thailand}

Filtering of particulate material by oyster in northern Hiroshima Bay is estimated to be 41 ton C/day which amounts to about 25 % of net primary production. The removal of C, N and P from northern Hiroshima Bay by oyster harvesting is estimated to be 2.9, 1.3 and 0.19 ton/day, respectively. Algal biomass associated with oyster culture raft is estimated to be significantly larger than that of natural algal bed in Hiroshima Bay. Thus, oyster culture proved to play significant roles on the water purification, recycling of nutrient, and providing habitat for living resources. We propose new concept of oyster culture as an integrated functional role player which can be obtained only when appropriate management is carried out.

(1) Coastal Environment Research Team, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan Tel +81-298-502438 Fax +81-298-502570

To evaluate the biological efficiencies of shallow-water areas for use in preserving coastal ecosystems, we conducted field surveys from September 1996 to September 1997 at 4 sampling stations (1–4) in a shallow area at Sanbanze, at the head of Tokyo Bay, and 2 stations (5, 6) in a deeper adjacent area in the central part of the bay. Plenty of macrobenthos was observed in the shallow area (Stns. 1–3) during the summer, its biomass (wet weight) being 1.26–3.41 kg·m^–2. Dissolved oxygen at Stations 1–3 was > 3 mg·l^–1, even in summer, when the water is stratified. On the other hand, no living animals were observed at Stations 5 and 6, where water depth was 15–18 m and dissolved oxygen was < 1 mg·l^–1 during the summer. The distribution of bivalve species was also observed at 17 stations at Sanbanze in June 1998.

Bivalves were the dominant animals in the shallow area, accounting for > 98% of the total biomass. Respiration and filtration rates of Mactra quadrangularis, a dominant clam species in the area, were measured at various temperatures in a static chamber. The rates were greater at higher temperatures. The respiration rate varied from 0.17 at 7°C to 2.88 mg O₂·g^–1·h^–1 at 25°C, and the filtration rate varied from 0.60 to 5.72 l·g^–1·h^–1 (bivalve mass expressed as grams dry weight of soft body). The in-situ clearance time by bivalves where water depth is about 2 m can be estimated to be 2–3 days on the basis of the product of the observed filtration rate and the biomass of the bivalve. This indicates an important role of bivalves in the biogeochemical cycle in shallow areas.

University of Tartu, Institute of Geography, 46 Vanemuise St., 51014 Tartu, Estonia

Ecological engineering measures allow using different natural and seminatural ecosystems to control nutrient losses from intensively used watersheds. The most effective means are buffer strips, buffer zones and constructed wetlands.

In southern Estonia a 31 m wide buffer zone of wet meadow and grey alder forest removed 51 % nitrogen and 80 % phosphorus, while in a 51 m buffer zone, also containing a grassland strip in addition to wet meadow and alder forest, 86 % N and 84 % P was retained. The outflow of total-N was 4.9 and outflow of total – P was 4.8 lower in well-buffered watershed in comparison to similar watershed with lower buffering ability.

Three constructed wetlands in southern Estonia were studied. The removal efficiency was 70-75% for BOD₅, 35-68% for total-N, and 73-82% for total-P. All results show that compared to other seasons the winter performance was not reduced.

Murmansk Marine biological Institute, 17, Vladimirskaya St., 183010, Murmansk, Russia

The Present state and trends of the Azov Sea ecosystem are characterized. Natural fluctuations and the present state of the marine environment, the plankton and the fish fauna, the content of the artificial radionuclides in the bottom sediments are considered. The breach of the ecological equilibrium is connected with the changes of the freshwater input, the contamination, the excessive catch and the installation of the new species.

Studies have been made to determine the main factors of formation, spatial organization and functionality of submediterranean landscapes. Factor model of landscape structure of Abrau peninsula based on the field investigations with use of different methods of multivariate analyses as well as ANOVA and some others has been completed. Particular attention was paid to vegetation as the most physiognomic nature component. Four hierarchical levels of plant systems have been determined. It is ascertained that the role of different physicogeographical factors in forming the plant systems structure increases from the lower to the higher levels of organization. The role of external factors essentially grows in plant communities living in the extreme environments. Factor model permit to characterize natural systems and reconstructs the original structure of similar territories with anthropogenic transformation.

The relationship between coastal dunes, coastal halophytic vegetation and soil was investigated on Akyatan(ADANA) coast. Samples of soil such as Pseudorlayo pumilae-Silenetum kotschyi, Saccharo-Schoenetum nigricantisfrom coastal dunes and Suaedo maritimae-Salicornietum patulae, Cresso creticae-Hordeetum marinae from coastal salt marshes were picked up and analyzed.

^{(6) University of Çukurova, Department of Landscape Architecture,
Adana, Turkey}

The determination of the present and ideal land use planning of the Mediterranean coastal sand dunes in Adana, S. Turkey has been undertaken by an interdisciplinary group with a holistic approach with the designation of a land management unit (LMU). Recent trends stress the importance of LMUs based on intrinsic qualities, and relative responses of land resources along with resilience characteristics being the scientific basis for managing land.

There have been few attempts to determine the technical and scientific criteria for a holistic multidisciplinary optimal plan for the coastal dunes. Thus, the study aims to reveal present land cover types and also the ideal land use planning within LMU concepts considering the existing properties of the sand dunes and the surrounding areas. This LMU is expected to indicate the intricate relations and mandatory simultaneous existence of misuse with appropriate use in coastal sand dunes along with the betterment of the former.

Observations have been made to assess the rate of spread of the shrub Sea Buckthorn (Hippophäe rhamnoides L.) and the environmental effects it can have on vegetation in coastal dune systems in the UK, with particular reference to plants of high conservation value. Methods to eliminate or contain the spread of Buckthorn are examined and constraints in their application are reviewed. New approaches are considered and their merits and demerits evaluated. Issues which need to be addressed in future include the time for nutrient levels to approach those of dunes and stacks never colonized by Buckthorn, comparison of nutrient levels under different treatment regimes, depth of penetration by nutrient-rich water and the possibilities of harvesting ruderals or introducing grazing.

^{(1) Environmental Section, Mikuniya
Corporation, 486, Kuji, Takatu-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 213-0001 Japan
Tel +81-44-8223928}

^{(2) Tottori University, 4-101, Koyama
minami Tottori-shi, Tottori, 680-0945, Japan Tel +81-857-315299 Fax +81-857-287899}

In this paper, two different approaches to assess the bottom material environments in the head of Tokyo Bay (TB) are proposed.

The first method is to illustrate the present condition of load material environments with three axes; those are the sediment organism index, diversity index and bottom material factor.

In this demonstration the concepts of environmental creation are analyzed and show the reasonable way of compensation and restoration. Moreover, the effectiveness of technique using neural network is shown by comparing estimated data with field data of bottom material of TB.

To improve the water quality in a hyper-eutrophic enclosed bay, we have established an interdisciplinary research project from 1995 to 1997. This study was conducted for development of new eco-technology to treat hyper-eutrophicated water. In this research project, we are aiming at promoting material circulation with activities of mussels in the bay ecosystem. The system, which consists of 50cm-long ropes to collect mussels, is settled from surface to 1.5m depth. Two ropes, which settled at upper layer (0-0.5m) and lower layer (1.0-1.5m), are collected for each month from February to September 1997. After retrieval of the rope, mussels were numbered, and their shell length and body weight were measured. Furthermore, we conducted some experiment in the laboratory to determine the clearance rate and the assimilation efficiency of mussel. Total settling mussels biomass are rapidly increased from April to September. The integrated values of settling Mytilus galloprovincialis biomass on each 50cm long rope increased from 0g in February to ca.7800g in August at upper layer, and 0g to ca.4700g at lower layer. In the experiment, the clearance rate of M.galloprovincialis increased with the magnitude of shell length, are expressed in (V) according to the following: V ?molC/h)=0.896 • SL+0.202 where SL is shell length. About the assimilation efficiency, it is expressed with 36% for nitrogen and 20% for phosphorus. Total nitrogen and phosphorus contents in M.galloprovincialis were 11.8 mgN/g (d.w.) and 1.1 mgP/g (d.w.), respectively. However, the role of mussels cultured on rope collector was estimated from biomass and individual activities, the clearance rate (gC/rope/d) of the whole rope collected in August was as same value as the 18m2 of primary productivity, when the red tide was occurred. Furthermore, assuming one rope collected in August was submerged into the water mass with the volume of 25m3 (5x5x1m), the relationship between the values of assimilation rates and loading rates indicate that 70.1% of DIN and 163% of DIP loaded to the 25m3 box were assimilated by them. Therefore, mussels can play good role as a N, P cleaner in hyper-eutrophic enclosed bay, such as Dokai Bay.

The environment of Dokai Bay in Kyushu, Japan, has been suffered from occurrence of dissolved oxygen depletion of the bottom water in the sea floor with organically enriched sediments which was accompanied with extreme eutrophicaion of the water. We have conducted the field experiments to treat the organically enriched sediments with biological activities of a deposit feeding polychaete, Capitella sp. I, aiming at further recovery of environmental conditions of the bay. Since the winter in 1996, we cultured dense colonies of Capitella in a factory, and put 1 to 3 kg WW of Capitella on the organically enriched sediments every winter. Due to the addition of the cultured colonies, the field population of Capitella increased more rapidly in early winter, and reached two to four times denser patches in the fields than before. The oxidation of the reduced sediments was enhanced by the increase of Capitella. This polychaete has a potential for biological agent to treat the organically enriched sediments.

Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Nippon Japan

The effects of introducing irradiation by an optical fiber, and of adding psychrophilic bacteria, to the bottom water environments were assessed for supplying oxygen to the anoxic water in stratified season, and for accelerating the microbial activities in the water of low temperature season, respectively. Bottom seawater collected from a eutrophic enclosed inlet usually contained about 2 ug l-1 of chlorophyll a and 10 uM of dissolved inorganic nitrogen. When the in situ bottom waters were incubated in the dark condition, DO concentrations always decreased. However, the DO concentrations increased when water samples collected in the stratified seasons were incubated under light condition of 500 lux, indicating that such low irradiation of 500 lux was often over the critical light intensity and was effective for phytoplankton on stimulating photosynthesis. A bacterial strain CA(20)14 isolated from the Antarctic had the optimal growth temperature of 10 to 15 C. When this psychrophilic bacterium was added to the bottom water-sediment system and incubated at 10 C, the releasing rates of ammonia into water was accelerated as twice as greater than that without adding the strain. From the results of the present study, it was indicated that low activities of bacterial communities in the bottom environments were enhanced by introducing the light into the oxygen-depleted bottom water with optical fiber and supplying oxygen through plankton photosynthesis in the stratified season, and by the addition of some psychrophilic bacteria in the low temperature season. The combination using both optical fiber and psychrophilic bacteria is promising strategies of bioremediation for the eutrophic bottom environments.

Based on a series of scientific research projects in the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea a new technology has been developped for the submerse production of artificial reefs. In the years 1997 and 1998 ARCON® (Artificial Reef CONstruction) has been further refined under economic aspects in cooperation with marine engineers to a technique applicable for large scale projects also for integrated coastal zone management.

The ARCON® technology uses a special DC-current regime fed by solar energy to produce a hard, nature like substrate in the sublittoral. Anodes (+ pol) of various shape made of an alloy (graphite, titan, synthetics) and cathodes (- pol) made of a simple iron mesh screen are placed into the sublittoral. Following the principle of electrolysis, pure, non-toxic minerals accrete at the cathode (- pol), embedding the iron mesh screen and thus forming whitish, hard coating.

ARCON® substrates with an Aragonite volume of more than 45.0 % show an extremely high bending strength, which was tested for various samples from the Mediterranean Sea and the Carribean Sea. Bending strength values range between 3720.0 P.S.I. (257 kg/cm²) and 5350.0 P.S.I. (368 kg/cm²) for the ARCON® substrates with more than 45.0 % volume of Aragonite. The comparison with seawater impermeable concrete (e.g. BN 35), which ranges at 4978.0 P.S.I. (343 kg/cm²), perfectly demonstrates the suitability of the ARCON® technology for the purposes of submersed artificial reef construction in the sublittoral.

The characteristics of the substrate produced by the ARCON® technology depict the multifold advantages for the production of artificial reefs :

The concentrations of particulate PCB in the sea water and the historical sedimentation pattern were observed in 1993 and 1995 at Tokyo Bay, Japan. The simple numerical model is developed in order to reproduce the historical sedimentation pattern and the present distribution pattern of particulate PCB concentrations in the sea water of Tokyo Bay. The model can reproduce well the observed results. The numerical model can also forecast the future PCB pollution in Tokyo Bay. From the results of numerical calculation, the particulate PCB concentration in sea water and the PCB concentration of the surface sediment at the head of Tokyo Bay in 2050 will be 82.9 pg/l and 38.5 ng/dryg, respectively.

Such results suggest that PCB pollution will not be decreased in the next century at Tokyo Bay due to the supply of remnant PCB in the sediments of rivers and inner harbors. We have to dredge the bottom sediments at rivers and inner harbors to prevent the future PCB pollution in Tokyo Bay.

Institute of Limnology Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Sevastyanov Str., 196105, St.-Petersburg, Russia

In order to evaluate the current state of the Eastern Gulf of Finland a comprehensive investigation of its pollution by harmful and toxic substances was carried out in 1994-1997. The results indicate a considerable pollution of the gulf waters by chlororganic substances (absorbable organic halogens), heavy metals, phenols and oil products. Our researches have shown that at the present time the water quality of surface layers of the gulf, as a rule, is characterized as contaminated, while layers of water near bottom can be characterized as very polluted. A new index is suggested for estimation of biochemical self-purification capacity of water. Values of the index obtained for different parts of the gulf led to the conclusion that the gulf’s capability for biochemical self-purification is relatively low.

Waters, sediments and biota (vertebrate and invertebrate representative) samples were collected during the period from March to December 1996 from inshore and offshore areas of the Mediterranean Sea coast at Alexandria. The inshore study area included the area of Kaitbey sewage discharge and El Mex Bay where the discharge of agricultural drainage waters contaminated with industrial and sewage. For the first time the complete priority organic pollutants include (27) volatile organic compounds, VOCs, and (57) semi-VOCs as well as some (27) Pesticides /PCBs and herbicide compounds were measured in the abiotic samples. In the biotic samples only pesticides/PCBs and herbicides were measured. The obtained results reveal that the concentrations of the VOCs and semi-VOCs in the abiotic samples are extremely low or undetectable. The detectable ones in the water are far below the chronic water quality criterion standard or that of EPA’s human health protection level. While those in the sediments are far below Long and Morgan’s Effect Ranges. Surprisingly, some pesticide and PCBs compounds are detected in both the inshore and offshore abiotic and biotic samples. This suggests that atmospheric transport and deposition processes are most likely playing significant role for carrying pollutant compounds to much of the sea surface of the present study areas and probably to the other Mediterranean Sea surface.

Edfina Barrage separates partially the Rosetta branch of the Nile from its estuary, which discharges into the Mediterranean Sea. The study area covers this Rosetta estuary and the adjacent seawater to investigate the distribution of suspended matter (SM), as well as dissolved and particulate iron and manganese in this estuary and to illustrate its effect on the distribution of these parameters in the inshore marine area.

The amounts of SM showed an obvious increase with depth, giving highest and lowest averages in January and July following maximum and minimum discharges. The marked increase in the annual mean SM value in the estuary reflects the direct effect of the Nile discharge.

The values of iron forms increased mostly in the bottom waters, particularly for particulate iron (PFe). This coincided with sedimentation of the floccules containing iron, increase in SM with adsorbed iron and release of iron from SM. However, the increase in surface iron possibly reflects the turnover of iron within the aquatic biosphere. In the estuary, the maximal seasonal averages of iron forms in April might reflect the release of this metal during detrital decomposition by bacteria and the concentration of this metal by plankton abundant in spring. In the inshore water, however, these maxima in October reflect the minor effect of phytoplankton uptake and water circulation increasing suspended sediment transport. The highest regional averages of iron forms in the estuary were found at a location directly influenced by pollutants.

Contrary to particulate manganese (PMn), the values of dissolved manganese (DMn) decreased with depth. Contrary to dissolved iron (DFe), the mean values of surface DMn were higher than the corresponding means of this form in the bottom water, suggesting that surface sources of DMn exceeded the bottom sources. In the estuary, the maximum and minimum seasonal averages of DMn and PMn in April suggest that desorption process was the possible factor affected transition of Mn between its phases. The minimum and maximum regional averages of DMn and PMn appeared at a location in the estuary affected by pollution mainly from land – based sources.

^{(1) Ondokuz
Mayıs University, Environmental Eng. Dep., 55139, Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey
Tel +90-362-4576000 / 2823 Fax +90-362-4576035}

The Black Sea, 4.2x10⁵ km² in area and 2200 m. deep is largest enclosed sea in the world. It has suffered from extensive pollution over the last few years due to unmanaged fishing, unrestricted shipping, mineral exploitation, dumping of toxic wastes from coastal cities and pollutants carried by rivers.

The main aim of this study is to determine the sediment quality by analyzing certain environmental pollutants such as water content, organic content and derivatives of certain pesticides at the surface sediment samples which are collected from the coastal side of the Middle Black Sea of Turkey. Sea water sample analyses are also going to be done at the corresponding sampling points of the sediment samples for routine and special pollutant parameters.

After collecting sediments with a Bridge-Ekman grab sampler, for certain organic pollutant analysis such as pesticides, the samples are prepared for soxhlet extraction by hexan and dichloromethane and then fractionated and analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Reference materials are also be analysed periodically to provide a check on the quality of analytical data.

Finally, it is expected that althought in recent years, the use of persistent organic compounds has been limited or totally banned in most countries, including Turkey, due to their ecotoxicity, the illegal use of organic compounds such as DDT particularly in agriculture and the storage of pesticides residues in sediments biologically due to their long residence time may lead us to determine high levels of these pollutants in sediment samples of Black Sea coast. So, this study may be a start for special monitoring works of certain organic pollutants mainly in the sediment samples at the Black coast of Turkey.

^{(2) Chugoku National Industrial Research
Institute, MITI, Kure, 737-0197, Japan Tel +81-823-721932 Fax +81-823-721998}

Osaka Bay is the semi-closed coastal bay in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan, which is surrounded by highly developed industrial areas and has been subjected to the effect of human activities since 1960’s. Tomogashima Strait is very important area for material transport because at least over 75% of nitrogen and phosphorus outflow from Osaka Bay are done through this strait. Trend of eutrophication and magnitude of marine-derived organic matter (MOM) contributing to organic pollution were investigated in Osaka Bay. We also have investigated cross sectional structures of current and material fluxes such as total suspended matter (TSM), particulate organic carbon (POC), and individual nitrogen and phosphorus compartments at Tomogashima Strait.

Average standing stocks of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the bay during the 1990’s were estimated to be 11,930ton and 1,620ton, respectively. These values decreased by 22% and 13% of those during the 1980’s, respectively. The eutrophic level during the 1990’s was approximately same as that during the mid 1970’s. This fact must be based on the effort of the load reduction by administration, enterprises, citizens, etc over recent twenty years. Results from carbon stable isotope ratio(? ¹³C) indicate that more than 80% of POC standing stock in Osaka Bay came from MOM in Osaka Bay. The deposition rate of TOC was 63,000 ton C/year. The deposition rates for terrestrial organic carbon and marine-derive organic carbon were 13,200 and 49,800 ton C/year, respectively. The deposition rate of marine-derived organic carbon occupies of 80% of that of TOC.

At Tomogashima Strait, TSM and POC, and individual nitrogen and phosphorus compartments in Osaka Bay always flowed out of the bay. The average outflow of TN and TP at Tomogashima Strait over a year were calculated to be 145 ton/d and 30 ton/d, respectively. The average outflow of DIN and DIP at Tomogashima Strait over a year were 95 ton/d and 13 ton/d (DIN/DIP=16), respectively. Residence times of both DIN and DIP in Osaka Bay were estimated to be about two months.

^{(1) Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental
Science, 3-1-27,Yukihiracho, Suma- ku,Kobe, 654-0037 Japan Tel +81-78-7356911
Fax +81-78- 7357817}

^{(2) Chugoku Industrial Research Institute,
2-2-2 Suehiro Hiro Kure, 737-0197 Japan Tel +81-823-721930 Fax +81-823-733284
e-mail:hoshika@cniri.go.jp}

⁽³⁾Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Envrinment, 1-6-29 Minami- machi,Minami-ku,Hiroshima,734-0007 Japan

^{Dazaifu,Fukuoka, 818-0135 Japan Tel +81-92-9219948 Fax +81-92-928-1203
e-mail:}onaga@rb3.so-net.or.jp

^{(5) Okayama Prefectural Institute for
Environmental Science and Public Health, 739-1, Uchio, Okayama,701-0212
Japan Tel +81-86-2982681 Fax.Tel +81-86-2982088 e-mail:}QZF14776@niftyserve.or.jp

^{(6) Wakayama Prefectural Research Center
of Environment and Public Health, 3-3-45, Sunayamaminami,Wakayama,640-8422
Japan Tel +81-734-23-9537 Fax +81-734-238798}

The surface bottom sediment in the Seto Inland Sea taken at 425 sites in the period 1981-1985 and 1991-1994, and the sediment core samples of some sea areas taken in 1990 were investigated to evaluate the change of heavy metal concentrations of the elements, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, and manganese. The sea area where had higher concentrations of heavy metals in the first half of 1980's showed a decrease in some area in the first half of 1990's. The test of the difference on average values for cadmium, lead, zinc, and manganese at 425 sites indicated that it was significant at the 1% or 5% level in the entire Seto Inland Sea. The vertical distribution of heavy metal concentrations except for manganese in Osaka Bay and the Sea of Harima also showed that it increased upwardly from the lower layer. The highest concentrations of four elements were found at 20-30cm layer, then the values became lower values towards the surface layer. Sedimentation rates of two sea areas, determined by ²¹⁰Pb dating, were 0.29g/cm²/year and 0.32g/cm²/year, respectively. The ages of layers indicating the high concentrations were determined to be before 1960 in Osaka Bay and 1960’s in the Sea of Harima by the age of the ²¹⁰Pb. These results suggest that many environmental policies, which have been conducted, were related to the decrease of heavy metal concentrations in the bottom sediment of the entire Seto Inland Sea. In some sea areas, however, the concentrations of heavy metals in the bottom sediments were maintained at the same level, or became worse than in the first half of 1980's. This shows that it is necessary to make more of an effort to rehabilitate the condition of the bottom sediment.

Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Science 3-1-27, Yukihira-cho, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0037 Japan

In order to clarify the characteristics of nonylphenol (NP) concentration in urban stream and river waters of Hyogo Prefecture, west Japan, flowing into the Seto Inland Sea, field monitoring studies were performed at 56 sampling points by using GC/MS technique during 1998 and 1999. From the study of analytical process blank, the contamination of NP was found, which was considered to be the eluviation of NP from the plastic equipment for experimental. In stream and river waters of Hyogo Prefecture, NP distributed from ND (<0.5) to 5.0mg/l (total average; 0.54mg/l) and the sampling points over 1 mg/l occupied 14%. Relatively high concentrations of NP appeared in southwest areas of Hyogo Pref., where the sewerage diffusion rates were below 80%. This suggested the relation between NP concentrations in urban streams and the degree of pollution loads from catchment areas. From this study and several studies by other investigators, it was presumed that Japanese urban streams were contaminated by NP with the order of magnitude of 1mg/l in the case of higher pollution. River die-away experiments showed that the biodegradation rate of NP was 30% at experimental day 7 at low concentration level (initial conc.; 0.59mg/l). From this, the residual tendency of NP in the aquatic environment was presumed.

The state of the aquatic system: Lake Ladoga - Neva River - Neva Bay - Eastern Gulf of Finland is of major importance for more than six million inhabitants of St. Petersburg and its province. The results of the researching carried out on Lake Ladoga from 1991 to 1998 and from 1994 to 1998 on the aquatic system indicated significant pollution of the surface waters by phenols.

The experimental data made possible to estimate phenol inflow to Lake Ladoga with the main tributaries of the lake, their outflow from the lake via the Neva River and inflow to the Neva Bay of Gulf of Finland. As a result we get phenols load into the lake compared with that of the Neva Bay and the Eastern Gulf of Finland.

^{(1)Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental
Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan Tel +81-92-921-9948
Fax +81-92-928-1203 e-mail:}onaga@rb3.so-net.ne.jp

⁽²⁾ Yamaguchi Prefectural Research Institute of Health, 535 Asada, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi 735-0821, Japan Tel +81-839-24-3670 Fax +81-839-24-3673

⁽³⁾ Hiroshima Prefectual Institute of Public Health and Environment, 1-6-29 Minami-cho, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 734-0007, Japan

⁽⁴⁾ Okayama Prefectual Institute for Environmental Science and Public Health, 739-1 Uchio, Okayama-shi, Okayama 701-0298, Japan Tel +81-86-298-2681, Fax +81-86-298-2088 e-mail: sany3@ce.it-chiba.ac.jp

^{(5) Hyogo Prefectual Institute of Environmental
Science, 3-1-27 Yukihira-cho, Suma, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 654-0037, Japan, Tel.
+81-78-735-6911}

The sediment condition of the St. A and the St. B seem to become worse during 1980s to1990s. Furthermore, the water quality around the St.A has shown a clear change during last ten years, particularly, Chl-a concentration has shown a typical change. St.A locates north of the offshore from Shimonoseki City, which is most western end of the Seto Inland Sea. The population of Shimonoseki City has not changed since the 1960s, however, population has been shifting from the old town to the new one that locates the northern part of Shimonoseki City. Recently, the water pollution of the river flowing through the new town has remarkably advanced. As a result, the nutrients concentration of around the St. A and the St. B increase and the production of algae become intense. Also, the concentration of Chl-a in this area has obviously rise since the middle of 1980s. It is conceivable that the pollution is a typical case caused by the increasing of domestic wastewater discharge.

^{(1) Chiba Prefectural Laboratory of
Water Pollution, Mihama-ku,}Chiba 261-0005, Japan Tel +81-43-2432935 Fax +81-43-2432960

Tokyo Bay suffers from red tide and Aoshio (the well-up of the oxygen-deficient bottom water). We found that the degree of the oxygen-deficient condition of the bottom water is closely related to the DO (dissolved oxygen) over the surface layer water, and that the oxygen-deficient water is formed more readily in the depressions where water is more liable to stay than that on the natural sea-bottom. We also confirmed that the northern wind is necessary for the occurrence of Aoshio in Tokyo Bay.

The overloading of organic matter that unbalances the rate of oxygen supply on the bottom sediment induces the depletion of dissolved oxygen in the bottom layer, which leads to the breakup of sustainable material cycle between the surface and bottom sediment layers. A one-dimensional mathematical model, which can predict a sustainable upper limit and/or an optimum of organic loading rate only from the exchange rate of water mass between organic loading area and its neighbouring waters.

The sustainable upper limit of organic loading rate can be estimated as follows: Qp, max=D0/(A/E+Dz/kd), where E is a lateral exchange rate of water mass, and A is the surface area where organic matter is loaded. The kd is a diffusion coefficient and Dz is the depth of the bottom boundary layer between the bottom and sediment layers. The exchange rate of water mass per organic loading area and the diffusion rate of dissolved oxygen through the bottom boundary layer have a positive effect on Qp, max. Then, the optimum loading rate of organic matter, Qp, opt, that can be sustainable and keep the best condition of a coastal ecosystem whose oxygen decomposition rate must be the maximum will be between zero and the upper limit, Qp, max. The Qp, opt has been inevitably influenced by Qp, max, and additionally by the ratio of anaerobic decomposition rate to aerobic one.

^{(1)Ondokuz May}^{ıs
University, Environmental Eng. Dep., 55139, Kurupelit Samsun, Turkey}

^{(2)Akdeniz University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental
Eng. Dep., Antalya, Turkey}

The aim of this study is to determine the pesticide and PCBs pollutions on the Middle Black Sea coast by sampling mussels. The Black Sea is situated between the latitudes 45⁰ 55’ and 46⁰ 32’ N and the longitudes 27⁰ 27’ and 41⁰ 42’ E. It is the largest land-locked inland sea of the world. The maximum depth of sea is 2200 m and average depth of sea is 1240 m. A depth of less than 200 m constitutes 27% of the total area and is mostly found in the north-western Black Sea. Two large rivers, Kızılırmak and Yeşilırmak, rise south of the mountains and flow through agricultural areas on their way to the Middle Black Sea and they transport various contaminants such as organic compunds, pesticides to the Black Sea.

Pesticides are most important materials through the other input in agriculture to get more yield. Pesticides are transported to seas by atmospheric deposition, rivers which pass from the agricultural areas and by other ways. These compunds are not able to biodegradated easily, so these pollutants accumulate in environment. Mussels are lack of essential enzyme system which is necessary to degrade some organic compunds such as pesticides so cannot degrade organic compunds accumulated in the tissues from sea water and food. Because of this, the mussels are used as sentinel organisms to rapidly assess the status of the contamination of marine environment for a large number of pollutants. They offer the advantage of a wide geographic distribution, facilitating comparison of data, and of integrating chemical pollutants over long periods at the same site.

In this study, a sampling program was prepared and according to this program, samples were collected. The samples were extracted by Soxhlet apparatus. After that, they were analyzed by gas chromotography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID). Also, the reference materials were analyzed for determination of the yield of recovery.

The usage of pesticides in most countries that are on the Black Sea coast include Turkey is banned, but illegal usage of pesticides(especially DDTs) in most countries is documanted and also because of the atmospheric deposition, persistence half life (T_1/2) of pesticides in marine ecosystem, it is not surprising of determining the pesticides in mussels which are collected from the Middle Black Sea coast of Turkey at the end of this study.

^{(2) Coastal and Port Engineering Research
Center, KORDI, 1270 Sadong, Ansan, Kyungki, South Korea}

Dredging of contaminated sediments is one option often considered for remediation in coastal waters. There is a need to determine hot spots, areas of concern, and areas of not polluted in terms of contaminants concerned. Dredging index was developed for the judgement of dredging by combining four numerical sets of sediment quality criteria into a quadrodiagram. Data were compared from studied areas to have decisive dredging index values for judgement of dredging and evaluation of ecological changes. Quadrodiagram and DI values give us a good graphical comparison and numerical values to distinguish the seriousness of sediments.

^{(3) Department of Geography, University
of Liverpool L69 3BX United Kingdom e-mail:}gg07@liv.ac.uk

The relationship between Sellafield-derived radionuclide activity, particle size distribution and sediment composition is examined in saltmarshes and mudflats from the eastern Irish Sea. The particle size dependency of ²⁴¹Am and ¹³⁷Cs is utilised to identify a preferred grain size proxy for radionuclide monitoring purposes. Based upon these relationships, a predictive model is developed which will facilitate the identification of spatial and temporal trends in radionuclide activity in these environments.

^{(1) Istanbul Technical University, Faculty
of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 80626, Maslak,
Istanbul}, Turkey

Hazardous material characteristics have been examined and oil characteristics have been discussed as a sub-categorisation of hazardous materials. Major inputs and removal processes of petroleum in marine environment, fallowed by history of oil spills and oil combating, have been given. The environmental risk assessment of hazardous materials has been defined and a model determining maximum disaster potential (DP) and the risk assessment rate (RAR) has been introduced. DP and RAR have been calculated as 1462 people and %82.6 respectively. The results have been placed in a scale evaluating the risks on the ecosystem.

⁽¹⁾National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-0053 Japan

Suspended matter from the mouth of the Changjiang estuary in the East China Sea was analyzed to obtain concentrations of 35 elements. In order to examine the possible input of anthropogenic heavy metals from the river, the X/Al ratios (the concentration of each element X as a fraction of Al concentration) in the suspended matter werederived. The main sources of the elements in the suspended matter were natural particles such as soil particles or plankton in the Changjiang estuary mouth.

Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (IOF), P.O. Box 500, 21000 Split, Croatia

Since 1946, the IOF in Split, has been collecting oceanographic, nutrient and biological data from several stations in the Kaštela Bay. The Bay is particularly threathened by organic matter, nutrients and other harmful substances. Majority of us still believe that industry-big industry- is a great problem. But most contaminants do not come out of a pipe. They come into the ecosystem from diffuse or “non-point” sources such as runoff from stormwater and from atmosphere. Diffuse or “non-point” sources of contaminants are becoming more important all over the Bay, and these sources remain more difficult to track and more difficult to control.

For now, we know a fair amount about the inputs of nutrients and toxic materials into the Bay, but we are still just learning how to measure the effect of those contaminants on the Bay organisms, and on the Bay itself. We have made great strides in understanding where contaminants come from and how they move - physically and chemically - throughout the Bay. Until today we have only begun to make progress in understanding the biological effects those contaminants can have - not only on large organisms like fish, but also on the microscopic plant and animals that make up the foundation of the Bay’s food web.

Coastline vegetation plays an important role in land-marine interactions. It degradates under antropogenuic pressure now. We analyze a case of catastrophic degradation of coastline vegetation in the Crimea. Reasons and results of it were discussed. There are about 119 endangerous species of flowing plants. This problem needs special attention from scientists and managing drivers.

^{(1)Hiroshima Environment and Health
Association, 9-1 Hirosekitamachi, Naka-ku,Hiroshima 730-8631, Japan Tel
+81-82-2931511}

^{(2)Hiroshima Defense Facilities Administration Bureau, 6-30
Kamihattyobori, Naka-ku,Hiroshima 730-0012, Japan Tel +81-45-6511631 Fax
+81-45-6711533}

^{(3)Yokohama Defence Facilities Administration Bureau, 5-57
Kitanakadori, Naka-ku, Yokohama, 231-0003, Japan Tel +81-45-6511631}

^{(4)National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment
of Inland, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Ohno, Saeki, Hiroshima, 739-0452 Japan Tel
+81-829-550666}

^{(5)Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima
739-0046, Japan Tel +81-824-247622 Fax +81-824-232406}

In January 1996, we transplanted vegetative shoots of eelgrass into a shallow bottom without eelgrass vegetation, off Iwakuni City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, in the Seto Inland Sea. At 0m transplanting site, the shoot density of transplants showed a rapid decline after the typhoon attack in August 1996, and all the transplants disappeared in November 1996, due to sand movement. However, natural eelgrass bed near our transplanting site remained active. There were differences in the vertical distributions of shells in the sediments between natural eelgrass bed and transplanting site, although physico-chemical characteristics resembled each other. At -1m and -2m transplanting sites, the shoot density of eelgrasses increased more than that of the natural eelgrass bed within 1 yr of transplanting. At shallow bottom, sand movement was found to be one of the most important factors for the development of eelgrass bed in conjunction with physical characteristics of the sediment. It is important to create stable habitat for eelgrass bed restoration by reducing wave action and sand movement.

⁽²⁾School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC29208 USA Tel +1-803-777 0177 Fax +1-803-777 1373

⁽³⁾Center for Coastal Ecosystem Health and Biomolecular Research, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC 29422 USA

If left unmanaged, anthropogenic activities threaten the environmental health and economic vitality of coastal waters. Historically, the dynamic and complex nature of critical coastal ecosystems inhibited the successful development of models that could effectively be used by coastal zone and fisheries managers. In response to these concerns, a long-term study was initiated in 1990 to define, measure and model the impacts of urbanization on coastal estuaries of the southeastern United States, a project entitled “Urbanization and Southeastern Estuarine Systems (USES)”.

This study has focused on comparing the short-term and long-term variability in ecosystem responses of two neighboring estuaries in South Carolina, USA: Murrells Inlet (MI), a developed estuary, and the North Inlet – Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NI), a relatively pristine estuary. Although the USES study involves a multidisciplinary research team focusing on six major research topics (microbiology; toxicology; watershed analysis; phycology and water column processes; geographic information processing and risk assessment modeling; and public outreach and information dissemination), only microbiology, watershed analysis, and geographic information processing will be emphasized in the paper.

Microbiology: Typically in the early stages of coastal development, human waste disposal needs were met by the use of septic tank based technology or discharge of effluents into coastal waters, frequently resulting in contamination of shellfish and biotic resources due to pathogenic bacterial / viral pollution. New techniques were used to differentiate between human and animal pollution sources of fecal coliform bacteria. 1.) Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) clearly indicated differential DNA profiling between human and animal sources. Pollution sources in a mixed land use area showed a lack of PFGE match in surface water samples and samples from an adjacent sewage treatment plant. In other areas, septic tank sources were the likely source of elevated fecal coliform bacteria. 2.) Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) testing, which is based on the fact that E. coli from wildlife species are lacking in antibiotic resistance while strains from humans exhibit resistance, indicated a higher MAR in urban versus pristine watersheds. 3.) Fatty Acid Profiling (FAP) is based on observed differences in bacterial composition among isolates from different host species. Results, agreeing with those of other investigations, suggest that this method may provide an effective tool for pollution source identification.

Watershed analysis: The empirical relationships for watershed hydrology, nutrient runoff and land use in MI and NI were developed. To simulate anthropogenic effects on the nutrient fluxes in an area experiencing rapid population and tourism growth, the Agricultural Nonpoint Source model was used. Comparison of our data with similar work on the northeastern US coast suggests that nutrient flow paths and fluxes may differ due to greater influence of seasonal storage in vegetation along the southeastern US coast.

Geographic information processing and risk assessment: The objectives of this component are to 1.) provide for database development and management, 2.) provide GIS, geostatistical, and integrated spatial modeling assistance to all project components, and 3.) perform applied modeling research applicable to coastal zone management. We will focus on the third objective and describe modeling efforts to identify spatial and temporal trends in the prevalence of the oyster pathogen P. marinus, and to compare responses of our two study sites to contaminants.

A proposal is put forward to develop some 480 acres of land in Southern Johore, Malaysia into an integrated development comprising commercial, industrial and residential zones. A mandatory Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is undertaken as part of the approval procedures as stipulated by the Environmental Quality Act 1987, Malaysia.

This paper presents the results of a modeling analysis conducted as an integral component of the EIA. Numerical models (USEPA WASP5) and analytical models are used to assess hydrologic and hydraulic parameters in the estuarine coastal zones relevant to the study. Major environmental concerns relate to the discharge of sewage, organic and industrial waste as well as the release of suspended solids from soil erosions. Modeling results provide insights into the effectiveness of proposed mitigation measures deemed adequate to fulfil designated water quality standards in the receiving waters. Model results also provide suggestions for future monitoring program to ensure satisfactory compliance with statutory requirement.

^{Dokuz Eylül University,
Faculty of Architecture, 35230 Alsancak, İzmir, Turkey Tel + 90-232-464
80 44 Fax + 90-232-464 80 63}

Although desirable from especially the economic point of view, if not handled properly marinas can be detrimental to fragile coastal areas. They can themselves destroy or erode environmental resources by wrong planning decisions related to location, type of use and size. Otherwise, overuse or mismanagement can also lead to undesired effects such as various types of pollution. These indicate to the fact that planning marinas requires a sensitive and integrated approach where economics is only one facet among many others.

This paper aims to survey international literature and experience on marina planning as well as the Turkish examples with special emphasis on the Aegean and the Mediterranean coasts. It is hoped that by doing so valuable information could be drawn on where and how marinas can be successfully developed in the future. Such an analysis would also perhaps indicate how an optimum long-term marina development policy could be formulated.

The paper describes the hydrological processes which have to be considered in the Environmental Impact Assessment of the Kiel Canal. The Kiel Canal is an old waterway which connects the North Sea with the Baltic Sea. Since the beginning of the 1950s, ship traffic on the Canal has significantly increased. In the 1960s, the number of ships decreased, but ship sizes and the quantity of shipped goods still continued to increase. This development towards larger ships exerted intensive pressure on the Canal bed resulting in bank erosion and damages on bank-protection structure. Consequently dredging activities became necessary.

Therefore, since 1965 a programme of engineering works to improve navigation in the Kiel Canal has been executed. The reach „Rendsburg-East“ of about five kilometers length is the final part of this programme. The Environmental Impact Assessment describes and evaluates the hydrological condition of the initial state and the predicted post-project conditions.

Moscow State University of Technology STANKIN, Department of Environmental Engineering and Safety, 3A Vadkovsky Pereulok, 101472 Moscow, Russia

The documentation of the methanol (toxic technical spirit) coastal transport terminal was presented voluntary to Russian Federal Ecological Expert Council for official ecological expertise in the end of 1997. This terminal will be build at the coast of Taganrog Bay (Azov Sea) by “Azovproduct” Ltd. in co-operation with Italian transport company. In the frame of the expertise author has rewired the correction of prediction of pollution of seawater by the actual terminal operation. The environmental importance of the problem is related with high level of toxicity of methanol, the great value of suggested transportation by middle tankers, and due the potential danger of terminal operation for important fishing resources in Taganrog Bay area.

The done work shows that existing normative methods are not enough for correct estimation of the environmental risks in actual situations. In the same time, the reporting of the possible environmental impact of the future activity of terminal is required by governmental environmental control institutions.

To improve the existing approach, two principal scenarios of environmental impact have been designed and analysed. The first one is the spill of methanol from coast to near-coastal waters due the discharge from inland storage tanks, from locations of processing/disposing facility, and after collapse of structures or other terminal facility. The second design case is the spreading of methanol spot in Taganrog Bay after rupture of a methanol tanker by prevailing currents in the area of accident.

It is assumed that in the second scenario the mass of the instantaneous methanol spill into water from the destroyed storage tanks of tanker equals 500 tons of mass. The propagation of the discharged spot is resulted by wind current field generated in the Taganrog Bay. This bay is relatively narrow, about few kilometres width, and about 30 km long. So, the wind current in the bay is generated by winds, which blow in offshore directions, as well as along the bay axis. To predict wind generated currents the nonstationary geophysical boundary layer numerical model is applied. The result of modelling show that under design wind (in the range 5-20 m/s, various directions) the velocities of the wind-generated current are evaluated from 0.095 to 0.318 m/s (velocities of surface layer). It is important that due a shore effect the wind current can turn it’s direction even under wind, which blows along the longitudinal axis of bay.

The numerical study of vertical profile of wind current shows that the modelling must based on 3D model of pollutant convection-diffusion. The special rates show also that the Don River flow in the bay is negligible usually due the very complicated topography of Don delta.

To simulate the propagation of the methanol spot, the 3-D modelling is applied with including of evaporation process to the mass balance equation. Jointly with numerical modelling, analytical 2-D solutions are applied, and comparison of the numerical and analytical results shows the limitations of 2-D approach. It is obtained the methanol concentration evolution during the time of methanol spot reaching shore, and longshore concentration distribution. After expertise, it is recommend to owners of coastal terminal to develop the estimation of potential damage and to design the protective measures. Moreover, the general structure of the guidelines “Prediction of Environmental Risks for Coastal Transport Terminal of Toxic Liquid Substances” for environmental risks assessment for similar situation is designed and presented to the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources as project of the future standard.

Chugoku National Industrial Research Institute, MITI, Kure, 737-0197 Japan Tel + 81-823-72-1920 Fax + 81-823-73-3284

The National Projects of Comprehensive Development were recently announced and the development plan at the coastal sea area has been discussed actively. Accordingly, the concrete environmental assessment and the environmental restoration/creation are strongly required for the implementation of the environmental assessment law which was enacted in 1997.

The environmental assessment has been usually done for the each development project and the total and simultaneous environmental assessment for the all development projects to be done at the whole Osaka Bay area has not been done so far. In order to understand the environmental impacts at the whole Osaka Bay area in case that 4 large scale projects (Kobe New Airport, Rokko Island south, Osaka new reclaimed land, and expansion of Kansai Airport) to be implemented within 20 years since 1997 are done simultaneously, we had a number of experiments using the Seto Inland Sea hydraulic model.

^{(3) National Institute for Environmental Studies, Regional
Environment Division 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan}

The Kasai flats were constructed once to be intended that the flats restored coastal environments. Actually, the numbers of wild-bird species and the role as Gobiidae's nursery have been recovered to previous values for 10 to 15 years. However, our results show that the Kasai environments are not equal to those observed before the reclamation period, even though the Kasai flats were constructed ON SITE. It is concluded that the recovery of the ecosystem is difficult by any restoration programs to equal levels of environmental quality to those before the reclamation, or requires considerably long periods to achieve.

Coastal construction works tend to create dead water areas and inadequate vertical mixing of oxygenated water, which may cause hypoxia in enclosed water areas. Hypoxia has a critical impact on the living resources and may cause a serious damage on fishery. Although the tolerance of aquatic life to hypoxia is known, there is no information about the mortality of fish caused by hypoxia, because fish can swim and avoid it. In this paper, we construct a model to simulate fish behaviour, preference and mortality in a combined hydrodynamic and ecological model and are applied to a hypoxic bay in western Japan. For the development of the model, we conduct a field survey to observe fish behaviour in hypoxic bay where coastal construction work is going on. Then we conduct a series of preference tests for DO, salinity and temperature in the laboratory to decide environmental preference parameters of the fish. The model successfully reproduces the behaviour and preference of fish that was observed in the field survey. The model can be used as an environmental impact assessment tool on the mortality of fish caused by hypoxia.

Dokai Bay, our study area, is the one of the most severe entrophicated bay in Japan. In this study, we described the environmental factors that control the seasonal changes of the abundance of the macrobenthic animals on the mud flats and offshore the mud flats at the innermost areas of this bay. In summer, the hypoxic water occurred from 4 m in depth to the bottom (12 m in depth) at offshore areas, due to the heavy organic enrichment of the sediments. This hypoxic water imposed a severe environmental stress upon the macrobenthic animals offshore the mud flats and presumably also those on the mud flats. Unexpectedly, the macrobenthic animals on the mud flats were also very scarce during summer.

After a return of normoxic conditions (DO>2.0ml/l) from hypoxia, a rapid recovery of the macrobenthic animals was observed on the mud flats. Highest biomass of the macrobenthic animals reached over 2 kg WW/m². It demonstrates the mud flats in Dokai Bay still retains enough potentials to recover their extremely high productivity. The dominant species of macrobenthic animals that increased rapidly on the mud flats were the bivalves; Limnoperna fortunei and Mytilopsis sallei, and the balanoids; Balanus eburneus and Balanus amphitrite, which were almost introduced from overseas.

These results indicated that the hypoxic water occurred on the bottom at offshore areas occasionally brought an environmental catastrophy in the macrobenthic animals at the neighboring mud flats. To stimulate the activity of ecosystem on the mud flats in the enclosed coastal seas, like Dokai Bay, it is necessary to control the amount of nutrient discharge in the whole areas of coastal seas and to prevent the occurrence of hypoxic water.

⁽¹⁾Faculty of Applied Sciences, Bath Spa University, Newton Park Bath, UK

^{(3) UCTRA, University of the Algarve,
Campus Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8000, Faro, Portugal Tel +351-936-404737}

The study attempted to establish if distinctions could be made between findings of disparate groups of people undertaking beach based marine debris surveys. Final year undergraduates and 16+ years of age secondary school students collected and analysed litter from beaches in South Wales, UK. At Tresilian, the pocket beach was subdivided into 1 metre strips for 30 m and then every 5m. The undergraduates were divided into groups and recorded all litter found in the transects. Between Swanbridge and Lavernock, the coastline was divided into 0.5km stretches and litter was recorded on pre defined sheets by the school children (11groups of four persons per group). In all cases - except for one undergraduate group, no statistical difference was obtained between groups recording litter from the same profile. The exception in the undergraduate group was due to recorder error. In both student groups, potentially hazardous containers were wrongly identified. The study indicates that litter counts by volunteer groups can be carried out at a sound level of confidence. The width of the beach transect needed to encompass all categories of litter for this particular beach was found to be 14 metres.

^{(1) PF RAISA, Cons. Naz. Ricerche (CNR),
via Tiburtina 770, 00159 Roma, Italy Tel +39-06-4075893 Fax
+39-06-4075883}

^{(2) Ist. Ric. Risorse Marine Ambiente,
CNR, via Vaccara 61, 91026 Mazara (TP), Italy Tel +39-0923-948966
Fax +39-0923-906634}

Each year, millions of anthropic items are wasted on the sea bottoms. The Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea, FAO fishing zone 37.4) is affected by this phenomenon mainly as a consequence of the dumping of rubbish by the many fishing boats and merchant ships frequenting the area. The amount and composition of the solid waste collected during two experimental trawl surveys carried out on red shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Aristeus antennatus) grounds are illustrated. Data were collected during spring and summer 1993. The 130 valid hauls were 3-hour long, and were carried out on various fishing sectors in the 500-700 m depth range; the swept area was around 0.3 km²/haul. Only 14 hauls resulted completely clean; the percentage was 25% when considering “almost clean” hauls. The average count was of 9.9 objects/haul, for a volume of 20.1 dm³. A maximum of 80 items and 400 dm³ of waste volume were recorded in individual hauls. There are some differences among fishing areas; considering the season, summer hauls are cleaner, probably because fishermen had removed (and dumped somewhere else) some litter and the largest fishing impediments. Cans, shoppers and bottles results the most frequent items of anthropic origin. Iron drums and tanks are the most dangerous litter, because their content may cause tinting and soiling of the catch; the stones (“mazzare”) used by fishermen to anchor the “cannizzati” (a fishing aggregating devices), besides representing a hazard for the gear integrity, produce mechanical damages to the catch. While the problem of anthropic waste is not new in the area considered, the Strait of Sicily presents a better situation in respect to other zones of the Mediterranean, and litter does not seem to have a negative impact on red shrimp yields yet. Nevertheless, since the design connotation of the study does underestimate the actual amount of waste on the deep-water grounds, it is evident that the phenomenon can be relevant, representing an environmental treat and an economic damage for the fishermen.

^{(1)Institute of Marine Economics, 8
Gold Lake Road, Qingdao, China}
Tel and Fax +86-0532-5821680
⁽²⁾ Faculty of Applied Sciences, Bath Spa University, Newton Park, Bath, UK
Tel +44-1225-875875 Fax +44-1225-875776
e-mail: a.t.williams@bathspa.ac.uk

Chinese coastal philosophy seeks to preserve its most scenic coasts and islands, while recognising the multiplicity of usage to which coastal and ocean environments are subjected. To date a total of 68 national and local marine and coastal nature reserves have been established. This represents only a very small percentage (less than 3%) of the Chinese coastline and islands to be declared natural conservation sites compared with developed countries, for example, England and Wales, UK, where 33% of the coast has been defined as Heritage Coasts alone.

Monterey Institute of International Studies, 425 Van Buren Street, Monterey, CA 93940 USA Tel +1-831-625 8420 Fax +1-831-625 8412
e-mail: jacksont@pebblebeach.com, delayj@pebblebeach.com

The Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) is part of a marine sanctuary system administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States Department of Commerce. Encompassing more than 5,300 square miles, the Monterey Bay Sanctuary is the nation’s largest marine sanctuary and the second largest marine protected area in the world – after the Great Barrier Reef in Australia.

This paper will highlight some of the extraordinary features of the Monterey Bay region, discuss goals and objectives of the Sanctuary program, and describe how the Sanctuary program is developing cooperative management strategies with the community to establish an integrated coastal management program for the region.

The MBNMS is unique in many ways. Designated as a marine sanctuary in 1992 for its pristine waters and abundance of wildlife, the Monterey Bay Sanctuary is fortunate to possess one of North America’s largest submarine canyons – an area so rich in diversity that it serves as habitat to hundreds of marine species. The MBNMS is also one of the most scenic places in the United States, making it an attractive destination for thousands of visitors each year. Unfortunately, as the human population increases, so do the demands on the coastal zone and Sanctuary resources.

The mission of the Sanctuary program is to manage and protect the natural resources within its boundaries so that the region’s ecological and cultural integrity is preserved for present and future generations. Specifically, the four goals of the Sanctuary program are 1) resource protection; 2) research; 3) education, and 4) managing multiple-use. The MBNMS strives to accomplish these goals by working closely with the local communities in a way that builds communication and cooperation. The Monterey Bay Sanctuary would never have been established was it not for remarkable citizen involvement and regional political support. As a result, the public shares in resource management decisions through the Sanctuary Advisory Council.

The Sanctuary Advisory Council was established to advise and assist the Sanctuary manager in making decisions that affect the marine environment. Composed of individuals representing the various constituencies of the MBNMS, the Sanctuary Advisory Council serves as a forum for the public to provide input to the Sanctuary program. Over the years, the Council has helped the Sanctuary pursue solutions to multiple-use conflicts, enforcement issues, permit processing, and various aspects of water quality. The Sanctuary Advisory Council is supported by working groups dedicated to resource protection, research, and education.

The MBNMS also spearheaded the development of a comprehensive Water Quality Protection Program for the Monterey Bay region. The effort is a partnership between Federal, State, and local agencies, along with several public and private groups. The purpose of the program is to enhance and protect water quality in the Sanctuary and its watersheds.

The MBNMS has fostered and earned the public trust. The Sanctuary currently enjoys the support of a general public that is engaged and informed about marine issues. Moreover, previously antagonistic groups are now cooperating to find solutions to problems such as regulating vessel traffic and kelp harvesting in the MBNMS. Equally important is that the Sanctuary and other marine related programs are strongly supported by an educated contingent of politicians at the local, regional, State, and Federal levels.

By adhering to the basic tenants of Integrated Coastal Management (ICM), the MBNMS is facilitating a powerful and responsive method of government; thus, ensuring the protection of precious Sanctuary resources for present and future generations.

University of Akdeniz, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
Tel +90-242-2274560 / 336 Fax +90-242-2274564
e-mail: v.cesme@agric.akdeniz.edu.tr

Enclosed with three seas, Turkey has an important potential for coastal and marine protected areas. Protection of natural areas has been carried out since 1956 when the Forestry Law no: 6831 defined the category of national parks. Actually, seven types of protected areas are created under four different laws. However, there is no category named "coastal and/or marine protected area" in the existing legislation. Some protected areas of coastal and marine character have been created not especially for this purpose, but as an extension of terrestrial protected areas. The development of coastal zone management and related topics in the country from the 1990 onwards created a positive atmosphere for the establishment of "true" coastal, particularly marine protected areas. But, some problems in relation to their establishment and management need to be solved.

Middle East Technical University, Informatics Institute, 06531, Ankara, Turkey
Tel +90-312-2103746 Fax +90-312-2103745 e-mail: cgencel@ii.metu.edu.tr

The aim of the present study is to develop a Geographical Information System Database to facilitate a more integrated and better-informed approach for the environmental management of Köyceğiz-Dalyan Specially Protected Area, Turkey. The system developed will seek to answer questions to support the decision making process by means of analysis functions. It will also provide the users with the monitoring of the implementation of master plans in the area, and of the urbanization process along the coast, the updating of the plans, and further development of the Coastal Geographical Information System Database.

SOGREAH, 6 rue de Lorraine, 38130 Echirolles, France
Tel +33-4-76 334000 Fax +33-4-76334322 e-mail: arthur.degraauw@sogreah.fr

The present paper goes into the details of the following issues and ends up with some new ideas about the way harbour structures were built in ancient times:

Choice of site. A port is not built simply anywhere. It forms an interface between the land and sea and its location depends on traffic in these two areas and on certain natural conditions.

Overall layout. The layout of a port depends on navigation conditions (winds and waves) and on the types of ship that use it (sailing ships, galleys). The size of the ships defines the acceptable wave-induced disturbance and the possible need to built a breakwater providing protection against storms. The number of ships using the port defines the length of quays and the area of the basins required.

Harbour structures. The ships' draught defines the depth at the quayside and thus the height and structure of the quay. Locally available materials (wood, stone, mortar) and construction methods define the specific structures for a region and historical period.

^{(") Centre d’Océanologie de Marseille,
C.N.R.S. et Université de la Méditerranée, Service d'Observation et UMR-CNRS
DIMAR (n°6540)}
Station Marine d’Endoume, 13007 Marseille, France
Tel +33- 491-041643 Fax + 33- 491-041635 e-mail: younes@com.univ-mrs.fr & romano@com.univ-mrs.fr

Alexandria with its famous Light House (PHAROS) and its library suffered series of tectonic instabilities and mostly disappeared through its subsidence. Series of recent underwater discoveries revealed the importance of these sites. In addition, these reference submerged sites can provide a scientific and historical knowledge about the natural processes and man-made impacts through the different eras. Submarine archaeological and historical surveys took place to investigate these sites. Besides, several punctual oceanographic studies had been performed in the coastal and offshore waters of Alexandria. The data obtained from previous studies showed that these precious sites are suffering from risks of deterioration as a result of the increase degradation of the coastal water quality (YOUNES, 1997 & YOUNES et al., 1997). The rapid urbanization, overpopulation and continuous wastewater dumping in Alexandria coastal waters which contains most of the submerged ruins necessitate a special strategy to observe and monitor the sites in order to manage this valuable economic and touristic resource. A quick intervention with the aid of the concerned national and international scientific organisms is the only way to implement durable measures for the sustainable protection and preservation of these sites. This could be done by applying simple and low cost technologies as well as setting-up a small scale periodical survey (punctual multidisciplinary studies and monitoring) coupled with large scale screening strategy.

(1) Oonishi Othigun Ehime-Pref. 799-2205 Japan Tel +81-898-532313 Fax +81-0898-534320 e-mail: ons-fuji@opost1.netspace.or.jp

^{(2) 3 Bunkyo-cho Matsuyama-city Ehime-Pref.
790-0826 Japan}
Tel +81-0899-9279307 Fax +81-0899-9279314 e-mail: shimojo@ll.ehime-u.ac.jp

^{(3) Park House Higashinakano #022 1-53-11Higashinakano
Nakano-ku Tokyo 164-0003 Japan Tel +81-3-33668788 Fax +81-3-33668737}
e-mail: QYL02655@niftyserve.or.jp

The Myokensan No.1 keyhole-shaped tumulus in Miyawaki, Oonishi, Ehime Prefecture, has been developed as a landmark in the Fujiyama Cultural Park. We would like to take this ancient tomb which was built at the beginning of the 4th century, as an example of how preservation and management of ancient sites can be incorporated in coastal development.

The Myokensan tumulus located at an important point on the Seto Inland Sea is a keyhole-shaped burial mound constructed in the earlier Tumulus Period. Interdisciplinary excavation was carefully carried out to find out the whole structure of the tumulus.

With the introduction of advanced technology, improvement works of the ancient site accomplished its purpose. Conserved and restored Iko or remains are now open to the public.

Studying "kansei the technology of emotion" which is a concept recently proposed in Japan, we produced and laid out kansei information in the urban space so that people could feel their land closer to them. We are confident that we could create an environment to provide nostalgic kansei information, which is unique to the Park.

^{(1)Society for the Protection of Nature,
PK 971 Sirkeci 34436 Istanbul, Turkey}
Tel +90-212-5282030 Fax +90-212-5282040 e-mail: atila.uras@dhkd.org

⁽²⁾Teget Architecture, Kuloğlu Sokak 4-1 Çankaya Ankara, Turkey
Tel +90-312-4270732 Fax +90-312-4283312 e-mail: tegetmim@turk.net

Due to its bridge-like geographical characteristic between Europe and Asia, Anatolia had been the homeland of many civilisations. The Anatolian Coast was used to be the most important transportation route as a result of the trade among those passing and neighbouring civilisations. The archaeological studies has shown that the maritime transportation states back to the Early Bronze Age through the oldest known shipwreck from 4,000 BCE to light in Uluburun, Ka? on the coast of Southwest Anatolia.

It is known that there exists more than one hundred ancient towns and harbours along the Anatolian Coast. In addition to these harbours, the geography of the Aegean Coast offers thousands of natural shelters. Cruising between these harbours and shelters, the lighthouses had been the most important "road signs" in the ancient times.

In this study, the history of the lighthouses in the Mediterranean is summarised and some of the most important ancient Anatolian Lighthouses and coastal settlements are presented, considering their importance in the nautical history as well as the history of maritime transportation.

University of Portsmouth, Flat 3, 17 Nelson Rd, Southsea, Portsmouth PO5 2AS, Hants, UK
Tel +44-1705-737820 e-mail: lcm80146@port.ac.uk

This paper examines the potential benefits of eco-tourism for sea turtle protection schemes and local livelihoods. Tourism is a highly valuable economic asset for every country in the world. It has special importance for developing and semi-developed countries as one of the main earners for their economy. This work analyses the importance of the tourist industry for coastal communities and identifies the problems between this industry and designated areas (Med. Marine turtle protection schemes). This work uses a case study from Turkey (Patara turtle nesting beach) to demonstrate the potential ecotourism uses of the area and its potential benefit for the local livelihood. The paper concludes that ecotourism can be used as a tool to achieve community development and sea turtle protection in an integrated way but it should structured carefully and should be planned ahead to achieve its goals and it also should be designed with the full participation of the public and interest groups in the particular area. It should be managed at local level and also be concerned with global issues. Managing of ecotourism also requires an integrated approach.

Underwater Research Society - Mediterranean Seal Research Group(SAD-AFAG) Aegean Programme, P.O. Box 12, 35680 Foça, İzmir, Turkey
Tel and Fax +90-232-812 3062 e-mail: sadizmir@rocketmail.com

The Central Aegean Project for the conservation of the Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus based in Foça, which has been operating since July 1993, offers the possibility of joining the project as a volunteer. This provides nature enthusiasts with an opportunity to become involved in conservation and research projects. By supplying manpower as well as a financial contribution, volunteers can play an important role in such projects. In the Central Aegean Project, volunteers participate in research and public awareness activities, and assist in the processing of data. Accommodation, group size, working schedule, guidance and the appointment of a responsible person to care for the volunteers' needs are some of the most important aspects to be considered by the project team. Financial aspects also require consideration, such as calculating the financial contribution required in order to meet various costs incurred, including accommodation, transport, fuel, cleaning, photocopying, and other activities. Between July 1993 and November 1998, 55 Turkish and foreign volunteers joined the project and participated in its activities, 40 of whom paid a total participation fee of 14,792 US Dollars. By involving volunteers in public awareness activities a total of 14,854 people in Foça could be reached and informed. If a programme can be run according to several clear guidelines, with a motivated team and a sufficient budget, a volunteer programme can be beneficial for conservation projects. On the other hand, it should be noted that working with volunteers is a time consuming process.

Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Architecture, 35230 İzmir, Turkey
Tel +90-232-464 81 05 Fax +90-232-464 80 63 e-mail: ozunal@sinan.arch.deu.edu.tr

This paper is a re-evaluation of government incentives on tourism sector from 1963 on wards. It tries to show whether official initiatives have achieved certain goals on tourism or not. For the purpose of this paper, statistics of the Turkish Ministry of Tourism has been considered and data related to licensed accommodation establishments especially between 1993-1997 have been manipulated and interpreted. In Turkey, major efforts towards the promotion of tourism dates back to 1963 with the establishment of the Ministry of Tourism and the sector has been encouraged through policies, laws and legislation, foreign capital investments and Tourism Master Plans. Total number of beds in licensed accommodation units increased from 79,000 in 1977 to 550,000 in 1997. In the same year number of licensed accommodation establishments reached to 3335 and yacht companies to 170. Between 1993-1997, foreign arrivals more than doubled (9.4 million in 1997). However between 1981-1995 a total of 175 tourist facilities have had foreign investment and 74% of these were made in accommodation.Moreover balance of payments in tourism sector reached to US$3,455,000 in 1994. As main destinations of the Turkish Mediterranean, arrivals to Antalya and Muğla increased by three times between 1993 and 1997, and reached to 3.5 million, while arrivals to Muğla more than doubled (1.4 million). Hotels attracted the highest number of visitors, followed by holiday villages and boarding houses. At present there are 694 licensed accommodation establishments in Antalya and Muğla providing a total of 290.000 bed capacity. Although there is a serious concern to diversify tourism activities, Turkish Mediterranean still offers greater opportunities for tourism.

(1) M&999 Co., Bulgarian Coastal Association, 63-a, Vladislav Str., 9000 Varna, Bulgaria Tel +359-52-250058 Fax +359-52-256701
e-mail: bcamil@mbox.digsys.bg

^{(2) Moscow State University of Technology
"STANKIN", 3A Vadkovsky line, 101472 Moscow Russia Tel +7-095-9729483 Fax
+7-095-9733189}
e-mail: ikantar@sec.ru

Bulgarian Black Sea coastal area is very important sector of Bulgarian economy. From geographical point of view, Bulgarian coastal zone is situated at the middle latitudes and due that has the mild continental climatic conditions. The coastline is comparatively straight one, the underwater relief is characterized by mild bottom slopes, but the shore is quite varied – lowlands, plains, dunes, benches and steep rocky cliffs. The golden beaches mainly composed of middle grain size sands, and favorable summertime wave climate supplies good conditions for developing of coastal tourism for a time period of about 110 days per year.

Nowadays at the Bulgarian coastal zone the interests of almost all-economic branches are focused. There are two main coastal cities with their industrial areas and commercial ports situated on the Black Sea Coast; they are Varna and Bourgas. Governmental interests in the coastal zone are mainly related with coastal resources exploration, as well as with border security measures.

The coastal tourism in Bulgaria has more than 100-years history. The first sea baths are equipped in 1890. In 1926 about 1,100 foreign tourists visited Varna. But coastal tourism in Bulgaria reaches the international standards and attains importance for the Bulgarian economy in the last 30 years. This result is obtained due to long term and large-scale governmental policy, having in mind that the export potential of country can be really extended by developing of quantitative tourist production.

In the beginning of transitional economy period (i.e. around 10 years ago), the situation with Bulgarian coastal tourism was as follows:

The problems arose find decision in number of measures adopted by Bulgarian Government, local regional administrations, commercial companies – direct or indirect participating in tourist service, and NGOs.

Special attention is paid to the attempts of private tourist company "M & 999" in realization of the new principles of management by children coastal camps. The common features, as well as the specific problems are analyzed in the report in comparison with a model for management of coastal hotel – club, addressed to family recreation.

The children camp "Obzor – Ug" was developed as an international youth and children center, where so cold "all inclusive" kind of service is applying. In organizational work (in comparison with model of hotel – club) the main peculiarity finds expression in existing of a large developed department, named "Educational Activities and Entertainment". The goal of it is to supply various amusements for the guests of children camp in parallel with educational activities, including ecological education.

Common and specific problems and barriers accompany activity of private tourist companies in the years of transitional economy. The decision of few of them was obtained due the establishment of the NGO "Bulgarian Coastal Association" (BCA). Established in 1996, BCA develops the library and database concerning coastal zone management problems. Two international conferences "Port, Coast, Environment" and "Care for nature is care for future population" were held in 1997 and 1998 respectively. The BCA members took part in national and international conferences and "Coastal green school" activities. A handbook for animations in a children camp is prepared. The practical results of BCA elaboration in coastal tourism are implemented in the operation of "M & 999" Co.

^{(1)Coastal and Riverine Research Unit,
School of Applied Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Wales,
UK CF37 1DL}
Tel +44-1443-480480 Fax +44-1443-482285 e-mail: rmorgan@glam.ac.uk
⁽²⁾ Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics, Foundation for International Studies, Univ. of Malta, St. Paul Street, Valetta VLT07, Malta
Tel +356-234121 Fax +356-230551 e-mail: a.micallef@icod.org.mt

Tourism is Malta’s main income generating industry, yet only 2.4% of the shoreline is composed of sandy beaches. Many thousands of coast users rely on rocky shore platforms for sunbathing, relaxation and access to the sea for swimming. Improved management and facilities at such platforms might encourage greater use and relieve pressure on the few sandy beaches. Some previous work has suggested that tourists who now use sandy beaches would be reluctant to switch to using rock platforms but native Maltese coast users might be more willing given good management and a clean, safe environment. A survey of 132 rock platform users (of whom 101 were native Maltese) was conducted during the summer of 1997. Convenience, attractiveness and space were common reasons for visiting these sites. Only a third of users were satisfied with management and most people attached a high importance to this aspect. There was a preference for platforms which had been engineered to smooth them and ease access, but most people wanted quiet locations which were undeveloped or with only basic facilities rather than sites adjacent to towns or resorts. Bathing water quality and rock platform cleanliness were prioritised highly. Low priorities were given to restaurant facilities and nearby car parking. Many opinions and preferences were remarkably similar to those of local users of sandy beaches (as opposed to visiting tourists) surveyed in the Mediterranean and elsewhere. Overall, results suggested that careful environmental engineering and management are to be preferred to large scale commercial development of such locations.

The pressure of human activity on the coastal resources of the Mediterranean and Red Sea are very intense. The Egyptian coasts receive the impact of the major part of the country’s population. The enormous urban population, adjacent agricultural land, extensive development, commercial activities, industrial expansion and tourism all contribute to the pollution load in these coastal areas.

Coastal tourism first developed on the Mediterranean coast for the domestic market. Twenty years ago the Red Sea Coast began to attract international attention among Scuba Divers due to the unique marine ecosystem and coral reefs. The pleasant summer and winter climate, the rich marine environment and the proximity to the tourism markets of Europe have provided an incentive to develop the Red Sea Coast to mass tourism which resulted in massive construction and "Concreting" of the entire coastline.

Tourism increases demands on local infrastructure, transportation, power supply, water supply, wastewater collection and treatment, solid waste disposal, and health care facilities. The remoteness of much of Egypt’s coastline and the incomplete or non-existent infrastructure poses considerable challenges to planners, engineers, tourist investors and the Egyptian Government. Furthermore, the absence of sewage and solid waste management services require the proprietors of these establishment to look at options for on site or collective systems with other establishment in the area.

This mass tourism policy on the Red Sea Coast entails massive environmental problems including improper handling of wastes, underwater discharge of untreated waste water and brine water from desalination plants, or indiscriminate disposal of solid waste, construction waste and garbage into the coastal and marine environment. These have irreversible consequences on the value and attractiveness of this coastal area of outstanding beauty, as well as destroy this unique coastal environment.

This paper explores a new option for coastal tourism and is divided into four parts: The Coastal Area of the Red Sea & Mass Tourism in Egypt, Ecotourism and Eco-lodge Development on the Egyptian Red Sea Coast, The Eco-lodge Concept, site Visit and Field Trip Report of some selected Egyptian Examples of Eco-Friendly Eco-lodges on south Sinai Red Sea Coast.

The field trip report summarized in the poster presentation is supported with extensive photographs focusing on the use of local, eco-friendly, biodegradable material and the preservation and conservation of the natural environment and the local cultural identity.

Hence this paper demonstrates that Ecotourism can be an economically viable alternative for attracting tourism revenue without compromising local community values or degrading the environment. This paper also shows that as ecotourism continues to establish itself in the global economy, and as demand increases for well planned environmentally sound lodging facilities. Eco-lodges are the answer to this demand.

^{(1)Coastal and Riverine Research Unit,
School of Applied Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Wales,
CF37 1DL, UK}
Tel +44-01443 480480 Fax +44-01443 482285 e-mail: RMORGAN@GLAM.AC.UK

^{(2)Landscape and Environmental Research
Group, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, 1018 VZ Amsterdam,
The Netherlands}
Tel +31-20-5257422 Fax +31-20-5257431 e-mail: S.M.ARENS@FRW.UVA.NL

^{(3)Campus Nord - Edif.B1, C. Jordi Girona,
1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain Tel +34-93 4017105 Fax +34-93-4016504 e-mail:}JUNYENT@ETSECCPB.UPC.ES
⁽⁴⁾ Coastal Zone Management Centre, National Institute for Coastal and Marine Management, PO Box 20907, 2500 EX The Hague, The Netherlands
Tel +31-70-3114311 Fax +31-70-3114380 e-mail: F.vdMeulen@RIKZ.RWS.MINVENW.NL

In 1990 the Dutch government decided to stop any further landward retreat of the coastline, using beach nourishment as the principal tool. Nourishment can impact upon beach morphology appearance and other aspects related to beach recreation. This last aspect is of particular importance since the Dutch coast is an invaluable recreational resource, accounting for 30% of all holidays in the Netherlands. In Catalonia, Spain, investigations of beach user perceptions on recently nourished beaches illuminated several reasons for reduced visitor enjoyment. Investigations of Dutch beach user’s attitudes to nourishment were carried out at Callantsoog (Noord-Holland, n = 66) and De Koog (Texel, n = 101). Of those interviewed, 38% were German and the rest Dutch, but few were local residents. Perceived adverse effects of nourishment on beach use and amenity appeared slight. Reasons appear to include the lengthy and extensive public consultation process, the use of a more appropriate grade of sediment for nourishment, the tidal regime which tended to restore a natural profile to the Dutch beaches, the socio-demographics of beach use and public attitudes to coastal defence issues. Findings emphasised the importance of full public involvement in decision-making processes concerning coastal defence and erosion control.

^{(1)Romanian Marine Research Institute,
Dynamic, Engineering and Coastal Management Department, 300 Mamaia Boulevard,
Constanta 8700, Romania}
Tel +40-41-540870 Fax +40-41-831274 e-mail: ccoman@alpha.rmri.ro

^{(2)Coastal and Riverine Research Unit,
School of Applied Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Wales,
UK, CF37 1DL}
Tel +44-01443-482472 Fax +44-01443-482285 e-mail: rmorgan@glam.ac.uk
⁽³⁾ Faculty of Applied Sciences, Bath Spa University College, Newton Park, Newton St. Loe, Bath, UK, BA2 9BN
Tel +44-01225-875452 Fax +44-01225-875776 e-mail: a.t.williams@bathspa.ac.uk

Economic changes on the Romanian Black Sea Coast have combined with natural dynamic factors to produce increasingly obvious negative impacts on the beach environment. These include visible pollution (e.g. litter) and inappropriate construction work undertaken to promote tourism. As a result, Mamaia Beach is now at a critical stage of degradation. Beach user perception studies focusing on environmental quality were carried out at the beach during summer 1998 (n = 100). Most visitors regarded the beach as fair or good overall (77%) and for bathing (79%). Main deficiencies were identified as lack of cleanliness (especially poor sewage treatment and the presence of litter), poor quality facilities and general environmental deterioration. Survey results implied an urgent need for effective beach management and suggested priorities for action. Finance is an obvious pre-requisite for beach quality improvement and the County Council of Constanta (CCC) will establish a littoral tax to be paid by each tourist arriving in Mamaia. Government authorities have designated the CCC as general manager for local tourist beaches (including Mamaia). However, conflict has recently arisen between the Local Council of Constanta (LCC) and the CCC concerning who will manage the tourist beaches. Legal action is currently (mid-1999) under way which is delaying the development of beach management.

^{(1)Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología,
U.N.A.M. Apartado Postal # 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F. Mexico}
Tel +52-5-6225833 e-mail: leonardo@mar.icmyl.unam.mx
⁽²⁾ Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, U.N.A.M. Apartado Postal # 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F. Mexico
Tel +52-5-6225833 e-mail: granados@mar.icmyl.unam.mx
⁽³⁾ Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, U.N.A.M. Apartado Postal # 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F. Mexico
Tel +52-5-6225833 e-mail: solisw@mar.icmyl.unam.mx

The State of Tamaulipas, with a coastal area of over 231 000 Ha and 14.7% of the estuarine areas of Mexico, with large proven natural oil reserves and the largest coastal lagoon in the country (Madre lagoon), is one of the most important States along the Mexican coast in the Gulf of Mexico. However it is also one of the less studied.

The situation of the coastal research in the Tamaulipas Coastal Zone was studied based on an analysis of the existing scientific information compiled until 1997. A total of 233 studies were revised, which included articles published both in refereed and non refereed journals, books, graduate and postgraduate theses, technical reports and congresses’ abstracts. We found that the information is centralized around the principal population centers and at the same sample sites; this has caused wide zones without studies.

According to the environmental description of the Tamaulipas Coastal Zone and the evaluation of coastal natural resources here analyzed, nine conservation priority zones were detected: the Pánuco river delta, the beach and lagoons of Altamira Port, the Madero City beaches, the San Andrés lagoon, the Kemp’s Ridley turtle beaches, the Carrizal river, the Soto la Marina river, the Madre lagoon and the Bravo river.

The main impacts along the Tamaulipas Coastal Zone are related to the presence of big industrial zones, and agricultural, aquacultural, fishing, port and oil activities, in addition to the absence of wasted water treatment plants.

The analyzed information indicates that the region should be subjected to natural resources’ conservation programs, ecological restoration plans and an adequate coastal zone management. The highest priorities should be given to coastal lagoons, estuaries and forests, since those are the main environments where high numbers of animal and plant species are distributed, both from ecological and economical perspectives. As an important part of this investigation, we can confirm the necessity of an Integrated Plan for the Management of the Tamaulipas Coastal Zone whose establishment will completely depend on the creation of a multi- and interdisciplinary commission dedicated to direct, orient and coordinate the activities of the different sectors towards the sustainable development of the TCZ. Important national changes in coastal zone politics are necessary in order to accomplish sustainability. This kind of programs must be revised and applied to the rest of the coastal states.

^{(1)CERCI (a Centre for Environmental
Research into Coastal Issues) Filey Road, Scarborough YO11 2 XF, United
Kingdom}
Tel +44-1723-362292 Fax +44-1723-370815 e-mail: jeanpaul@ucscarb.ac.uk

^{(2) CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique), Laboratoire Maritime, 54 rue du Dr Charcot, 14530 LUC/MER,
France}
Tel +33-231-967311 Fax +44-231-360101

The environmental quality of estuaries and coasts was considered through examples taken from the baie de Somme, the baie des Veys (English Channel - north western France) and the Yorkshire coast (North Sea - Northeast England). The bio-geomorphological approach was adopted. It relies upon the study of the macrobenthic fauna and flora as biological indicators, in soft substrates as well as on rocky shores, in conjunction with the measurement of environmental parameters.

This experimental approach in coastal ecology dealt with the study of intertidal population and community dynamics. In this context, the paper discusses the notions of dynamic equilibrium and biological diversity. These concepts were applied in the framework of a multi-scale approach. The multi-scale approach is dependent on the understanding of environmental conditions, which affect competition hierarchies. The notion of disturbance is then considered and discussed. The quality of ecosystems is postulated to reside in their integrity.

The paper further explores how science and management may be reconciled. It introduces new plans for future research and their possible implications. It then focuses on actions needed for the promotion of integrated coastal zone management. Great Britain and France are considered as case studies and new actions at European level are proposed.

^{(1)CERCI (a Centre for Environmental
Research into Coastal Issues), Filey Road, Scarborough YO11 2 XF, United
Kingdom}
Tel +44-1723-362292 Fax +44-1723-370815 e-mail: brians@ucscarb.ac.uk

^{(2)CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique), Laboratoire Maritime,54 rue du Dr Charcot, 14530 LUC/MER,
France}
Tel +33-231-967311 Fax +44-231-360101

Scientific information on the evolution of coastal systems was needed because they are very sensitive to changes in any natural processes. They are heavily impacted by human activities and some disturbances affect the coastline dangerously. Research programmes on estuaries along the French coast of the English Channel have been carried out since 25 years by a research team named G.E.M.E.L. (Groupe d'Etude des Milieux Estuariens et Littoraux). They applied a morpho-sedimentary approach to understand those ecosystems better. The same methodology has also been applied to the North-East coast of England (Yorkshire coast and Humber estuary) by CERCI (a Centre for Environmental Research into Coastal Issues) and to the Irish coast (Bertra Strand, Westport) in the 1990s.

Water Quality Bureau, Environment Agency Government of Japan
Tel +81-3-55218319 Fax +81-3-35931438 e-mail: YOSHIAKI_ASANO@eanet.go.jp

The Seto Inland Sea is the largest semi-enclosed sea in Japan and blessed with scenic beauty and abundant fishery resources. The sea has been suffering from the environmental deterioration, such as frequent occurrences of red tide, in particular during the high economic growth period in Japan between 1960 and 1975. Although the various measures of the Environment Agency of the Government of Japan have resulted in the great improvement of the environmental situation concerning the occurrences of red tide, the area of reclamation and so on, problems of current measures have been identified: achievement of environmental quality standards of water has not been improving very much recently; valuable natural environments such as seaweed beds, tidal flats and natural seashores were reduced.

Therefore, the Seto Inland Sea Environmental Conservation Council has submitted to the Environment Agency the advice of the new measures for environmental conservation and restoration of the Sea. The Environment Agency is going to take new measures based on this approach which consists of the three key words "Strengthening of Conservation Measures", "Development of Measures to Restore Favorable Environments Damaged" and "Promoting Wide-Ranging Cooperation and Participation."

The People's Alliance to Protect the Environment of the Seto Inland Sea,3-15 Higashinakano-cho, Akashi City, Hyogo 673-0886, Japan
Tel +81-78-9121193 Fax +81-78-9120700 e-mail: QWTO35 30@nifty.ne.jp

Legislation intended to conserve the environment of the Japanese Inland Sea was enacted some 25 years ago. Nevertheless, even though the law declares the importance of protecting the Inland Sea from pollution, many instances of serious destruction of nature have occurred in subsequent years. Now, it is imperative to ensure that the Inland Sea environment is conserved in accordance with the principles of sustainable development and the evolution of a sustainable society. It is also important that residents of the region be given a voice in decision-making.

^{(1 WL | Delft Hydraulics. PO Box 177,
2600 MH Delft, Netherlands}
e- mail: jentje.vdweide@wldelft.nl

^{(2)Coastal Zone Management Centre, National
Institute for Coastal and Marine Management (CZMC/RIKZ), Ministry of Transport,}

^{(3) Institut National de Recherche Halieulique,
INRH, 2 Rue de Tiznit, 20000 Casablanca, Morocco}
⁽⁴⁾ Hydro-engineering Institute, Fac. Of Engineering. 1 Stjerana Tomica Str., 71000 Sarajewo, Bosnia-Herzegovina
⁽⁵⁾ Institute of Regional Planning, Urban Development and Construction, 74 Chavchavadze Ave. Tbilisi, Georgia

Sustainable development of a coastal zone requires information on the potential for economic development and on the environmental quality of that area. Cendrero & Fisher (1998) developed a rapid assessment method to quantify the potential for economic development and for the environmental quality. The method is based on the identification of a series of characteristic parameters used to describe different environmental and economic components. The environmental components involve aspects of nature like for example: air, water, terrestrial biota, geological and topographic features. The economic parameters include antropogenic aspects such as population density, land-use, land-ownership, public recreation facilities, building type and density. The value for the total area is found as a weighted average of the values for all parameters.

As part of the MEDCOAST summer course on ICZM, this method was applied to assess the environmental quality of two coastal wetlands in southwestern Turkey with entirely different environmental and economic characteristics: Dalyan and Dalaman. For each of the two areas, values for the environmental quality and the economic development potential have been computed in a semi-quantitative way. Values for both areas were plotted in a so called "conservation value/development potential" diagram. The method can be applied in two ways: to assess the base line situation and to compare potential future development strategies. The present position of Dalyan and Dalaman areas in this diagram gives the base line situation and reflects the differences in coastal planning and management. With help of the diagram options to increase environmental quality and improve sustainability in the areas can also be evaluated provisionally, by comparing the position for potential future development strategies.

The paper focuses on the first application and schematically illustrates the second application. Recommendations for improvements of the method are given. A GIS based software package was developed to facilitate the computation of the environmental quality. (COZMIS-VALOR)

University of Çukurova Faculty of Fisheries, 01330, Balcali, Adana, Turkey
Tel +90-322-3386084 / 2961 Fax +90-322-3386439 e-mail: kuleli@pamuk.cc.cu.edu.tr

Society for the Protection of Nature (DHKD), PK 971, Sirkeci, İstanbul, Turkey
Tel +90-212-5282030 Fax +90-212-5282040 e-mail: tuncay.kuleli@dhkd.org

The principle objective of the Coastal Management and Tourism in Turkey Project is to secure sustainable development and the conservation of biodiversity and natural resources in selected coastal areas of Turkey.

Two coastal sites in Antalya, southern Turkey, with different experiences of tourism - large scale and small scale, have been selected. A process towards inter-sectoral ICZM, under WWF-DHKD initiative and with World Bank funding, was started at one of the sites in 1995 for the first time in Turkey. This unique development must be supported to ensure the continuation of the process. Successful pilot examples may constitute attractive models for other cases in Turkey and, indeed, elsewhere in the Mediterranean.

The expected results are: participatory formulation and the officialization of ICZM plans at both sites, establishment of inter-institutional coordination bodies with local participation, improved capacity of local communities for sustainable development, conservation of biodiversity, establishment of monitoring systems, and the enforcement of national and international legal commitments for the protection of the coast. The Turkish Government will also benefit from model planning experiences providing solutions widely applicable to other similar areas.

DHKD prepared a proposal to the European Union Life Programme, EU-DG XI / LIFE-Third Countries with the support of the Turkish Ministries of the Environment, Culture and Tourism and it was approved and financed at the end of 1996. The project covers the period between 1997-2000.

With participation and support by communities and authorities at the local, regional, and federal level, the project purpose is to implement ICZM plans in two model areas along the Turkish Mediterranean coast with different tourism development experiences; and to promote improved enforcement at the federal level of national and international legal commitments vis-à-vis protection for the Turkish coast. There are three specific objectives to achieve the project purpose: To implement and monitor a Management Plan at a large-scale tourist development area (Belek). To promote environmentally and socially sound development through integrated planning, traditional and alternative economic activities and nature protection in a small-scale tourist destination (Cirali). To disseminate results from Belek and Cirali in order to promote legal enforcement and regulatory development at the national level. Cirali Physical Plan: The Cirali Physical Plan is an integral part of the Cirali Coastal Management Plan. An agreement was constituted on priority of the Cirali Physical Plan and principally the support provides by these ministries who are the authorities for the approval and implementation of the plan. Belek Management Plan (BMP): BMP was revised with the relevant parties, completed and printed in English. A brochure that gives the summary, objectives and proposals produced by BMP was published in Turkish in October 1997.

R&D Division, Tecnomare SpA, San Marco 3584, 30124, Venezia, Italy.
Tel +39-41-796711 Fax +39-41-796800 e-mail: capobianco.m@tecnomare.it

Technology is considered as a tool to increase the number of available options and to enlarge the freedom of action of Society to achieve certain objectives. One of such objectives, nowadays, is sustainable development of the coastal zones. However it appears that, even in situations where an attempt for integrated management is made, the role of technologies is not adequately considered. In fact, it is rather easy to forget that a true integration requires the understanding of how a technology mutually interact with the surrounding environment (natural and social). The present paper summarises the analysis of the Role and Use of Technologies in Relation with ICZM undertaken in the context of the EU Demonstration Programme on ICZM. Reference is made to those aspects that constituted the analysis.

^{(1) Tecnomare S.p.A., R&D, Environment,
San Marco n. 3584, 30124 Venezia, Italy. Univ. of Twente, Civil Eng. &
Manag., P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. Tel +39-041-796711
Fax +39-041-796800 e-mail:}capobianco.m@tecnomare.it

^{(2) University of L’Aquila, Department
for Engineering of Structures, Water, and Soil, Monteluco di Roio, 67040
L’Aquila, Italy.}
Tel +39-0862-434504 Fax +39-0862-434548
⁽³⁾ Regione Abruzzo, Public Works Sector, Portici S. Bernardino n. 25, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy. Tel +39-0862-646266 Fax +39-0862-420506

With the present paper we report on an on-going effort to develop a framework for Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the Regione Abruzzo, Italy. We particularly recall the idea of shaping existing "tools" to support decision making processes in the coastal zone. Reference is made in particular to EIA and SEA and to the idea of using the management structure defined by ISO14000 as a reference for organising an Environmental Management System for the coastal zone of Regione Abruzzo. We do not examine here all the elements and the activities of the RICAMA Project, rather we introduce those elements which are more characterising for structuring an ICZM framework for the Regione Abruzzo.

DHV-Consultants, Tacis Black Sea Environmental Programme, KrasnayaUl. 19, 350063 Krasnodar, Russia European Union for Coastal Conservation,
P.O.Box 11232, 2301 EE Leiden, The Netherlands
Tel +31-592-341131 / +7-8612-685645 Fax +7-8612-685645 e-mail: rieks@wxs.nl / rieks@online.ru

Integrated Coastal Zone Management in countries with lacking legislation needs an alternative approach to direct development towards sustainability. It is important to set a descent basis for it by creating firm instruments, which can be implemented on short term on local and regional level. A Coastal Code of Conduct and a basic, environment based spatial planning system or functional zoning system is two of these instruments.

Both are directed towards sustainable development, support policy development and integrated decision making on local level and at the same time they offer alternative approach for implementation of policy.

Department of Environmental, Coastal and Ocean Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA 02125-1060, USA
Tel +1-617-2877440 Fax +1-617-2877474 e- mail: g3131mguo@umbsky.cc.umb.edu / mguo@cs.umb.edu

With respect to Integrated Coastal Management (ICM), what powers, capacities and management resources does each level of government have? What roles should each level of government play? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each option? These are among the most important questions ICM planners should answer. To learn from the past international ICM experiences, the author has compared ICM practices of over 40 coastal nations that have ICM programs, focusing on the relationship between national and subnational governments with respect to ICM. Three models of intergovernmental relationships have been derived from this study.

The paper aims at focusing on the prospect of diffusing management patterns on the regional (multi-national) scale. In this view, first the conceptual approach to how "regional scale" and "ocean region" may be intended is presented, and the different approaches to management according to whether the ocean is sub-divided into marine areas or regions are discussed. Then attention shifts to ocean regions, considering how they may be designed by referring to the ecosystem. The attempts, due to the use of Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) concept, and those due to conventions and approaches from UN inter-governmental organisations, are considered to see how the ecosystem can achieve a key role for ocean governance. On the basis of the political approach designed by the UNEP Regional Seas Programme, focus is centred on the role of the geographical coverage of the regional action plans, and its consistency with the need to carry out efficient ecosystem management is discussed. Analysis is associated with that of the approach to the regional scale of ocean management from the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (adopted in 1982, and came into force in1994). As a conclusion, a set of concepts and principles are presented with the aim of designing possible bases for policy implementation to the regional approach to the ocean assuming the ocean ecosystem as the main reference component of the ocean system.

Enosh Systems Ltd, 4 Afek Street, Neve Ne’eman, Hod Hasharon, 45241 Israel
Tel: + 972-9-7611111, Fax: + 972-9-7611110 e-mail: nosh@netvision.net.il

The policy document, developed at the request of the Ministry of the Interior for the Mediterranean coastal waters of Israel, is described. This unique method for determining policy guidelines for managing Israel’s coastal waters has several innovative features, including multiple uses for coastal waters; treating the strip of land adjacent to the water and the water up to 10 meters deep as one entity requiring common treatment; and offering a range of intervention levels for any geographic cell in that strip.

Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
Tel +90-312-2102037 Fax +90-312-2101245 e-mail: gunes@metu.edu.tr

The Turkish Straits, being one of the most important routes for international navigation, have been the concern of many states, particularly the major maritime powers of the world, with respect to their military and commercial interests. The international regimes established to regulate the navigation through this unique maritime passage, have been shaped beginning from 1774 Küçük Kaynarca Peace Agreement which is concluded in between Turkey and Russia, up to 1936 Montreux Convention on Straits. The long experience with regard to 1936 Montreux Convention has established a clear regime for passage of vessels through the Turkish Straits, but not surprisingly, contains no articles with regard to environmental protection. According to Montreux Convention, Turkey guarantees nearly complete freedom of passage and navigation of the ships in spite of the considerable environmental risk they pose throughout the Straits. The significant increase both as to amount and the tonnage of the ships, especially the accidents caused by the oil tankers threatens the environmental security of the Turkish Straits and presents an adverse impact both on the inhabitants and the environment considerably. As a response to this situation, Turkey adopted the "Maritime Traffic Regulation for the Turkish Straits and the Marmara Region" in 1993 which came into force on 1 July 1994, with the aim of ensuring the safety of navigation, life and property and to protect the environment throughout the Straits, in accordance with her international obligations under Montreux Convention. Considering inadequacies of this regulation, the Turkish Government has adopted a new regulation, which abrogates the former one in November 1998. (Karar Sayısı: 98/ 11860, Karar Tarihi: 8.10 1998, Resmi Gazete, Tarih: 6 Kasım 1998, Sayı: Mükerrer 23515) The 1998 “Maritime Traffic Regulation for the Turkish Straits" is enforceable by November the 6th 1998.(article 53 of the 1998 Regulation) The purpose of this paper is to provide an insight into the legal standards of navigation in the Turkish Straits under the relevant international conventions and the corresponding national legislation.

Faculty of Economics, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima-city , 730-0053 Japan Tel +81-82-542-6991 Fax +81-82-249-4991
e-mail: toda@ipc.hiroshima-u.ac.jp

The aim of this paper is to review an industrial development construction and discuss the environmental impacts caused by this development after World War II around the Seto Inland Sea in Japan. The Seto Inland Sea is a typical enclosed ocean in the world and various kinds of drastic change related with coastal development have brought about serious environmental problems.

Member of the People’s Alliance to Protect the Inland Sea Area 28-22, Nagaoka 1-choume, Nagaokakyo, 617-0823, Japan
Tel +81-75-9555267 e-mail: kaya@mtc.pref.kyoto.jp

An application of the market economical technique to the environmental conservation is expected as one of the ways to change our economical society system to ecology conscious one in the long run. In Japan, there are not so many market economical techniques in effect at the moment, the pollution impact surcharge to compensate for physical damage, the special airport landing fee according to the loudness of each aircraft, some favorable treatments in tax for low-pollution cars or putting collection/processing charge on general wastes in some local governments, and there is still no measure to protect closed sea areas. In future, it is needed to clarify above-mentioned assignments on the environment to get residents' understandings and consensus.

Department of Social Informatics, Faculty of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Tel +81-75-7533136 Fax +81-75-7533133
e-mail: ueda@bre.soc.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp

This paper estimates the environmental value of the Ise Bay, the largest closed inner bay in Japan by contingent valuation (CV) survey with computer aided telephone interview system (CATIS). CV is one of a few ways that can evaluate the non-use values. CV asks individuals of their willingness to pay (WTP). The results are as follows: (1) The median value of WTP is 1823 yen/year/person, about 15 Euro/year/person and the aggregate WTP is 16. 160 billion yen/year (130 million Euro/year) among people in two coastal prefectures. (2) The WTP of inhabitants in coastal area (2352 yen/year/person, about 19 Euro/year/person) is higher than that of inland (1536 yen year/person, about 12 Euro/year/person). (3) This can be compered with valuation of Fujimae Tidal, which is placed on Ise Bay.

^{(1)Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of
Architecture, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, 35230, Alsancak,
Izmir, Turkey}
Tel +90-232-4648105 Fax +90-232-4648063 e-mail: ozunal@sinan.arch.deu.edu.tr

^{(2)Bath Spa University College, Faculty
of Applied Sciences, Newton Park, Bath, UK Tel +44-1225-875875 Fax +44-1225-875776}
e-mail: a.t.williams@bathspa.ac.uk

This paper describes the results of a study analysing the rational for beach visits together with the public valuation of beaches in the Çe?me Peninsula for the year 1998. A total of 120 questionnaires were applied to residents of ?zmir, the main town in the region. Results showed that Ilıca, Altınkum, Ayayorgi and Altın Yunus were the most popular beaches visited on the peninsula. Cleanliness of bathing water, cleanliness of beach, scenery and adequacy of beach facilities were among the main reasons of visit. The majority of people disliked litter and noise, followed by lack of facilities and dog’s mess. Lack of parking space also ranked relatively high. More than half of the respondents were not concerned with coastal erosion but 79% were concerned with litter. The discharge of domestic refuse to the sea and lack of environmental awareness in people, beach users and boaters, were found to be the main reasons of litter accumulation. Sixty seven percent of respondents were willing to pay an extra amount to see the beaches improved. While 20% would like to pay more than £1 per adult visit, half of the people surveyed had a willingness to pay of £0.76 per adult. The average figure was found to be £0.89 per adult visit. Thirteen percent of the respondents were unwilling to pay any extra amount. The preferred mode of payment was by an entrance fee followed by honesty boxes or taxation.

Estonian Institute of Economics at Tallinn Technical University, 7 Estonia Avenue, 10143 Tallinn, Estonia
Tel +372-6 455770 Fax: +372- 6455770 e-mail: yllase@tami.ee

In this paper the Author analyse management and possibilities for economic and ecological valuation of use and non-use values of coastal and riparian seminatural grasslands in Estonia. Both monetary and ecological evaluation of use and non-use values are an important tool to ground on expenditures for nature protection and biodiversity. The paper consists of three parts. In the first part the Author give a review of seminatural riparian and coastal grasslands in Estonia. In the second part the management of seminatural grasslands is observed and management costs are established. In the third part the structure of values and environmental services produced by seminatural grasslands are given. Some use and non-use values are established in monetary terms. Non-use value of Estonian seminatural grasslands is estimated using people’s willingness to pay.

^{(1)Ministry of Science and Technology
of the Russian Federation, 11, Tverskaya Str., Moscow 103905 Russia}
Tel +7-095-2290282 Fax +7-095-925-9609 e-mail: mikhaylichenko@minstp.ru
⁽²⁾ Russian State Hydrometeorological University, 98, Malookhtinskiy Ave., Saint Petersburg 195196 Russia Tel and Fax +7-812-2242155
e-mail: plink@ocean.rshmi.spb.ru

A progress of ICM training and education efforts in Russia, as well as the first training course on ICM in country's higher school system is considered in this paper. The teaching experience in ICM of the Russian State Hydrometeorological University, as well as a role of the field studies conducted under the Baltic Floating University facilities are discussed.

^{(1)University of Maryland Center for Environmental
Science, Cambridge, Maryland, 21613, USA Tel +1-410-228 9250, ext. 608}
Fax +1-410-228 3843 e-mail: bell@ca.umces.edu

^{(2)Northern Middle School, 2354 Chaneyville
Road, Owings, Maryland, 20736, USA Tel +1-301-855 5636 Fax +1-410-257-162}
e-mail: atwilliams@mailcity.com

Research and monitoring activities conducted in conjunction with programs for the environmental management of enclosed coastal seas are potential sources of data and authentic information for science, mathematics, and technology education. The challenge is to assist school teachers to access, understand, interpret, and apply this information for use in "hands-on" classroom and field curricula. Faculty at coastal marine laboratories can help by mentoring teachers through specially arranged research internships. We describe a teacher internship program offered by the University System of Maryland that has enabled us to link Chesapeake Bay research with middle school science education. The research experience also prepares teachers to understand and apply the increasingly rich new resource of authentic data being posted to the Internet by coastal seas program managers and scientists. We use examples downloaded from Chesapeake Bay research and monitoring Internet pages to show how such data can be used to teach the principles of estuarine circulation and physical oceanography. We conclude that more teachers would use this exciting new resource if the data were specially interpreted for their use and organized to meet the science and mathematics learning standards of their school systems. Coastal seas programs have the potential to change the way young people learn science, mathematics, technology, and environmental stewardship worldwide, and school teachers are an under-used professional resource for achieving this goal.

^{(1)University of Maryland, Center for Environmental
Science Horn Point Laboratory, P.O.Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA Tel
+1-410- 2218419}
Fax +1-410-2218490 e-mail: murray@hpl.umces.edu

^{(2)Stephen Decatur Middle School 9815
Seahawk Road, Berlin, MD 21811 USA}
Tel +1-410- 6412846 Fax +1-410- 6413274 e-mail: chambers@shore.intercom.net

The Maryland Coastal Bays are a group of five shallow water estuaries under pressure of residential and commercial development. Associated with this development is the potential for eutrophication of the bay waters and subsequent deterioration of habitats sensitive to poor water quality, e. g. seagrass beds. We developed an "early warning system" for eutrophication by exploring the relationship between water quality and epiphytic mass on natural and artificial substrates at various sites in the Coastal Bays. A strong correlation was found between epiphytic colonization on natural and artificial substrates and historic water quality data. The first phase couples science with teacher education by providing a summer research internship for a public school teacher from the local area. Working directly with the scientists, the teacher learned sampling techniques, computer skills, and data analysis.

In the second phase, students used this technique to monitor streams within the Coastal Bays watershed. They placed artificial substrates in tidal creeks of the Coastal Bays. A correlation was then made between water quality and the colonization on the substrates following the method explained above. Students applied authentic scientific methods and procedures in their study of aquatic ecology and human impacts. As a multi-discipline component, students wrote an article for public dissemination regarding their work.

This two-phase project can serve as a model for other research centers where scientists can work with teachers during the summer months and teachers can, in turn, apply the knowledge back to the classroom.

Maryland Sea Grant College, 0112 Skinner Hall, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA Tel +1-301-4056377 Fax +1-301-3149581
e-mail: greer@mdsg.umd.edu

During the summer of 1997 fears raised by an outbreak of toxic dinoflagellates in the Chesapeake Bay — specifically Pfiesteria piscicida — drove down seafood sales and caused public concern that at times appeared to border on panic. Scientific experts and governmental officials attempted to calm public worries, making reassuring statements that seafood was not tainted, and that the public had nothing to fear. These early statements were often heard with considerable skepticism, and resulted in accusations from fishermen and others that the government was withholding information or not taking the issue seriously.

Both scientists and governmental agencies became frustrated at the public's inability to "hear" them, and at the apparent ability of the popular press and television to capture public attention and arouse widespread concern.

The case of Pfiesteria serves to illuminate several key points about the difficulty of communicating science to a broad public, or to be more precise, a range of publics. Communications theory (cf. Grunig, 1997) holds that one-way, or "asymmetrical," communication often employed by governmental or corporate press agents does not go very far toward establishing trust or even effectively presenting information. A "symmetrical" approach to communicating with key publics, on the other hand, has a much better chance of benefiting from established relationships and leading to a genuine exchange of information.

Using the Chesapeake Bay as a case study, this paper explores the ways in which scientific experts and governmental agencies often fail to consider who is listening to them and how; and suggests ways of establishing more effective communications through the building of trust and confidence by developing more meaningful relationships and by openly sharing information and concern with key publics.

Göteborg University Marine Research Centre, P.O. Box 460, SE-405 30 GÖTEBORG, Sweden Tel +46-31- 7734724 Fax +46- 31-7734839
e-mail: roger.lindblom@matnat.gu.se

The VIRTUE project is a co-operation between the universities in Maryland (U.S.A.), Bergen (Norway) and Göteborg (Sweden). VIRTUE stands for Virtual University Education. The project is funded by the Wallenberg Foundation (a total of 5 million USD for five years). Detailed information on the project can be found at the web address http://www.umbi.umd.edu/virtue/

The Swedish part of VIRTUE is joined by a similar project directly targeted to teachers and classes. This latter project is funded by the National Agency for Education, Sweden (25,000 USD for one year).

The VIRTUE project includes science projects (Scientific Committee), curricula development for graduate and undergraduate students (Curricula Committee), further education of teachers and classroom exercises for students (Public Outreach Committee).

During the spring of 1999 teachers from all three countries met in Maryland to discuss a common marine project, suitable for students at the upper middle and high school levels. They agreed to start with biofilm and bio-fouling. Acrylic discs (or CD discs) are submerged into the water at different locations and will be left there for a number of weeks. During this time environmental factors will be measured. As the discs are brought back to the laboratory the amount of biofilm/fouling is studied. In Maryland the Scitech Centre has since before a web site dedicated to a biofilm and a biodiversity project (http://www.virtue.uib.no/magazine/UPDATES/biofilm.html). This site will be extended and used for the VIRTUE project.

Making environmental observations in different parts of the world also means that you must have a common method for measuring the parameters and a common protocol to fill in. We have therefore investigated the resources of the participating schools have and found that parameters like salinity, temperature, pH and visibility depth can be measured quite easy.

In the autumn of 1999 students in all three countries will start to use the discs. They will share and discuss their findings with each other by means of Internet, e-mail and videoconferences.

The project is unique in its multi-disciplinary approach. Students will assess the information they collect (what is growing on the discs and why, what are the differences between different geographical locations etc.) using skills and knowledge from several disciplines, including biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, geography, and English (for Swedish and Norwegian students). The Norwegian Vannprogrammet (the Water Program) will be responsible for helping to co-ordinate the responses by building a dedicated database for the project. They have ten years of experience of web based databases used by schools.

Project participants are especially interested in using distance education technology to create a virtual international classroom in which the results of actual research can be used in science education. Coastal seas are a rich source of such authentic material that can be shared by students and teachers in schools around the world. We describe here a pilot project for this new way of teaching.

Atlantic States Legal Foundation, 658 W. Onondaga Street, Syracuse, NY. 13204-3757, USA
Tel +1-315-4751170 Fax +1-315-4756719 e-mail: ASLF@IGC.APC.ORG

Technical Assistance Grants or TAGs are an effective means of involving the public in highly complex and not easily comprehended environmental clean up and restoration programs. This paper describes the process used in the US under the Superfund program and our experiences with it.

Gebze Institute of Technology Environmental Eng. Dept.Çayırova Campus 41400 Gebze Turkey
e-mail: cyatmaz@usa.net

The recent developments in the information technologies, such as Internet, have made innovative positive effects for searching information in the environmental science and engineering. Huge amount of information is now available globally for environmental scientists. This study has been carried out to evaluate information resources on the Internet for coastal, ecological and related environmental sciences. The research is based on data and document resources, code of government and agency regulations, extensive list of links to web sites, search engines, Usenet groups, book and journal publication lists, societies and associations, governmental and company organizations, companies and different initiatives. Although these resources are not substantial and specific yet like classical libraries, but the current developments on the Internet are growing so rapidly that the resources are becoming globally more and widely available. However, the growing rate is so fast that links, addresses and their contents are updated on weekly or monthly bases.

Faculty of Engineering Yamaguchi Univ., Tokiwadai Ube 755-8611, Japan
Tel +81-836-359434 Fax +81-836-359429

Recent data shows that household, industry and other non-point sources contribute 43, 30 and 27 percent of TOD load respectively to representative enclosed sea areas in Japan. Most of the load relates to our dietary life.

The structural cause of eutrophication is that N, P cycle of food has changed to be largely opened by the input of imported food and feed and use of chemical fertilizer. The self-supply rate of food decreased from 48% 1970 to 32% 1990 as for N and from 46% to 29 % as for P in Japan. Dependence of chemical fertilizer was 45 % for N and 59% for P in 1990.

From the budget of N, P in farmland, 596×103 tones of N equivalent to 44% of input should be denitrified, and 391×103 tones of P equivalent to 77% of input should be accumulated in soil. Correspondingly, the contents of available P in farmland soil show clear increase. N contents are not changed remarkably, and the concentration of nitrate in groundwater has been already saturated in many cases.

To solve eutrophication problems, we should reconsider agriculture and our dietary life. The fundamental countermeasure is to reduce the input of N, P from outside, and keep our own farmland and agriculture so as to receive organic wastes soundly.

^{(2)Kyushu Univ., Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku,
Fukuoka 821-8581 Japan e-mail:}thonjyo@agr.kyushu-u.ac.jp

According to the industrial development along the coast of the Seto Inland Sea, the Sea had suffered from eutrophication aggravation associated with heavy red tides outbreaks from 1960’s. A large-scale red tide occurred in 1957 in the western bay due to Gymnodinium mikimotoi. Chattonella spp, which was furious in fin fish culture fields from 1969 to 1987, killed nearly 25 million yellow tails and cost about \20 billion. Recently Heterocapsa circularisquama has appeared and caused severe damages to pearl oyster and oyster culture.

In 1976 about 300 cases of the outbreaks of red tides were reported in the Seto Inland Sea but now decreased to nearly 100 cases. Heterosigma akasiwo and Noctiluca sintillans still appear on a considerable scale but the fisheries damages have remarkably decreased. It seems to be due to the various countermeasures implemented by the Environment Agency and the Fisheries Agency of Japan.

^{(1)Research Institute for Applied Mechanics,
Kyushu Univ., Kasuga, 8168580, Japan Tel +81925837932 Fax +81925837492}
e-mail: tyanagi@riam.kyushuu.ac.jp

^{(2) Faculty of Applied Biological Science,
Hiroshima Univ., Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan}

Fish catch per unit area per year of 20.6 ton/km2/year in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan is the largest in the semi-enclosed coastal seas in the world. However, the fish catch in the Seto Inland Sea has decreased after 1986 mainly due to water pollution and over-fishing. On the basis of interdisciplinary study carried by not only physical, chemical and biological oceanographers but also engineers, economists and lawyers, we have proposed some measures in order to develop sustainable fisheries in the Seto Inland Sea.

Atlantic States Legal Foundation, 658 W. Onondaga Street, Syracuse, NY. 13204-3757, USA
Tel +1-315-475 1170 Fax +1-315-475 6179 e-mail: ASLF@IGC.APC.ORG

This paper provides an overview of the Canada-United States Great Lakes management regime. It then describes and analyzes specific efforts to halt damaging practices and to restore the basin’s ecological integrity. The purpose of this analysis is to enable citizens and governments to evaluate these institutional arrangements as a possible model for cooperation in the Black Sea Basin and other areas.

^{(1)School of Law, University of Valencia,
Campus Tarongers s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain Tel +34-96-3828668 or 3828551
Fax +34-96-3828552}
e-mail: Valentin.Bou@uv.es

^{(2)General Directorate of EIAP &
Planning. Turkish Ministry of Environment Eskisehir yolu 8 km. 06530 Ankara,
Turkey Tel +90-312-2879963/4324}
Fax +90-312-2852910 e-mail: arzu_nuray1@yahoo.com

This paper is devoted to comment the characteristics of the environmental legal protection of the Black Sea (BS) region. In its first part, we shall examine the different characteristics of regional legal approaches all over the world dealing with environmental protection of semi-enclosed or closed seas. Subsequently, our attention will be focused on the environmental protection of the BS region, analysing first the main features of the BS regional co-operation in marine environmental affairs and second the environmental legal protection of the BS region.

Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
Tel +90-312-2102037 Fax +90-312-2101245 e-mail: gunes@metu.edu.tr

The shipping related activities pose significant environmental problems in the Black Sea environment, which necessitates international environmental cooperation. As a response to this, the Black Sea littoral states have initiated a series of regional action to prevent, alleviate or eliminate the negative impacts of rapidly increasing vessel traffic. The 1992 Bucharest Convention, its additional protocols and the 1996 Black Sea Strategic Action Plan (BS-SAP) provides the regional legal framework for this cooperative action. Apart from these regional regulations, global conventions which aim to improve safety at sea and to protect the marine environment, such as 1972 London Dumping Convention and its 1996 Protocol, 1973 MARPOL Convention and its 1978 Protocol, related articles of the 1982 UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea), 1990 International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation do have applicability either in full sense or partly in the region. The purpose of this paper is, to make an overview to the adverse environmental impact of the shipping related activities which is continuously expanding with the increasing transportation of the Caspian oil through the Black Sea and the corresponding regional efforts and international legal regulations which aims to respond the environmental concerns for the region.

International Consultant on ICZM, Rendiceva 24, 21000 Split, Croatia
Tel +385-21-343499 (PAP/RAC) Fax +385-21-361677 (PAP/RAC) e-mail: apavasov@ppa.tel.hr

The paper presents the findings of the National Black Sea ICZM Policies and Strategies for Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russian Federation, Georgia and Turkey, and of the Regional Black Sea ICZM Policies and Strategies, prepared during the 1997-8 period, within the GEF Black Sea Environment Programme (GEF BSEP). The author has been involved in the preparation and implementation of the action as the responsible international consultant. The action has been implemented within the BSEP ICZM component, co-supported by the UN Office for Project Services (UNOPS). The documents on ICZM Policies and Strategies were formulated on the basis of results achieved previously by that component.

The document briefly illustrates the hitherto achievements of the ICZM related activities, the institutional and organizational framework of the action and the methodology and procedure applied.

Main elements of the Regional ICZM Policies and Strategies, elaborated by the BS ICZM Activity Center in Krasnodar, Russian Federation, as well as of the 6 National BS ICZM Policies and Strategies, prepared by selected teams of authors, are presented and commented.

Finally, the author presents its comments and opinion on present problems related to the implementation of the ICZM process in the region, and proposals for a successful implementation of ICZM Policies and Strategies adopted.

BSEP - Activity Centre on Development of Common Methodologies for ICZM, 350063 Krasnodar, Russia
Tel and Fax +7-8612-685645 e-mail: iczm@mail.kuban.su

The ecological situation and analysis of ICZM problems within the Black Sea coast of Russia are observed in this article. The new TACIS program tasks are presented. That program is expected to test the methodology of a land use planning in the pilot region of Gelendzhik resort. At the moment the methodology is developed by the Russian specialists.

^{(1)Inst. for Environmental Strategies,
POBox 1575, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria Tel and Fax +359-2-435290 e-mail:}borisova@aster.net

^{(2)Inst. for Environmental Strategies,
1, Ivan Asen II Str., 1124 Sofia, Bulgaria Tel and Fax +359-2-435290 e-mail:}dax@mbox.cit.bg

The Danube forms the common border of Bulgaria and Romania for a stretch of about 400 km. The population of the Bulgarian Danube Region is about half a million. The Region is a priority area for environmental improvements and subject of a number of international agreements and cross-border cooperation initiatives between Romania and Bulgaria.

Danube Region municipalities face severe problems in municipal solid waste management (MSWM). MSWM is operated with obsolete and high cost techniques, landfills do not meet environmental standards and are a major source of pollution, (including of groundwater and surface water resources, and thus of the Danube itself). Waste minimization and reprocessing and recycling of waste are activities to be yet started. Cooperation between municipalities is a requirement for cost effective MSWM and for modern regional landfill operations, but is as yet not practiced. Investments funds are scarce and the Association of Danube River Municipalities wishes to develop opportunities for private sector participation in the modernization of MSWM.

^{(1)WL|Delft Hydraulics, P.O. Box 177
2600 MH, Delft, The Netherlands Tel +31-15-2858585 Fax +31-15-2858582}
e-mail: nicki.villars@wldelft.nl/ tjitte.nauta@wldelft.nl
⁽²⁾European Investment Bank, 100 boulevard Konrad Adenauer, L-2950 Luxembourg Tel +352-4379-2723 Fax +352-4379-2860
e-mail: m.huesken@eib.org

When a new wastewater treatment plant is to be constructed or an existing treatment plant is to be upgraded in a coastal city, a number of main design questions arise concerning the system: What level of treatment (e.g. primary, advanced primary, secondary/biological, advanced nutrient removal) should the new/upgrade plant have? What sort of outfall should there be (e.g. simple pipe or multiport diffuser)? Where should the outfall be located (distance from shore, depth)? The Framework for Coastal Discharge Assessment, as described in this paper, is a PC-based system designed to support in the decision making process. It provides a structured approach for assessing the wastewater management options, consisting of a set of linked ‘steps’ to be followed. It contains background information and data on various aspects of wastewater characteristics, wastewater treatment, outfalls and water quality criteria, and provides the possibility for performing screening calculations for near-field and far-field pollutant dispersal, as well as an initial costing calculation. All results are assimilated into a predefined report format, which can be further edited to result in a ‘bankable’ report describing all relevant aspects of a coastal outfall.

^{(1)VKI, Institute for the Water Environment,
Agern Allé 11, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark Tel +45-45-16 92 00 Fax +45-45-16
92 92 e-mail:}aje@VKI.DK
⁽²⁾ University of Alexandria, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, P.O. Box 832, 163, Horreya Avenue, Chatby 21526, Egypt Tel +20-3-42 25 007
Fax +20-3-42 15 792 e-mail: igsr-alx@frcu.eun.eg
⁽³⁾ COWI, Consulting Engineers and Planners AS, Parallelvej 15, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark Tel +45-45-16 97 22 11 Fax +45-45-97 22 12 e-mail: erp@COWI.DK
⁽⁴⁾ MLK FYN, Environment and Food Agency, Lille Tornbjerg Vej 24, DK-5220 Odense SØ, Denmark Tel +45-65-56 56 12 Fax +45-65-56 56 99
e-mail: fb@mlk-fyn.dk

^{(5) Environmental Information and Monitoring
Programme, EEAA Building, 30 Misr Helwan St., Maadi, Egypt Tel +20-2-525
6442/47 Fax +20-2-525 64 67 e-mail:}eimp@intouch.com

The marine water sampling programme designed for the whole Egyptian coast, covering the Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Suez, the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba has now compiled data obtained since March 1998. This environmental data sampled on a continuous basis has provided information on the environmental condition in coastal areas of Egypt including the Mediterranean Sea. The programme as presented at MEDCOAST97 (Jensen et al., 1997) is designed to focus on measurements of basic parameters, bacteriological and eutrophication parameters at 83 selected stations every second month. On the Mediterranean coast, 45 stations have been carefully selected taken into consideration existing data and focusing on sources of pollution from industrial and urban areas, major tourist resort areas and outlets from the river Nile.

The results from the first year show that high levels of both nitrate-nitrite and reactive phosphate are found around most major outlets in the Alexandria region as well as around the outlets from the river Nile and associated lakes and drainage systems. The concentrations of nitrate-nitrite were in general low in regions west of Alexandria and east of Port Said where impacts from land pollution sources remain relatively low. The highest concentrations of reactive phosphate were measured at El-Mex (2.6 (M/l with annual average at 1.1 (M/l) and close to the sewage outlets from Alexandria (NIOF - 2.8 (M/l with annual average at 0.9 (M/l). These high levels reflect presumably discharge of sewage whereas the high concentrations of nitrogen compounds may reflect run-off from agricultural areas. The highest concentrations of ammonia are found in areas with both increased levels of nitrate-nitrite and reactive phosphate.

The biological response to the described nutrient parameters is found in observations of high levels of chlorophyll-a at several stations with sewage or drainage outlets. The average concentrations of chlorophyll-a are between 8.8 – 20.9 µg/l at El-Mex, NIOF outlet, Eastern Harbour, Abu Qir Bay and Port Said with occasional peaks up to 65 µg/l at Port Said. These levels are an indication of occurrences of phytoplankton sometimes reaching a level considered as blooms. These areas have throughout the year general high concentration of nutrients. From Biatch and westwards the concentration of chlorophyll-a is in general at a much lower level due to the reduced number of freshwater and sewage outlets.

The results of the bacteriological examinations (E.coli, total coliforms and Faecal streptococci) show a seasonal pattern with increased levels in July-August due to high recreational use of the coastal area in this period. Several of the popular beaches exceed slightly the EU-standard for acceptable bathing water quality. The level of bacteria increases dramatically from El-Mex and around the inner part of Alexandria harbour to levels between 10.000 to well above one million bacteria/100 ml.

The present programme is intended to run for several years with annual adjustments.

^{(1)Department of Civil Engineering,
Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, JapanTel +81-6-6879-7613 Fax +81-6-6879-7616}
e-mail: nakatsuj@civil.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp

^{(2)CTI-Engineering Co., Osaka Branch,
1-2-15 Otemae, Osaka540-0008, Japan Tel+81-6-944-7747 Fax +81-6-944-7761}
e-mail: n-yamane@osaka.ctie.co.jp

The rapid industrialisation and urbanisation in Osaka Bay Area have produced many serious water pollution problems since the 1960s. A symbolic phenomenon is the increase in the occurrences of red tide. The present study collected and analyzed water quality data in Osaka Bay for the past 70 years, and also social and economic information such as population, livestock, fertilizer, industrial product and so on. A comparison of time changes of observed water qualities with estimated pollution loads discharged from land is examined. The cut-off reduction of pollution loads produced immediate results for the recovery of water quality in Osaka Bay. The time changes of COD and phosphorus between observed data and estimated loads demonstrate similar tendency after 1970s; however, there are delays of four or five years. This shows that the circulation system of each substance may play important roles on the long-term fluctuations in water qualities. Finally, numerical experiments using ecosystem model are conducted under the conditions of estimated pollutant loads and the different lay of reclaimed land in the past 70 years, in order to quantitatively evaluate the impacts of past coastal development on the time change of water qualities. This attempt can be considered as 'post-environmental assessment', in contrast to weell known environmental impact assessments which are performed beforehand.

Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, 35340 İnciraltı, İzmir, Turkey
Tel +90-232-278 51 12 Fax +90-232-278 50 82 e-mail: director@imst.deu.edu.tr

Due to the rapid increase in population density and industrialization, İzmir Bay has become increasingly polluted, especially during the last three decades. The pollution intensity in İzmir Bay decreases gradually towards the opening section of the bay allowing its other parts to retain a level of biological richness that is almost as high as in previous periods. The reduction of biological diversity, periodical red-tide events and the monotonous species distribution of marine fauna and flora in the Inner Bay are the consequences of this ecological destruction. The inner part of İzmir Bay has been a focus of concern in the whole Mediterranean since 1960, at which time a rapid increase in pollution has begun to be observed, From this point of view, it is a subject of high priority regarding the environmental protection in Turkey. Many natural and anthropogenic fluxes that determine the ecological state of the bay have been recognised. They are given as follows:

a) Loads originating from domestic wastewater produced by a population of approximately 3 million people,

d) Loads brought by the precipitation on the urban area and the catchment basin of the bay,

e) Loads originating from the chemical compounds used in agriculture such as, pesticides, natural and artificial fertilisers which are washed out from the surface and carried by the drainage waters of agriculture activities in the basin of the bay,

Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology has monitored the present situation in ?zmir Bay since 1994. ?zmir Metropolitan Municipality has supported this monitoring project since 1996.

The objective of this project is to collect monthly data such as; CTD, nutrients, TSS, plankton, macrobenthos, heavy metals in the sediments and organisms, faecal coliform. These data are required for the recovery and prevention of pollution in the bay, which is an important resource as a consequence of its economical, commercial, cultural and recreational potential. This database has also been serving as a basis for the ecological model studies.

DAR-German Environmental Consultants, Augustaanlage 59, D-68165 Mannheim, Germany Tel +49-621-41894/0 Fax +49-621-41894/40
e-mail: dar-international@t-online.de

The city of Fethiye, one of the tourism centres of Turkey, has been identified as one of the top-priority regions where the development of tourism is off balance regarding environmental pollution of the receiving bodies such as rivers, drainage channels and the sea. This paper shall illustrate the interrelation between the determination of a sustainable environmental engineering solution for the wastewater treatment in Fethiye and the given natural conditions and institutional, financial and political constraints that are typical for coastal zones. The selection of engineering options for wastewater treatment technologies in competition will be done with due regard to the specific oceanographic conditions in the Fethiye area, the requirements of institutional strengthening and the adjustment of tariffs for water supply and wastewater services in order to secure local finance as well as project implementation and operation.

Foundation for Environmental Education in Turkey (FEEE-Turkey) GMK Bulvarı, No: 121/22, 06570, Tandoğan, Ankara
Tel +90-312-2323096 Fax +90-312-2290613 e-mail: turcev@escortnet.com

Blue Flag Campaign in Turkey has been carried on by Foundation for Environmental Education in Turkey (FEEE-Turkey) since 1994. The campaign aims sustainable use of coasts by awarding clean, safe, good managed beaches and marinas and by forcing local authorities to hold environmental education activities.

The main criteria of the campaign for beaches are the compliance of seawater quality with guide values of European Commission Bathing Water Directive. This compliance is monitored by forthnightly sampling and analysis for three microbiological parameters in bathing season. These three parameters are namely Total coliform, Faecal coliform and Faecal streptococci.

Bathing water quality monitoring of Turkish Coasts is performed by Ministry of Health for Blue Flag Campaign via a special protocol with Ministry of Tourism.

In 1998, number of sampling points at Turkish Coasts increased to 422. 58% of these points were properly sampled with sufficient frequency. Bathing water quality results shows that 87% of sampling points with sufficient frequency at Turkish coasts comply with the mandatory values whereas 47% of these points comply with the guide values mentioned in European Commission Bathing Water Directive.

^{(1)Mech. Eng. Res. Lab., Hitachi Ltd.,
502, Kandatsu, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan Tel +81-298-324111 Fax +81-298-328229}
e-mail: saho@merl.hitachi.co.jp

^{(2)Chugoku National Industrial Res.
Ins., Hirosuehiro 2-2-2, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan Tel +81-823-721934 Fax
+81-823-733284}
e-mail: yamaoka@sniri.go.jp
⁽³⁾ Hiroshima Fisheries Exp. Station, Hatami 6-21-1, Ondo, Aki, Hiroshima, Japan Tel +81-823-512171 Fax +81-823-522683
e-mail: cbj64880@pop02.odn.ne.jp

To improve water quality, a superconducting-magnet filtration system for removing phytoplankton has been developed. A prototype batch-type system with a small superconducting magnet with a center magnetic field of 1.0 T cooled by a helium refrigerator, removed more than 92% of three kinds of red-tide phytoplanktons at a flow velocity of approximately 360 m/hour.

An imposed system using a continuous superconducting-magnet filtration system consisting of a split magnet with a helium cooler, a reciprocating main magnetic filter, and a rotating sub magnetic filter removed phytoplankton from lake water by attracting coagulated magnetic flocks to magnetic filaments. The filters can be continuously cleaned and regenerated under low magnetic fields while flocks are being separated under high magnetic fields. This system removed more than 93% of the phytoplankton from the lake water at a flow rate of 400 m3/day.

^{(1)Faculty of Environment and Resource
Studies, Mahidol University (Salaya Campus), Putthamonthon, Nakornpatom
73170 Thailand}
Tel +66-2-4410211-6 Ext. 131 Fax +66-2- 4419510 e-mail: enspo@mahidol.ac.th

^{(2) Ministry of Science, Technology
and Environment, Yothi Rd., Payathai, Bangkok, Thailand Tel +66-2- 2457799}

Pi Pi, a small island with highly dense tourists in Andaman Sea, has face with shortage of fresh water supply and salt intrusion in groundwater, which is the main source of water, uses. The island is naturally formulated by limestone and classified as marine karst, which is geographically known as difficulty in water resource development. Also, the mountainous area of the island covered by a variety of plant species has been announced as national park where it seemed to be sensitive for ecological collapse caused by tourism development, especially salt intrusion problem. Such problem tended to be more concerned with regard to the increasing number of tourists particularly during peak season in each year. Thus, a feasibility study on the utilization of reverse osmosis (R/O) technology for pipe water supply project in Pi Pi was carried out in 1995. A U.S. product of R/O. from a company in Thailand was used as reference model in terms of cost and techniques.

The inlet site of seawater was selected from 3 alternatives concerning water quality and avoidance of coral disturbance. The plant site, including mainly on buildings, pre-treatment system, storage tanks, R/O. system and power generator was planned to locate at a small hill on the shoreline approximately 1 km. away from the inlet site due to geographical conditions and the agreement of land owner towards the project. The estimated capacity of 300 cu.m. /day of fresh water supply with continuous distribution system covered the whole increasing demand of the target service area throughout the project’s lifetime. The brine which concentrated 47 p.p.t. of salinity with estimately 8 litre per sec. of flow rate from the production process was planned to discharge at the turbulence site with 8 distributed points in order to be naturally diluted rapidly. Also, 89% of the tourists, 98% of local people and 100% of related tourism businessmen agreed with the proposed project.

Considering financial feasibility analysis, the project would require US. $ 522,954 as investment or fixed cost together with US. $ 81,760 per year for operation cost. With regard to 5 years of the project’s lifetime at discount factor (D.F.) 15% and US. $/cu.m 2-3.2 for water consumption of less than 30 to more than 90 cu.m. per month as progressive rate for service prices, payback period would be 3.7 years, benefit-cost ratio (B/C) 1.26, net present value (NPV) + 133,322 and internal rate of return (FIRR) 18.28%. The project can be finally concluded as moderately feasible. It is suggested that the practical project will not only solve shortage of water supply but also protect salt intrusion caused by existing overuse of inland water.

^{(1)M.E.C.C.-Marine&Land Engineering
and Consulting, Via Swinburne 10/3, I 16148 Genova Tel and Fax +39-010-394633
/ Çilek Sok., Deniz Apt., 12 A, 81060 Caddebostan, Istanbul}
Tel and Fax +90-216-4113704 e-mail: mecc.cav@pn.itnet.it

^{(2) Via Nemorense 81, I-00199 Roma Tel
+39-06-8607798 Fax +39-6-86205572 e-mail:}ingmar@evolutionweb.it

^{(3) Comunità Montana Elba e Capraia,
Portoferraio (LI) Tel +39-167-432565}
⁽⁴⁾Geosystem Parma srl, via F.lli Bandiera 5, I 43100 Parma
Tel +39-0521-994050 Fax +39-0521-986268 e-mail: geosystem.caminelli@rsadvnet.it

The existence and the safe operation of any submarine pipeline shall be guaranteed by periodical surveys to ascertain their conditions.

One of the main problems, particularly evident for the long lines, is the possibility of performing reliable inspections without spending an extremely long diving time. Inspections performed by divers do rarely supply full and exact information, and, moreover, are consuming time and money.

The paper illusstrates the equipment and methodologies of the survey and its results.

^{(1)Akdeniz University, Faculty of Eng.,
Environmental Eng. Dept., Antalya, Turkey}
Tel + 90-242-3232365 Fax +90-242-3232362 e-mail: muhammetoglu@usa.net

⁽²⁾Middle East Technical University, Civil Eng. Dept., 06531 Ankara, Turkey
Tel +90-312-2105437 Fax +90-312-2101412 e-mail: abdalla@metu.edu.tr

An integrated water and wastewater project has been initiated in 1996 to protect the water quality of both drinking and seawater of Antalya City (Turkey). The wastewater disposal system within this project consists of preliminary treatment units and a rather long outfall pipe discharging in rather deep water. Further treatment is planned through secondary and tertiary units at a later stage. This outfall system is described and discussed. Various aspects of its environmental impact are further discussed to draw several recommendations to reduce any possible future adverse impacts.

^{(1) Yıldız
Technical University, 80750, Istanbul, Turkey Tel +90-212-2597070 Fax +
90-212-2596762 e-mail:}yalcin.yuksel@yildiz.edu.tr

^{(2) M.E.C.C.-Marine&Land Engineering,
Genova, Italy - Istanbul, Turkey}
Tel and Fax (I) +39-010-394633 (TR) +90-216-4113704 e-mail: mecc.cav@pn.itnet.it

The present paper examines the aspects of the pipeline’s and surrounding bottom’s stability not only in the light of theory and of the latest studies on the bottom movements, but also in relation to design, construction and maintenance problems that may derive to the sealines from the marine environmental characteristics. It also stresses the need for a better characterization of the marine parameters, through well-aimed surveys or through an attentive evaluation of the available statistical data, and enforces the opportunity of a multi-disciplinary approach to the sealine design.

The paper intends to give to the marine engineers some hints for a safer sealine design, in order to decrease the risks to the line itself and to the surrounding environment, by covering an essential section of the sealine technology i.e. the "Stability".

We take the occasion just to mention the more ambitious and complete program of establishing design, construction and monitoring guidelines, at present under development through the combined efforts of TECHWARE’s "Sea Outfall Specialist Group" and of other international partners and for which it is expected to receive contributions from all interested organizations.

Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Department, Hydromechanics Laboratory, 06531, Ankara, Turkey Tel +90-312-2105450
Fax +90-312-2101262e-mails: cpolat@metu.edu.tr / sahnaz@metu.edu.tr / ger@metu.edu.tr

Unless a control is established upon the disposal of wastes, the ecological-cycle is in great danger of being irreversibly disturbed. The multi-port diffusers, which produce a high initial dilution, are used very widely and efficiently, and they yield greater assurance to satisfy the limiting conditions dictated by regulations. The near-field dilution of an effluent discharged from a submerged diffuser is greatly related to the jet characteristics. Therefore, the accurate design information on the energy losses and the flow distribution of a multi-port diffuser is very important. Small differences from the estimated hydraulic characteristics may cause great deviation on the system efficiency and the overall performance.

In this experimental study, the performance of the ports of a multi-port diffuser is related to the discharge and form loss coefficients. The effects of the port spacing, the port location, the port diameter and the submergence of the diffuser on the discharge coefficient and the form loss coefficient are investigated. The ports are located either on one side or both sides or alternately. The port spacing is varied from three pipe diameters to a very large distance, nominally infinity.

Coastal Research Station, 26548 Norderney, Germany
Tel. +49-4932-916-0 Fax. +49-4932-1394 e-mail: info.crs@t-online.de

Many salt marshes along the German North Sea coast experience erosion. Counter-measures are necessary for the purpose of flood defence, because the foreland in front of the sea-dyke is valuated as part of the coastal defence system. On the other hand, the salt marshes are part of the ‘National Parc Wadden Sea’ and shall be preserved as a natural ecosystem. The concept of nature preservation aims to promote the dynamics of the natural processes, but also asks for erosion control and enhancement of salt marsh accretion. There are different techniques available to defend erosion. In general, the responsibility for flood defence leads to arguments for solid constructions, whereas nature preservation asks for ‘soft’ solutions. The ‘groyne field technique’ is principally suited as a compromise. This technique traditionally uses natural material, and it has been extensively applied in the tidal flat areas of the Southern North Sea for land reclamation in the past. The constructed groyne fields support the accretion of fine material in the higher parts of the tidal flats. This effect leads to a smooth transition zone between the salt marsh and the lower parts of the Wadden Sea.

The application of the techniques is nowadays based on long-term experiences as well as on results of research. The existing knowledge allows a judgement on the success with respect to the natural conditions of a specific location and provides design rules for the groyne field system and the maintenance-procedure. The technique is also of interest for wetlands, salt marshes along non tidal waters. Experiences drawn from the Southern North Sea can principally be transferred to other locations with comparable natural conditions.

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Facoltà di Ingegneria, Firenze, Italia
Tel + 39-55-4796224 Fax +39-55-495333 e-mail: aminti@dicea.unifi.it

Groins are widely used all over the world as effective structures for beach protection against erosion. In Italy there is an increasing attention to submerged groins because of their reduced environmental impact. A condition for the good performance of these structures is a limited tide excursion, as it is verified in the Mediterranean Sea. Design criteria to define the optimum groins length, spacing and submergence are mainly based on empirical relationships, usually obtained from laboratory investigations or field practice. Mathematical models can help to understand the interaction of these structures with currents and sediment transport. This paper reports the main results obtained for various geometrical layouts using a numerical model solving the 2DH depth integrated flow equations for the description of the nearshore currents field around the structures. The calculated wave field takes account of the combined effects of refraction, reflection and diffraction. The sediment transport calculations as well as the morphological short-term variations around the structures are then carried out. A parameter giving the mean velocity reduction with respect to the unprotected situation is shown to be a good one to assess the efficiency of each layout. As a result it is shown how the geometric parameters of a submerged groins system (submergence and length of groins, distance among them) influence the good performance of each protection scheme.

Executive Engineers, Coastal Unit, Public Works Department, 2048 Lefkosia, Cyprus Tel +357-2-806620-22 Fax +357-2-498934
e-mail: xenia@logos.cy.net / pwd@cytanet.com.cy

In the recent decades the traditional ¨mild¨ uses of many coastal areas have been heavily modified. Economic development and competing demands pose an increasing pressure on this vulnerable and fragile narrow strip, the coastal zone. This pressure results in a series of problems, one of them being coastal erosion.

When it comes to the micro-scale of a small island like Cyprus, where practically the largest part of the island's area can be considered as coastal zone, the problem of coastal erosion becomes vitally serious.

Six years of field measurements, systematic monitoring, collection of historical data, analysis and research proved that recent coastal erosion in Cyprus is almost entirely caused by human activities. River damming, beach mining, construction of coastal structures, sea-front urbanization and others are the major reasons for the morphological disturbances of the coastal zone of the island.

Considering Cyprus as a typical example of a small island country under heavy exploitation of the coastal area during the last decades, this paper presents the methodology applied to recognize and identify the problem of coastal erosion, the results of this work and the measures which have been taken for shoreline management and erosion control. Case studies from selected coastal areas in Cyprus are presented and discussed.

Swansea Institute of Higher Education, Mount Pleasant Campus, Swansea, UK
Tel +44-01792-481106 Fax +44-01792-651760 e-mail: m.phillips@sihe.ac.uk

Penarth is a volatile beach, which consists predominantly of limestone cobbles overlying marl bedrock. Changes in coastal processes along this length of the coastline have been characterised by loss of beach covering and exposure of marl bedrock. Consequently sea defences have needed strengthening and there has been an increased incidence of flooding. In 1997 the establishment of a 750m baseline together with a 0·72 Ha area along the foreshore enabled the identification of a change in sediment movement from a net northward to a net southward longshore drift. The timescale of change appeared to coincide with the partial completion of the Cardiff Bay Barrage. Further monitoring in April 1998, indicated a worsening situation with an average fall in beach level of 0·139m and an average loss of beach material of 50 kg/m2 (maximum values exceeded 0·500m and 150 kg/m2 respectively). However, in September 1998, further monitoring once again showed a reversal in the net longshore drift. Between April and September, average beach levels rose by 0·077m with an average gain of beach material of 165 kg/m2 (maximum value 195 kg/m2). The causes of these changes are as yet uncertain. Anthropogenic activities such as the Barrage construction and dredging have remained virtually unchanged over the monitoring period. Therefore, it appears unlikely that these are significant. Weather patterns are changing and waves arriving from slightly north of the perpendicular to the beach contours can produce a southward drift. The effects of global warming are uncertain and more research needs to be undertaken before the erosion at Penarth can be specifically attributed.

DEU, Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, İnciraltı 35340 İzmir, Turkey
Tel: +90-232-2785083 e-mail: eronat@imst.deu.edu.tr

Long sandy beaches and a low wave and tidal energy regime characterize the Altınova portion of the Aegean coastline. Despite the low average energy of the Altınova shores it is highly dynamic, changeable and subject to erosion. The problem of coastal erosion, along the Madra Creek and Salta region of the coastline of Altınova has significantly intensified in recent years. The vibrant beauty of the Altınnova coastline is attracting a growing population of homeowners and vacationers; however, the transient character of this coastline makes it hazardous for both people and for buildings and structures. An increase in developed land is creating a land disturbance that has increased erosion and sedimentation through hydrologic alteration, resulting in increased runoff. Ignorance and continued disregard for the geological processes that constantly reshape the Altınova coastline are tragically intensifying the collisions between man and nature.

The erosion of the shoreline is the most visible result of a complex system of sediment transportation and redistribution along the coast and in the coastal region. This system is driven by a variety of processes from across a range of environments, which over the last 15 years has resulted in a net loss of 3 million cubic meters of sand from the mouth of the Madra Creek and beach areas. It has also invoked the movement of sediment up to 6 kilometers across the entire continental shelf north of Madra Creek in the Altınova region.

Maritime Institute, Dep. of Maritime Hydrotechnics, Abrahama 1, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
Tel +48-58 5520093 Fax +48-58 5524613 e-mail: ela@im.gda.pl

The many years of observations carried out along the Southern Baltic coast suggest that along many parts of the coast erosion is permanent. One of the reasons of coastal zone changes are the geomorphological predisposition of the closer and further nearshore zone inherited from the glacial and postglacial periods. Carried out investigations confirm that macro- and mesoscale forms on the seafloor play a basic role in the shaping of circulation systems. In result of their long, medium and short-term influence, erosion/accretion bistructures of various scales are generated in the nearshore zone and on the shore. Changes in the thickness of the coastal zone’s dynamic layer, determined by means of parameterising the nearshore zone and basing on seismoacoustic profiling, are also indicators of the erosion/accretion system of the coastal zone. Analysis of obtained field data showed a distinct relationship between the systems of forms, the resources of the dynamic layer and the coastal erosion/accretion systems in the investigated regions of the Southern Baltic coast.

^{(1)Department of Marine Science, School
of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University 3-20-1 Orido, Shimizu,
Shizuoka, 424-8610, Japan}
Tel +81-543-370935 Fax +81-543-340862 e-mail: mazda@scc.u-tokai.ac.jp

^{(2) Action for Mangrove Reforestation,
3-29-15-1104 Honcho, Nakano,Tokyo, 164-0012 Japan}
Tel and Fax +81-3-3373-9772 e-mail: actmang@big.or.jp

^{(3) Tohoku-Gakuin University 1-3-1 Tsuchitoi,
Sendai, Miyagi, 980, Japan}
Tel +81-22-264-6363 Fax +81-22-264-3030 e-mail: miyagi@tscc.tohoku-gakuin.ac.jp

^{(4) Shin Nihon Meteorological and Oceanographical
Consultant Co., Ltd2-2-2 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-0025,
Japan}
Tel +81-45-593-7601 Fax +81-45-593-7626 e-mail: kana@notes.metocean.co.jp

A coast in south Vietnam, which is located in a wide and flat alluvial fan and neighbours tidal rivers fringed by wide mangrove swamps, has been eroded continuously with 50m/year since the early year of 20th century at the least. Based on field observations and numerical experiments, it is inferred that this large scale erosion is caused by the transition of mangrove vegetation resulting from human impacts since the end of 19th century.

The eroded coast does not directly contact to mangrove swamps, but is strongly affected by them through the intermediation of a neighboring tidal river. Thus, for preventing the coastal erosion in this type, the mangrove vegetation in the background area should be managed sensitively.

Coastal Engineering Centre, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529 USA
Tel +1-757-683 3223 Fax +1-757-683 5354 e-mail: basco@cee.odu.edu

The common United States perception that seawalls " . . . increase erosion and destroy the beach" is examined by summarizing available field data including our own research efforts at Sandbridge Virginia, USA beginning in 1990. Sand trapped behind seawalls is removed from the system but is possibly only a small fraction of the active sand volume across the entire profile to closure depth. We tentatively conclude that end-of-wall or flanking effects are not due to sand trapping but other mechanisms. We then offer suggestions for when seawalls are appropriate and when they are not including methods to mitigate downdrift impacts, if appropriate.

Many misconceptions, false assumptions and misleading statements have been made in the United States literature. This paper separates fact from fiction.

^{(1)Regione Toscana - Dipartimento delle
Politiche Territoriali e Ambientali. Via di Novoli, 26 - 50127 Firenze,
Italy. Tel +39-055-4383089}
Fax +39-055-4383063 e-mail: l.cipriani@mail.regione.toscana.it

^{(2)Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra
- Università degli Studi di Firenze. Via Iacopo Nardi, 2 - 50132 Firenze,
Italy. Tel +39-055-243486}
Fax +39-055-241595 e-mail: epranzini@cesit1.unifi.it

Approximately 7 km of beaches at Marina di Massa are experiencing severe erosion as a consequence of the construction of an industrial harbor at Marina di Carrara in the early 1920's. The new structure intercepts the southward longshore sediment transport, inducing a sedimentary deficit to downdrift beaches.

Different types of hard structures, such as seawalls, breakwaters and groins, were built in the study area in order to protect the seaside resort and the coastal highway from shoreline retreat. A submerged breakwater connecting the offshore end of the groins was later added in order to decrease beach sediment loss. As a result, each kilometer of coastline is now protected by 1.4 kilometers of hard structures, and the coastline is subdivided in many adjacent artificial cells.

Nevertheless, beach erosion proceeded and tourist industry is now suffering from this retreat. A low-cost coastal restoration project financed by bathing establishment owners and the local authority was undertaken in June of 1997 inside one of the artificial cells. Approximately 4,125 cubic meters of sand (15 cubic meters/meter of coastline) were dredged offshore the submerged breakwater and dumped on the beach. Native beach sediment's mean grain size is approximately 1.7 phi (0.31 mm), in contrast with the nearshore borrow material's mean grain size, which is approximately 2.25 phi (0.21 mm).

A morphological and sedimentological beach monitoring was performed by the authors to evaluate the effectiveness of the project. A total of five surveys were carried out between June 1997 and June 1998. Data show that approximately 66% of the borrow material was lost within one year, most of which between July and October. This is to be ascribed to the unsuitable borrow material texture. In addition, beach quality had worsened due to fine sediments that made the beach dusty. A benefit-cost analysis of the project, together with an evaluation of the opportunity of such a work, was also performed.

CEDEX – Ministry for Public Works, Antonio López, 81. 28026 Madrid, Spain
Tel +34-91-3357657 Fax +34-91-3357622 e-mail: Jose.M.Medina@cedex.es

Models on cross-shore profile are been developed as a useful tool to forecast the motion of the shoreline in the short term. Usually they are restricted to strong conditions, which made them inappropriate in some places. This paper shows the basis of the common and most used models and gives a track to future development. They have been implemented on DPP model.

^{(1)CEDEX – Ministry for Public Works, Antonio
López, 81, 28026 Madrid Spain Tel +34-91-3357657 Fax +34-91-3357622}
e-mail: Jose.M.Medina@cedex.es
⁽²⁾ Agustin de Betancourt Foundation, Madrid University of Technology, School of Civil Engineering, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid
Tel +34-91-3357663 Fax +34-91-3357622 e-mail: Santos.Lopez@cedex.es

San Andres beach is located in the province of Malaga, southern Spain. Recently, two different studies have been there undertaken: on one hand, the Port of Malaga has enlarged its main breakwater, and this event induced movements in the beach. On the other hand, demolition of the near quarter to the beach gave the chance to redefine the public domain in order to get a "complete" beach with no interactions with buildings. This paper refers to the first question.

LESEC (Laboratori d´Estudis Socials d´Enginyeria Civil), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Jordi Girona 1-3 Mòdul B1- 08034 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34-93-4017105 Fax +34-93-4017264 e-mail: junyent@etseccpb.upc.es

Our paper is related to the results of research carried out along the coast of Catalunya in Spain. This research was based on an opinion poll carried out among the actual users of 8, regenerated beaches. By ‘regenerated’ we mean beaches that have undergone changes in their morphology and traditional landscape.

We have been able to discover peoples’ level of perception of the impact on landscape and environment, as well as their evaluation of the comfort and satisfaction experienced of the services offered, through our research. The final aim is to find out the basic parameters that lead to the proposal of criteria that cover the expectations of the users, authorities and financial agents that are involved in the coastal space.

The situation of the sedimentary beaches in Spain is one of scarcity and loss of sand that advises future action to be taken that will maintain or even increase this resource. The stretches of coastline that have been studied have been the object of several actions of this type over the duration of the study. In fact, the intensive nature of human occupation of the coast is growing: urban expansion, channelling of riverbeds, construction of reservoirs. These and other causes have a final effect on the dynamic sedimentary balance of the coastline. "In situ" it is also interfered with by the construction of ports and other coastal defence works. What all this activity does is to diminish the provision and transport of sediment. This has a negative effect on the coastline causing the erosion of a large number of beaches. With this situation, any action directed toward maintaining and restoring beach spaces are, and will be, more and more normal.

At this time it has been proved that the impact of technical actions taken on beaches have provoked a negative opinion on the part of users and there are many strata that, in accordance with local circumstance, make their criticism felt, and even provoke a certain amount of social alarm because of the social and financial influence of the beaches on a local level. The users; bathers, fishermen, ecologists, life-savers, financial agents, and even the municipal authorities, complain that the new situation lowers quality, safety, comfort, landscape, in fact in general the attractiveness of beaches that were vivid before. With the research presented at the international meeting MED-COAST 99, a proposal will be presented for the organisation and planning of the coastal space that intends to launch a bridge between technical intervention and the consensus of social expectations referring to the use of beaches.

^{(1)Research Centre for Water and Environmental
Engineering (fwu), University Siegen, D-57068 Siegen, Germany Tel +49-271-740
2172}
Fax +49-271-740 2722 e-mail: jensen@fb10.uni-siegen.dejensen@fb10.uni-siegen.de

^{(2) Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG),
D-56003 Koblenz, Germany}
Tel +49-261-13065 246 Fax +49-261-1306 280 e-mail: blasi@bafg.de

Tidal changes in flat coastal zones and estuaries are of high importance for coastal engineering. Due to increases in size and speed of ships in the last decades, German and most other European navigation channels in tidal estuaries have been deepened. A partly deepening of the Ems navigation channel in the Ems estuary to the ship yard of Papenburg was carried out in the last years. For the near future a storm surge barrier is planned. Before such a decision is made the ecological long-term effects in the tidal estuary have to be examined. The water levels in a tidal estuary are influenced by man-made or anthropogenic effects in the estuary itself but also by the eustatic variations of the global sea level and the changes in tidal dynamics in the German Bight. The tidal water levels are also influenced by variations of the fresh water discharge, especially in the upper part of the estuary. In the Ems estuary tremendous changes in the tidal system have been taken place during the last decades.

Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Science, Univ. of Alexandria, Egypt Tel +20-4-756 9406 Fax +20-3-5435956

The effects of deepening and widening the Canal on the tide and tidal current was studied using the Princeton Ocean Model (POM). There is a relatively large increase of tidal range inside the canal. The total increase of tidal range in Great Bitter Lake after finishing the two stages of the development project is more than 120 % from that before 1975. The peak of S-N current in the southern section increases from 68 cm/sec before 1975 to 76 cm/sec in the present stage and to 83 after finishing the stage II of the development project. The peak of N-S current increases from 83 cm/sec to 94 cm/sec in the present stage and to 105 after finishing the stage II. The maximum ratio of increasing of the tidal current is occurred in the northern section (between Lake Timsah and Port Said). The S-N current increases at El-Tina from 21 cm/sec to 37 cm/sec with a ratio more than 75 %. While, the N-S current increases from 35 cm/sec to 52 cm/sec with a ratio of about 50 %.

After the law for the environment -known as law 4/94- and its executive regulations had been issued in 1994, environmental concerns had increased in Egypt. A respected setback line had become an important factor for tourist developments in the Red-Sea area. According to the law for the environment, the setback line or the coastal building front line (CBFL) is determined according to the highest high tides water line. This research deals with the definition of the shoreline as stated by the law. Particular attention is directed towards the Hurghada area and vicinity. It presents three case studies covering the Hurghada area to estimate the highest high water line or the shoreline in a scientific way.

The conducted surveys and studies for the three developments were mainly; bathymetric survey, water level measurements and setting of the chart datum for the area. A satellite altimetery data was utilised to enhance the collected data. Altimetery data had proven to be useful in providing a regional solution for the Mean Sea level determination in remote areas, and hence the determination of the shoreline and the setback line in accordance with the Egyptian law for the environment.

This paper proposes an empirical formula for assessing better understanding and control of coastal aquifers, especially regarding their interface with the sea. The approach delineates areas having highest priority, in which urgent measures are required for renovation of the seawater monitoring network. Two types of data are necessary for this. The first is the hydrological situation in the aquifer, the second, the technical condition of existing observation well networks and their ambient groundwater quality environment. This approach, applied to Israel’s Coastal aquifer indicates that the majority of the highest priority areas are located in the northern portion of the aquifer. These are areas where drilling new observation wells and improvement of technical conditions of the seawater intrusion observation well network are highly recommended. In light of the results obtained, the approach may also be used as a tool enabling improvement in the quality of information for each area, and focusing upon those locations requiring an improved seawater intrusion monitoring network to provide this information.

^{(1)The Southern Branch of the P. P. Shirshov
Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences. Gelendzhik-7, 353470
RUSSIA Tel +7-86141-23261}
Fax +7-86141-23189 e-mail: kosyan@sdios.sea.ru and podymov@sdios.sea.ru

^{(2)P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology,
Russian Academy of Sciences Nakhimovskiy pr., 23, Moscow, 117851 RUSSIA
Tel +7-095-124-59-83}
Fax +7-095-1245983 e-mail: pykhov@coast.msk.ru

In August - September 1998 the Institute of Oceanology carried out an experiment at the coast section of the Ob Sea.

The outcomes of the data preprocessing of this experiment are submitted in the article. The data about time scales and horizontal variability of a field of suspended sediment concentration are adduced.

In presentation are considered the singularities of a construction of an electromagnetic velocity sensor intended for research of a water stream in a near bottom zone. Here is shown the theoretical substantiation of a possibility of localization of an electromagnetic field around of the measuring head of a device. The technique of calculation of device design elements is given. The outcomes of laboratory experiments with an experimental device have shown that the sensitivity of a new device to presence of other objects outside device is reduced more than 500 times. Yet the sensitivity to a velocity of a water stream has remained constant.

^{(2)DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Silver
Street, Cambridge, CB3 9EW, UK.}
Tel +44-1223 337861 Fax +44-1223-337918 e-mail: ms100@damtp.cam.ac.uk

The numerical prediction of seabed evolution over periods of time useful for strategic management is in its infancy. This is due both to a scarcity of appropriate data and a gap in our understanding of the physical processes important in governing the long-term variations in coastal evolution. Recently developed inverse methods offer an opportunity of improving our understanding of the patterns of long-term sediment movement and their variation over time.

In the present study the gross behavior of heated effluent into small bays was investigated. The dependence of the heat build-up in the small bay caused by the heated effluent, on the geometrical characteristics of the bay-open sea connection was examined. The extent of thermal pollution in a small bay caused by a heated effluent, which is discharged into the bay through a surface outlet channel, has been studied by using the available data in the literature. Using the dimensionless parameters obtained by a dimensional analysis, the functional form is established. It is observed that the scrutinization of all parameters is not practical. However, it was shown that the hydraulic-thermal performance of small bays can be represented in terms of the dimensionless distance from the outlet and a dimensionless parameter called area restriction parameter.

Beach erosion in the southern part of the Romanian Black Sea coast is an accelerating process with negative consequence on the beach environment and related human activities. Shoreline retreat is determined basically by winds and waves’ action during storms. Stormy weather has a high frequency during the cold season, from November to April. Even the storms are limited and weaker during the warm season, beaches couldn’t restore and their sediment budget remains negatively.

^{(2) W.F. Baird & Associates Coastal
Engineers Ltd. 1145 Hunt Club Rd., Suite1, Ottawa, Ontario K1V 0Y3, Canada
Tel +1-613-731 8900}
Fax +1-613-7319778 e-mail: dscott@baird.com

The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River system is an integral part of inland shipping in North America. At its midpoint is Lake Erie, the shallowest of the Great Lakes. Lake Erie is susceptible to significant variations in water level due to surge and seiche. These rapid water level changes can, at times, be a hazard to navigation.

An investigation was carried out to develop a statistical tool that would permit forecasting of water level variation due to wind forcing. Multiple regression analyses were completed to examine the correlations between wind speed and direction, and surge-induced water levels. It was determined that the primary peak or trough of a surge event could be predicted with reasonable accuracy.

Changhwa Coastal Industrial Park (CHCIP) is reclaimed by off islet that is the first application in Taiwan. Reclamation backfill demand is estimated about 120 million m3 come from buffer channel and offshore exploitation, and the enclosure dike extends about 43 km. This construction work will be developed by phases and by districts, and all infrastructure facilities on newly reclaimed land will be constructed after six months of reclamation settlement. Since 1990, about 2,482 ha has been reclaimed in which 565 ha has been sold. It is expected that the development will be completed in 2001.

In order to minimize the impact occurred during construction, the development needs not only strictly to follow environment impact assessment and to review stipulated by government, but also to do every endeavor taking all-over consideration of best measurements and methods applied in planning, design and construction to mitigate and prevent any potential negative impact. A healthy economic development without scarifying environment is the highest target in the industrial park development.

This paper is aimed at introducing construction methods applied in seawall and reclamation and environment measurements adopted in mitigating environment impact during the development stage of Changhwa Coastal Industrial Park.

^{(1)Gazi University, Faculty of Engineering
and Architecture, Civil Engineering Department, Maltepe, Ankara, Türkiye
e-mail:}balas@metu.edu.tr

^{(2) Middle East Technical University,
Civil Engineering Department, Coastal Engineering Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
Tel +90-312-2105441}
e-mail: ergin@metu.edu.tr

The construction of Babakale fishery harbor is analyzed by using a stochastic network planning (Optimum Port Construction Planning Model) developed by Balas (1998). Babakale is a fishery village on the Turkish coast of Aegean Sea near the city of Canakkale. The fishery harbor construction project was carried out by the General Directorate of Railways, Seaports and Airfields Construction Department.

The Optimum Port Construction Planning Model (OPCPM) and the administrative approach are compared with the real progress of the construction. The construction is optimized by using a time-cost-manpower trade off model. The best physical allocation of resources within their limits are determined by employing a resource levelling sub-model. The project time and cost are evaluated by the activity crashing sub-model considering the construction period, risk and budget constraints imposed by the administration. The damage risk of the main breakwater is determined by using the extreme annual significant wave height distribution of Babakale, which is obtained from the analyses of the wave hindcasting calculations carried out by using the wind data obtained from Canakkale Meteorological Station and the synoptic weather maps (Ergin and Özhan, 1986).

Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
Tel +90-312-2105437 Fax +90-312-2101412
e-mail: abdalla@metu.edu.tr , ozhan@metu.edu.tr

Wind and wave atlas is an invaluable tool for almost all coastal and marine activities especially those involving planning, design, construction and management. A wind and wave atlas for the Black Sea has been prepared within the framework of the NATO TU-WAVES Project. The atlas is based on the best practically available raw atmospheric and wind data and on the state-of-art deep-water wave modelling. The atlas is prepared as an electronic form and as a printed hard-copy form. The electronic atlas is an easy to use database software with a standard engineering version and another detailed version. The printed version contains only the most commonly used climatic parameters. The atlas and the various methods and techniques used for data preparationsare described.

Yıldız Technical University, Civil Engineering Dept., 80750 İstanbul, Turkey
Tel +90-212-2597070 Fax +90- 212-2596762 e-mail: yuksel@yildiz.edu.tr

An experimental study was presented in this work to provide new information on the plunging breaking and on the flow properties at the impact of the plunging jet. Experiments were carried out using the image process technique. A load cell was used to determine the plunging jet force in order to find energy dissipation during breaking process. A correlation was found between energy dissipation and surf parameter.

Institute of Harbor and Marine Technology, Taichung 435, Taiwan
Tel +886-4-6564189 Fax +886-4-6571329 e-mail: jtjuang@ms6.hinet.net

The wave number conservation equation and the theorem of wave energy conservation was applied to use for derive out the relationship equation between the change of the wave height and the water depth. In the above mentioned correlation equation where the refraction coefficient and the shoaling coefficient was included. In the computation of the change of wave direction, the assumption of irrotational flow was used. Meanwhile, the coordinate transform to evaluate the curvature change along the wave ray and the vary rate of the wave celerity along the orthogonal line was computed. As to the control of the limitation of breaking wave height, both the equations which derived by McCown (1894) and Iche (1994) was chosen for computation then select the small value for advanced calculation. Besides, the governing equation which developed by Tang (1986) for compute the wave after broke was applied. Results shows there have serious erosion at the place where near to the north breakwater of Mitou fishery harbor was found. The same phenomenon was found in the site also.

⁽¹⁾Irrigation and Hydraulics Dept., Faculty of Eng., Cairo University, Egypt e-mail: rakhak@hotmail.com

^{(2) Shore Protection Authority SPA,
Cairo, Egypt.}
⁽³⁾Danish Hydraulic Institute, Agern Alle 5, Hørsholm, Denmark e-mail: ajs@dhi.dk
⁽⁴⁾Irrigation and Hydraulics Dept., Faculty of Eng., Cairo University, Egypt e-mail: ecma@access.com.eg

The Nile delta has been eroding since the construction of the High Aswan Dam. The beach erosion rates are highest at the Nile promontories. An integrated shore protection scheme should be established to combat the sea advance. The design of such protection schemes requires an accurate description of the nearshore wave conditions along the study area. This paper describes a study undertaken to provide nearshore wave data in the vicinity of the Dameitta promontory. The nearshore wave conditions were calculated using measured wave data covering a period of five years. The measuring station was located at a depth of seven meter. An iterative scheme was developed to calculate the offshore wave conditions corresponding to the nearshore wave data.

^{(1)DOLFEN Engineering and}^{Consultancy Co., Ltd., Kıbrıs Sokak 28/1 Kavaklıdere, Ankara, Turkey}
Tel +90-312- 4681489 Fax + 90-312-4271924 e-mail: info@dolfen.com
⁽²⁾SAD, Underwater Research Society Tel and Fax +90-312-2316501 e-mail: nekton@superonline.com
⁽³⁾Society for the Protection of Nature, PK 971 Sirkeci 34436 Istanbul, Turkey
Tel +90-212-5282030 Fax +90-212-5282040 e-mail: atilla.uras@dhkd.org

Anatolia, with her thousands of years of recorded history, has resided many important coastal settlements on her coasts. With more than one hundred ancient harbours and coastal cities, it had been the motherland of the first known maritime works in the world. From the 10^th century BC onwards, harbour constructions took place in Anatolia.

Among these, Phaselis, with its three harbours, was one of the most important harbour cities of its time. These harbours had helped the city to develop significantly.

In this study, a numerical model for the three harbours of Phaselis was developed. The wave climate of the area and the tranquillity in the harbours were analysed. As the result of the modelling studies, the port operation efficiency of the city due to different direction storm conditions has been determined, the design and the layouts of the harbours were discussed.

Port Hydraulic Research Center, Ministry of Transport, General Directorate of Railways, Ports and Airports, Research Department, Serpmeler No: 3 Macunköy, Ankara, Turkey
Tel +90-312-3973350 Fax +90-312-3973507 e-mail: jphrcp@ada.net.tr

In this study, a series of hydraulic model experiments was conducted in order to investigate the stability of Marmara New Port Breakwater, which will be constructed between Tekirdağ and Marmara Ereğlisi in Turkey. For this aim, the cross-section of the breakwater was placed inside the wave channel of Port Hydraulic Research Center of Ministry of Transport. JONSWAP spectrum was chosen for the irregular wave experiments because of developing sea conditions at Marmara Sea. But, unfortunately, no information was obtained about peak enhancement factor ‘g ’ which is the one of the most important parameter of JONSWAP spectrum, at that region. Therefore, experiments were repeated for different g values (g =3.3, 5, 7) to see the effect of this factor on the damage ratio of breakwater, wave reflection and transmission. Moreover, the relation between g factor and both spectrum peakedness parameter (Qp) and wave groupiness was investigated. According to results of the experiments, the higher the g factor value, the more damage ratio is obtained. Although, no effect of g was observed on wave reflection and wave transmission, an increase is observed in transmission especially at high g value due to overtopping.

^{(1)Institute of Numerical Mathematics,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkin str. 8, 117951 Moscow, Russia Tel +7-095-9383900
Fax +7-095-93831821}
e-mail: ibrayev@inm.ras.ru, sarkis@inm.ras.ru
⁽²⁾ Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, P.K.28 Erdemli, İçel 33731 Turkey
e-mail: ozsoy@ims.metu.edu.tr / sur@ims.metu.edu.tr
⁽³⁾ Institute of Oceanography, University of Hamburg, Troplowitz str.7, Hamburg, D-22529, Germany e-mail: schrum@dkrz.de

A free surface three-dimensional primitive equation dynamical model coupled with ice thermodynamics and air-sea interaction sub-models are used for the study of seasonal variability of the Caspian Sea circulation. The formulation of boundary conditions includes momentum and buoyancy fluxes through the air-sea interface and the open lateral boundaries. General circulation of the sea is a complex combination of eddies in deep water regions and shelf currents. Our results support the hypothesis that the Volga River inflow plays an important role in driving the alongshore current in the southwestern direction from the source. The freezing ice and dense water formed in winter on the northern and eastern shelf regions and its subsequent sinking along the continental slope constitute the main driving mechanism for deep-water ventilation in the Caspian Sea. Predominantly west and southward winds over the Middle Caspian throughout the year constitute an additional mechanism of deep water ventilation, as they result in downwelling along the western coast and upwelling along the eastern coast, clearly indicated by a belt of cold water in summer.

^{(1)Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima,
LIM-CIIRC, DEHMA, ETSECCPB,Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus
Nord, Mòdul D1, c/ Gran Capità s/n, 08034 Barcelona, Spain}
Tel +34-93-401 6468 Fax +34-93-401 1861 e-mail: lim@etseccpb.upc.es
⁽²⁾ Laboratorio de Hidráulica, FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1600, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
Tel +54-51-334 148 Fax +54-51-334 148 e-mail: arodrig@gtwing.efn.uncor.edu

A particle-type Lagrangian numerical model is used to simulate substance transport at and near the Ebre Delta, on the Northeast Spanish coast. In the first case, the spreading of an instantaneous release of tracer is modelled, and the results are compared to data measured from video images recorded immediately after the release; in the second case, the plume arising from the discharge of riverine freshwater into the sea is considered.

Izmir Bay is one of the most polluted estuaries in the whole Mediterranean Sea. Especially the Inner Bay is heavily affected by domestic and industrial loads amounting to ca. 5 million population equivalents (PE). As a result of these loads, strong eutrophication occurs in the inner sections of the Bay, which is temporally anaerobic. The ecologically sensitive approach of the local authorities in the last decade gave rise to a wide variety of monitoring and research studies. The Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology - 0?mir (IMST) with its research vessel R/V K.Piri Reis has conducted very intensive monitoring since 1988 and especially during the years 1994, 1996-1998. The monitoring study covers the water column and bottom sediments encompassing a wide range of physical, chemical, biological and geological parameters. All collected data is used to calibrate and validate the models that will be described in this paper.

Calibration and validation of the physical component of the model has been completed in 1997. Bryan-Cox-Semtner free surface model (KILLWORTH Model) is used for this study. The importance of this version of model is the handling of surface elevation information explicitely. The surface elevation is a prognostic variable in the model. This gives a possibility to use satellite sea level measurements directly as a boundary condition. TOPEX/POSEIDON data is analysed for this purpose in order to obtain the barotropic part of the velocities. With the inclusion of in situ observations full, three dimensional estimates of the flow field and its properties were reproduced. The model experiments covered the summer and winter seasons. This study has proven that the hydrological part of the KILLWORTH model is a very powerful tool to give detailed information about İzmir Bay circulation patterns. From the analysis of currentmeter measurements and the model results, it can be concluded that the İzmir Bay currents are not only driven by wind, but also sea level variations in the Aegean Sea and the seasonal stratification in the Bay play a very important role to drive the currents.

As a biological waste water treatment plant with nitrification-denitrification and biological phosphorus removal is under construction, uncontrolled discharge of wastewaters into the Inner Bay will start to be stopped gradually in the near future. To investigate the possible different treatment and discharge alternatives, water quality model studies have been initiated by the Water and Sewerage Authority in İzmir (IZSU). The main goal of these studies was to produce the necessary details to support the decision mechanisms of IZSU. For this water quality study, again KILLWORTH Model has been used. The reason for this selection is the encouraging recent usage of this model in ecomodeling and the already proven power of the background hydrological component.

The developed quality model is used to estimate total nitrogen, phosphate, dissolved oxygen and BOD distributions in the Bay. It is calibrated and validated by using the large volume of collected data describing the present environmental state of the Bay. The validation phase showed that the model gives a very good estimate of the monitored quality parameters. Later, different scenarios for the discharge of the treated and untreated effluents into the Bay, in parallel with the construction and operation phases of the treatment plant are solved. The wastewater will be discharged into the Middle Bay from the sea surface after a mechanical treatment first and a secondary treatment later. So, the model experiments are conducted to assess the impacts that may probably arise after the implementation of possible engineering options for the ongoing project.

This modelling approach for the management of water quality in a bay, together with treatment and discharge alternatives is one of the first in Turkey. The quality and comprehensiveness of the results have also encouraged the local politicians and decision makers to develop an understanding and trust for the application of predictive models.

Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Department,Coastal Engineering Laboratory, 06531 Ankara
Tel +90-312-2105429 / 35 Fax +90-312-2101412
⁽¹⁾ e-mail: balas@metu.edu.tr

The flushing properties of Ölüdeniz Lagoon located at the Mediterranean coast of Turkey are investigated. By employing a one dimensional mathematical model, closed form solutions are provided for the timely change of average pollutant concentration inside the lagoon. The pollutant may be conservative or degradable. A three dimensional numerical model which consists of hydrodynamic, transport and turbulence model components is also applied to Öludeniz Lagoon to simulate the tidal currents and the progress of pollutant concentrations. In the turbulence model, a two-equation k-( formulation is solved to calculate the kinetic energy of the turbulence and its rate of dissipation, which provides the variable vertical turbulent eddy viscosity. The solution method is a composite finite difference-finite element method. In the horizontal plane finite difference approximations and in the vertical plane finite element shape functions are used. The governing equations are solved implicitly in the Cartesian coordinate system.

^{(1)Kyushu Environmental Evaluation Association,
1-10-1 Matsukadai, Higashiku,Fukuoka 813-0004, Japan Tel +81-92-662-0410
Fax +81-92-662-0411}
e-mail: fujita@keea.or.jp / tanaka@keea.or.jp

^{(2) Chugoku National Industrial Research
Institute, 2-2-2 Hiro-Suehiro, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0197, Japan Tel +81-823-72-1932
Fax +81-823-72-1998}
e-mail: ilee@cniri.go.jp / hoshika@cniri.go.jp

^{(3) Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki,
Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8581,Japan Tel +81-92-642-3301 Fax +81-92-642-3322}
e-mail: kusuda@civil.kyushu-u.ac.jp

In order to predict nutrient fluxes in a eutrophicated bay, we have developed an ecosystem model named the Sediment-Water Interaction Model (SWIM). The model consists of two sub models with a hydrodynamic model and a biological model. SWIM simulates the circulation process of nutrient flux between water and sediment systems, such as nutrient regeneration from sediments as well as ecological structures on the growth of phytoplankton and zooplankton. This model was applied to prevent eutrophication in Hakata bay, which is located in the western part of Japan. The calculated results of the tidal currents by hydrodynamic model showed good agreement with the observed currents. Moreover, the model simulated reasonably well the seasonal variations of water quality, and reproduced spatial heterogeneity of the bay, which was observed in the field. According to the simulation of nutrient budgets in the bay, it was predicted that the regeneration process of nutrients across the sediment-water interface had a strong influence on the water quality of the bay.

Space Applications Institute, JRC EC, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
Tel + 39-0332-78 9274 Fax + 39-0332-78 9034 e-mail: vittorio.barale@jrc.it

The use of remote sensing to monitor coastal features has become common practice both for scientific research and for the development of specific applications. In the Mediterranean Sea, the annual mean pigment concentration, surface temperature and wind speed, derived from the CZCS (78-86), AVHRR (82-91), GEOSAT (86-89), ERS-1 (92-95) and TOPEX (93-97) historical archives, differentiate between geographical provinces shaped by dynamical and bio-geo-chemical patterns. These are (i) areas under the direct influence of coastal interactions; (ii) regions of enhanced characteristics (i.e. Ligurian/Provençal/Balearic sub-basin, Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea), linked to the impact of the (northern) continental margins and to the prevailing winds (i.e. Mistral, Bora, Etesians); and finally (iii) open sea areas, characterised by frontal structures and, in the eastern basin, by a permanent mesoscale eddy field. The main trends in these provinces indicate two main seasons, with extreme conditions in winter and summer, and transition periods in spring and autumn. The general pigment cycle is similar to that of a subtropical basin, where light is never a limiting factor, but nutrients always are. The main "coastal" provinces have a distinct seasonality, e.g. that of a subpolar basin in the northwest, with enhanced spring and fall blooms. This view, originally developed on the basis of the historical archives alone, is supported by the analysis of current data by the SeaWiFS (1998). Coastal features such as river plumes, filaments and permanent gyres are recurrent and maintain their characteristics over the medium to long term.

^{(1)Dept. of Civil Eng., Faculty of Eng.,
Pamukkale University Denizli, Turkey}
Tel +90-258-2125548 Fax +90-258-2125538
⁽²⁾Dept. of Civil Eng., Faculty of Eng., Dokuz Eylül University Tel +90-232-4531191 Fax +90-232-4531191 İzmir, Turkey

Turkey whose target is to catch up the World ‘s Standards by container transport shows great developments in recent years. The utilization of mathematical models in planning and designing of marine structures holds forth on gradually, as in other branches of civil engineering. The first aim of modeling is to determine the system characteristics. This stage is called "diagnosis". The information obtained from diagnosis studies related to system-behavior and its internal structure submits new horizons to the planning, designing and application studies.

With this study, an approach model for the determining of net container storage area is proposed by considering the local operation habits, and the pavement design of the container terminals is criticized for Turkey ’ s conditions. The proposed model is inspired from "reservoir theory". An analogy is established between the useful reservoir volume and net container storage area. For this purpose, the "Sequent-Peak Algorithm" is selected which is one of the various approach models for determining of the useful (or active) reservoir volume of the water structures.

With the proposed model, daily in and out-traffic volumes in TEU (=twenty equivalent unit) are considered for Mersin Port. The analysis of the available data is performed stochastically, their mathematical models are built up and probability distribution functions of those are investigated. Based on the built-up models and considering the local conditions, various sets of synthetic data may be driven, and by using of these data and with the help of sequent-peak algorithm, the different net container storage areas may be found. These areas may be optimized using the minimum point of the superimposed curve obtained from "costs for berth occupancy time of ships" and "port amortization costs" curves. The economical analysis for the optimum solution has not included to the scope of work because of insufficient appropriate data.

The virtual input and output series in length of 365 days and in TEU obtained from arithmetical averaging of the 1994-1995-1996. Input data of Mersin Port fits to Weibull and output to Logistic distribution function. Daily input and output traffic volumes are symbolized as a combination of a linear trend model, "7 days" seasonally and ARIMA (1,0,1) process with a confidence level of 95%. The available averaged daily in and out container numbers of the years 1994-1995-1996 of Mersin Port are evaluated with the stochastic methods, their mathematical models established, driven 30 sets of synthetic data in length of 365 days, and using these data and sequent-peak algorithm, various size of net container areas (=reservoir volumes) and their optimal probability distribution function are found. Using the characteristics of annual data, like mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation, the net container storage areas for different years in future have been predicted.

The synthetic series (30 sets of 365 days) are driven, the net container storage areas are found using the cited algorithm, and their probability distribution function has been fixed as Erlang (8, 500). Utilizing the annual growth-rate equation, assuming constant coefficient of variation and with the help of a reverse transformation, the requirements of net one-row container areas for a certain future years of Mersin Port have been computerized.

^{(1)Emt-Aydiner
Partnership,Kuloğlu Sok, No. 31/1.3, Çankaya, 06690 Ankara, Turkey Tel
+90-312-4413209 Fax +90-312-4409382}
^{(2)Single Buoy Moorings Inc, Monaco P.O.
Box 19998007, Monaco Cedex}
Tel +377-9205-1500 Fax +377-9205-4494 e-mail: samy.alhayari@singlebuoy.com

The Turkish Government State Hydraulic Works (DSI – Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü) have decided the construction of a facility, called Manavgat River Water Supply Project, for export of fresh and purified water by ships. The water is taken from the Manavgat River and transported overland by pipelines to the shore of the Mediterranean Sea near the town of Manavgat.

The water is then transported through four 48" pipelines for about 2.5 to 3.0 kms offshore and loaded through two Single Point Mooring Systems (Buoys) onto water tanker for export. This is the first project in the world where water is forwarded to 80 m below sea surface, transferred through subsea hoses and loaded via CALM-Buoys to ships for export to countries in the Mediterranean Sea area and possible elsewhere.

This paper will also describe the difficult site conditions where seabed slopes in excess of 35( were measured during the site investigations.

The future development of such economical solution for water loading and offloading is given as a conclusion.

^{(1)Ankara Un}^{iversity,
Faculty of Science, Department of Geological Engineering, Tandoğan, 06100
Ankara, Turkey Tel +90-312-2126720 / 1199}
Fax +90-312-2150487 e-mail: ergin@science.ankara.edu.tr

^{(2) Middle East Technic}al University, Institute of Marine Sciences, Erdemli, 33731 İçel, Turkey Tel +90-324-5212406 Fax +90-324-5212327
e-mail: okyar@ims.metu.edu.tr

^{(3) Ankara University, Faculty of Science,
Department of Geological}Engineering, Tandoğan, 06100 Ankara, Turkey Tel +90-312-2126720/1417
Fax +90-312-2150487 e-mail: skeskin@science.ankara.edu.tr

Affiliated with Ankara University, Geological Research Center for Fluvial, Lacustrine and Marine Studies, Tandoğan, 06100 Ankara

Shore-based geological observations, nearshore-offshore borehole drillings, bottom sampling and high-resolution shallow-seismic reflection profilings were reviewed from several coastal regions around Turkey. The main purpose was to show that high-resolution seismic surveys, which are commonly, carried out for submarine geotechnical investigations can not solely be reflect true bottom-subbottom conditions without further sampling and coring. Examples from Mersin Bay, Gulf of Iskenderun, Sea of Marmara and Black Sea showed that different materials such as paleosoils, consolidated beachrocks, unconsolidated sand and gravel as well as volcanic rocks produce similar seismic reflection configurations ("unconformities") beneath the unconsolidated siliciclastic mud of recent ages.

The case of the submarine acqueduct from Italian mainland to the Elba Island constitutes an example in which the Owner has decided to apply an innovative instrumental survey system, with brilliant results in term of an exhaustive information on the pipeline status and on the sections at risk, which have permitted to prepare a well scheduled intervention program.